The effect of Brexit on Gibraltar concerns the status of Gibraltar after the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union ("Brexit"). The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020, having formally notified the EU in March 2017 of its intention to do so. Gibraltar is not part of the UK, but unlike all other British Overseas Territories, it was a part of the European Union along with the UK. It participated in the Brexit referendum and it ceased, by default, to be a part of the EU upon the UK's withdrawal.

Gibraltar's position during the process of UK withdrawal from the European Union presented specific issues during Brexit negotiations. Gibraltar voted strongly to remain in the European Union during the referendum, and its unique situation presented potential difficulties due to the Spanish claim on Gibraltar, the large contribution of on-line gambling, offshore banking and duty-free shopping to the economy of Gibraltar, and the strong likelihood that Gibraltar would cease to be a part of the single market.

Gibraltar was not covered by the Brexit agreement made in December 2020[1] and formal negotiations are taking place to determine its relationship with the EU.[2][3]

History

Until 2020 Gibraltar was part of the European Union, having joined the European Community (the forerunner to the European Union) through European Communities Act 1972 (UK), which gave effect to the Treaty of Accession 1972, as a dependent territory of the United Kingdom. Its status in the European Union was under what was then article 227(4) of the Treaty Establishing the European Community covering special member state territories, with exemption from some areas such as the European Union Customs Union, Common Agricultural Policy and the Schengen Area. It was the only British Overseas Territory included in the European Union.

Gibraltar's status in EU elections

Gibraltar did not participate in the 1975 UK European Communities membership referendum the result of which had a direct impact on the colony. Neither did it participate in any European Parliamentary Elections between 1979 and 1999, but in 2002 legislation was passed by the British Parliament which allowed Gibraltar to formally take part in the 2004 European Parliament election as part of the South West England constituency in all subsequent European elections. Following the surprise election victory by the Conservatives in May 2015 it was announced that Gibraltar would fully participate in the proposed referendum on continuing EU membership, and this was legislated for in the European Union Referendum Act 2015. Gibraltar was unique in being the only British Overseas Territory within the European Union (EU), and hence was the only such territory with the right to vote in EU elections and the Brexit referendum.

Before the 2016 referendum

In 2015 the Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Fabian Picardo, suggested that Gibraltar would attempt to remain part of the EU in the event the UK voted to leave,[4] but reaffirmed that, regardless of the result, the territory would remain a British overseas territory.[5] In a letter to the UK Foreign Affairs Select Committee, he requested that Gibraltar be considered in negotiations post-Brexit.[6]

Before the referendum, José García-Margallo, the Spanish minister of foreign affairs at the time, stated that in the event of Brexit, Gibraltar would not have access to the single market unless a formula giving Spain co-sovereignty were agreed for a transitional period. After the referendum, he saw the result as increasing the chance of a Spanish flag on Gibraltar.[7] He also said Spain would seek talks on Gibraltar, whose status is disputed, the "very next day" after a British exit from the EU.[8]

Referendum

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
(Gibraltar)
Choice Votes  %
Remain a member of the European Union 19,322 95.91
Leave the European Union 823 4.09
Valid votes 20,145 99.87
Invalid or blank votes 27 0.13
Total votes 20,172 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 24,119 83.64

The European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar),[9] was passed by the Gibraltar Parliament and implemented in Gibraltar after the European Union Referendum Act 2015 was passed by the UK Parliament.

During the campaign leading up to the United Kingdom's national referendum on whether to leave the European Union (known as "Brexit") the Spanish government warned that if the UK chose to leave, Spain would push to reclaim control over Gibraltar.[10] The Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Fabian Picardo, warned the UK of the threat to Gibraltar's safety posed by Brexit. All three parties represented in the legislature supported remaining in the EU during the referendum[11][12] and the Remain campaign was known as Gibraltar Stronger in Europe.

The referendum result within Gibraltar was declared early on Friday 24 June 2016 by the counting officer and Clerk to the Gibraltar Parliament Paul Martinez at the University of Gibraltar at 0040 CEST making it the first of the 382 voting areas to declare and its result was fed into the South West England regional count and then the overall national count. The result saw 95.9% of Gibraltarian voters opting to remain, on a turnout of 84%. Overall the United Kingdom voted by 51.9% to 48.1% to leave the European Union.

Gibraltar in the Brexit negotiations

Gibraltar had no direct say in the negotiations between the UK and the 27 remaining countries of the European Union (EU27), since the duty and responsibility of dealing with foreign affairs rests with the UK, as do the duties of defence and internal security in Gibraltar.[13]: 11 

Robin Walker MP, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Department for Exiting the European Union, visited Gibraltar in March 2017 to discuss Brexit with Fabian Picardo (Chief Minister of Gibraltar) and Joseph Garcia (Deputy Chief Minister of Gibraltar).[14]

With the impending Brexit negotiations, the House of Lords produced a report entitled "Brexit: Gibraltar".[15]

The European Council released a series of guidelines for the EU27 on negotiations for withdrawal. Within these guidelines, core principle number 22 stated that "After the United Kingdom leaves the Union, no agreement between the EU and the United Kingdom may apply to the territory of Gibraltar without the agreement between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom".[16] Pro-Brexit Conservative MP Jack Lopresti thought it shameful that the EU would attempt to allow Spain an effective veto over the future of British sovereign territory, ignoring the will of the people of Gibraltar.[17] Foreign secretary Boris Johnson re-iterated the United Kingdom's commitment to Gibraltar.[18]

Esteban González Pons, a Spanish MEP and chairman of the Brexit working group of the European People's Party, met with Ireland's Minister for European affairs Dara Murphy in May, when he (Pons) called Gibraltar a "colony" and pushed for support for the Spanish position that the status of Gibraltar is a bilateral issue solely for the UK and Spain to resolve. Ireland recognised that the issue was a bilateral one but wished to avoid parallels being drawn with the status of Northern Ireland. Murphy stated that "Ireland will address issues regarding the nature of the relationship of Gibraltar with the European Union post-Brexit as and when they arise in the course of negotiations on the future relationship of the UK with the European Union."[19]

In April 2017, the former director of operational capability at the UK Ministry of Defence, Rear Admiral Chris Parry, said, "We could cripple Spain in the medium term and I think the Americans would probably support us too" if it came to war over Gibraltar, though he did not believe that war was likely.

Key issues

Sovereignty

The day after the result, Spain's acting Foreign Minister, José Manuel García-Margallo, renewed calls for joint Spanish–British control of the peninsula.[20] These calls were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar's Chief Minister.[21] After the result Spain reiterated its position that it wanted to jointly govern Gibraltar with the United Kingdom and said it would seek to block Gibraltar from participating in talks over future deals between the UK and EU.[22]

In April 2017, British Prime Minister Theresa May reiterated that "the UK would seek the best possible deal for Gibraltar as the UK exits the EU, and there would be no negotiation on the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of its people.” [23]

In April 2018, Spanish Foreign Minister Alfonso Dastis announced that Spain hoped to sign off a bilateral agreement with Britain over Gibraltar before October so as not to hinder a Brexit transition deal. Talks between London and Madrid had progressed well. While reiterating the Spanish long-term aim of "recovering" Gibraltar, he said that Spain would not hold Gibraltar as a "hostage" to the EU negotiations.[24]

Movement over the border

Questions were raised over the future of free-flowing traffic at the Gibraltar–Spain border.[25]

People
Gibraltar, like the UK, had been outside the Schengen Area. All people crossing the border to/from Spain have therefore always been required to go through British and Spanish border controls. There are estimates that upwards of 15,000 people live in La Línea, in Spain but work in Gibraltar. (La Línea has an unemployment rate of 35% whereas Gibraltar has a 1% unemployment rate.) [26]

Goods
Gibraltar was never part of the EU's customs union, so there were already more detailed checks on goods moving over the Spanish-Gibraltar border.[27]

Air travel
In 2017 a Spanish diplomat indicated that any agreement on airline landing rights for flights between the EU and the UK agreed during Brexit negotiations would not apply to the Gibraltar International Airport.[28] Most of the international flights using Gibraltar airport are to the UK or Morocco. There were some flights to Spanish destinations following the Cordoba Agreement, 2006, but there were none by the time of Brexit. The nearest airports in mainland Spain is Jerez Airport which has 120 kilometres (70 mi) road distance from Gibraltar.[29]

Finance industry

Anticipating a loss of access to EU markets as a result of Brexit, the Government of Gibraltar received "a firm commitment from the United Kingdom government to maintain and broaden access to their financial markets," including "automatic access to the United Kingdom in banking, insurance, investment services and any other similar area where cross-border directives currently apply".[30]

Fintech companies like Payoneer moved their offices from Gibraltar to Ireland, the main English-speaking country left in the EU, as a result of the Brexit.[31]

On 4 March 2019, the UK and Spain signed an agreement of taxation pertaining to Gibraltar. This was the first treaty in 300 years that explicitly referred to Gibraltar. The agreement came into force on 4 March 2021 and established enhanced cooperation between Spain and the British Overseas Territory. Under the agreement Gibraltar provides Spain with regular information on those Spanish workers and assets that are registered in Gibraltar. The agreement also makes it more difficult for Spanish fiscal residents to register themselves in Gibraltar. A direct effect of this agreement was Spain taking Gibraltar off its list of tax havens.[32][33]

Brexit Agreement

On 18 October 2018, the Spanish Prime Minister, Pedro Sánchez, announced that he had reached an agreement with Britain, declaring the Gibraltar protocol "resolved". He stated that the Spanish government would hold no objection to the United Kingdom leaving the EU as regards the situation of Gibraltar being a British Overseas Territory which was then within the EU.[34][35] It was also agreed that any dispute which Spain had or may have over the sovereignty of Gibraltar would not affect any future trade agreement between Britain and the EU.[35]

On 22 November 2018, Pedro Sánchez threatened that Spain would veto Brexit if Spanish concerns over Gibraltar were not addressed.[36][37] Two days later, on Saturday 24 November, British EU Ambassador Sir Tim Barrow, assured the Spanish leadership that no future trade deals around Brexit would relate to Gibraltar's market, which cleared the way for the Brexit deal to pass.[38] The deal, agreed in November 2018, covered Gibraltar and the territory was also included in transitional arrangements which lasted until the end of 2020.[39] However, post transition-period agreements remained to be negotiated between the stakeholders.[40]

Post-Brexit treaty negotiations

Brexit arrangements agreed between the UK and EU on 24 December 2020 did not cover Gibraltar. An agreement reached on 31 December 2020 allowed Gibraltar to join the Schengen Area in principle, but a treaty on the matter remained to be agreed. Spain's foreign minister, Arancha González Laya said that she anticipated that it would take about six months to negotiate and conclude a treaty but that in the meantime Spain would work to ensure that mobility at the border would be "as fluid as possible".[1] On 31 December 2020 both Spain and the UK Government wrote to the President of the European Commission asking them to seek a mandate to create a treaty concerning movement of labour and goods, the environment, citizens rights, continued recognition of documents etc.[41] An agreement was reached on the creation of a special committee to handle Gibraltar–EU matters, such as free movement for people and border controls, containing only representatives from Spain and the UK.

Movement over the border

On 31 December 2020, Spain and the United Kingdom reached an agreement in principle under which Gibraltar would join the European Union's Schengen Area.[42] This cleared the way for the European Union and the UK to start formal negotiations on the matter.[43] Elements of the proposed agreement are:[43][44]

  • Gibraltar (air)ports become entry points of the Schengen area, under responsibility of Spain [41]
  • The border controls will be performed by Frontex-personnel [41] (Spain disputes this interpretation.)[45]
  • unrestricted movement of goods
  • arrangements in the field of "environment, the level playing field, social security coordination, citizens’ rights, data and matters related to continued document recognition" [41]
  • the relationship between Gibraltar and the European Union in areas of EU competence
  • Gibraltar can offer residence permit on its own decision
  • Visa for visiting Gibraltar will be Schengen visas and the visa waiver ETIAS
  • The arrangements are implemented for "an initial period of four years"[41]

Since Gibraltar left the EU, ad hoc arrangements have been in place.[3] Spain has granted free border passage to workers and tourists to avoid disruption, and other pragmatic cross-border bridging measures have also been applied.[46] The expected six month timetable was not followed, but on 20 July 2021 the EU commission proposed a mandate with directives for the negotiations. Formal negotiations needed the Council of the European Union to adopt the mandate in order to proceed,[47][48] and in October 2021 the Council approved the mandate allowing negotiations to begin[49] anticipating an agreement on Gibraltar.[50]

Formal negotiation period

Negotiations started soon after[2] and focussed on the future status of the border.[3] No formal agreement had been reached by December 2021, and so several temporary bridging measures for mutual recognition were introduced with respect to driving licences and healthcare between Spain and Gibraltar.[51] The negotiations continued through the winter of 2021–22 and there were hopes that they would finish during the spring[52] as the objective was to conclude an agreement before Easter.[53] However, negotiations continued throughout the summer of 2022[54] and proceeded slowly, partly due to the British government crisis that took place at the time, and uncertainty remained about the timetable.[55] The reciprocal health care agreement that had been extended until 30 June 2022 came to an end. As a result it became necessary for residents of Gibraltar to purchase travel insurance in order to receive low cost emergency health care in Spain.[56]

By the end of 2022, negotiations were deadlocked over the issue of policing passport control at Gibraltar airport.[57] Talks remained stalled during 2023, with Spain insisting that its Policía Nacional control entry into the Schengen area (as is the norm on all Spanish entry points to Schengen) and the UK demanding that the work be done by Frontex officers (who elsewhere only supplement national authorities by exception).[45] Spain also sought greater controls to reduce tobacco smuggling from Gibraltar into Spain, which was estimated to cost Spain around €400 million a year in lost revenue.[58]

Concerns about the possible election of a Spanish government in 2023 that could be less sympathetic to Gibraltar's aspirations led to renewed discussion of the possible consequences of the failure of the treaty talks. This could be a continuation of the status quo or a more isolated Gibraltar hoping to benefit from low taxes and low regulation.[3] After the inconclusive 2023 Spanish general election in July, talks were suspended pending the formation of a coalition government.[58] In November 2023 the former Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez was reelected and the new coalition government was formed.[59] In December, negotiations resumed.[60]

References

  1. 1 2 Ashifa Kassam; Daniel Boffey (31 December 2020). "Spain and UK reach draft deal on post-Brexit status of Gibraltar". The Guardian.
  2. 1 2 Gallardo, Cristina (16 December 2021). "Post-Brexit talks on Gibraltar's future drag into 2022". Politico.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Gibraltar struggles with post-Brexit limbo". BBC News. 25 January 2023.
  4. ↑ Swinford, Steven (14 April 2015). "Gibraltar suggests it wants to stay in EU in the event of Brexit". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "Happy Birthday, Your Majesty". Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  6. ↑ "Britain must include Gibraltar in post-Brexit negotiations, report says". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  7. ↑ Bernard, Philippe; More, Sandrine (3 April 2017). "Brexit: l'Espagne inflige deux camouflets à Londres" [Brexit: Spain hits London with double whammy]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2017. ... peu avant le vote britannique, le ministre des affaires étrangères espagnol d'alors, José Manuel Garcia-Margallo, avait affirmé qu en cas de Brexit Gibraltar n'aurait pas accès au marché intérieur, à moins que [ne soit] accept[é] une formule qui suppose la cosouveraineté de l'Espagne durant une période transitoire'. M. Garcia-Margallo s'était ensuite félicité du vote pro-Brexit en soulignant que 'le drapeau espagnol sur le Rocher n'a jamais été aussi proche'. [... shortly before the British vote, the then Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, José Manuel Garcia-Margallo, stated that 'in the event of Brexit, Gibraltar would not have access to the internal market, unless a formula were agreed that provided for Spanish co-sovereignty for a transitional period'. Mr Garcia-Margallo later welcomed the pro-Brexit vote, emphasizing that 'the Spanish flag on the Rock has never been so close'.]
  8. ↑ "Spanish PM's anger at David Cameron over Gibraltar". BBC News. 16 June 2016.
  9. ↑ Act No. 2016-01 (Legislation Number (L.N.) 2016/034, as amended by L.N. 2016/035, L.N. 2016/082 and L.N. 2016/120.
  10. ↑ Williams, Jennifer (2016-06-24). "The Brexit vote result has reignited a 300-year-old fight between Britain and Spain". Vox. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  11. ↑ "Feetham urges joint strategies with Govt on key issues". Gibraltar Chronicle. 19 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  12. ↑ "Garcia flags constitutional reform and Brexit in New Year message". Gibraltar Chronicle. 5 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  13. ↑ HC 461 - Gibraltar: Time to Get Off the Fence. The Stationery Office. 1 July 2014. ISBN 9780215073280.
  14. ↑ "Mar 15 - UK Brexit Minister To Visit Gibraltar". your Gibraltar TV. 15 March 2017.
  15. ↑ "Brexit: Gibraltar" (PDF). Parliament. 1 March 2017.
  16. ↑ "Draft guidelines following the United Kingdom's notification under Article 50 TEU" (PDF). Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  17. ↑ "EU leaders attacked over "shameful" Brexit talks move to give Spain veto over Gibraltar's future". Herald Scotland. 31 March 2017.
  18. ↑ "UK will 'stand up for Gibraltar' in Brexit row with Spain, says Boris Johnson". Independent. 1 April 2017.
  19. ↑ "Gibraltar's future with EU will form part of UK's Brexit talks, Irish Government says". Gibraltar Chronicle. 10 March 2017.
  20. ↑ "Brexit: Spain calls for joint control of Gibraltar – BBC News". BBC News. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  21. ↑ (Reporter), Joe Duggan (12 September 2016). "Chief Minister Fabian Picardo says 'British Means British' at National Day political rally".
  22. ↑ "Spain seeks to jointly govern Gibraltar after Brexit". Reuters. 24 June 2016.
  23. ↑ "UK won't negotiate away Gibraltar sovereignty, May tells Tusk". The Guardian. 6 April 2017.
  24. ↑ "Spain hopes for Brexit deal on Gibraltar before October: foreign minister". Reuters. 4 April 2018.
  25. ↑ "Govt's stark analysis highlights Brexit border challenge – Gibraltar Chronicle". chronicle.gi. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
  26. ↑ "Don't prejudice thousands of Gibraltar jobs by using border as 'choke point'". The Olive Press. 23 January 2017.
  27. ↑ "What could Brexit mean for Gibraltar?". BBC. 3 April 2017.
  28. ↑ "Brexit deal will not automatically apply to Gibraltar – EU guidelines". Financial Times. 31 March 2017.
  29. ↑ "Gibraltar seeks expansion of route network into the 'Spanish hinterland'". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 11 November 2022.
  30. ↑ "Gibraltar 'planning for a hard Brexit', Tipping tells Brussels". Gibraltar Chronicle. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  31. ↑ "After Brexit, fintechs find new homes". PaymentsSource. 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  32. ↑ "UK, Gibraltar/Spain international agreement of Taxation has entered into force". MercoPress. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  33. ↑ González, Miguel (2021-03-16). "Spain to take Gibraltar off tax haven list after treaty enters into force". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  34. ↑ "Spain says agreement reached on Gibraltar status in Brexit negotiations", Reuters, 18 October 2018
  35. 1 2 "UK, Spain reach Brexit deal over Gibraltar: Spanish PM", Digital Journal, 18 October 2018
  36. ↑ "Spanish PM threatens Brexit 'veto' over Gibraltar". Politico. 23 November 2018.
  37. ↑ @sanchezcastejon (November 22, 2018). "After my conversation with Theresa May, our positions remain far away. My Government will always defend the interests of Spain. If there are no changes, we will veto Brexit" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  38. ↑ Boffey, Daniel; Jones, Sam (2018-11-24). "Brexit: May gives way over Gibraltar after Spain's 'veto' threat". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  39. ↑ "Brexit". HM Government of Gibraltar. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  40. ↑ Valero, Jorge (February 5, 2020). "Le risque de retour aux frontières plane sur Gibraltar et l'Espagne". Euractiv (in French).
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 "Chief Minister's Statement to Parliament On The New Year's Eve Framework Agreement - 61/2021". HM Government of Gibraltar. 15 January 2021.
  42. ↑ Brussels, Ashifa Kassam Daniel Boffey in (December 31, 2020). "Spain and UK reach draft deal on post-Brexit status of Gibraltar". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  43. 1 2 "Chief Minister's Statement – The New Year's Eve 'In-Principle' Agreement: A Post Brexit Deal for Gibraltar - 946/2020". Government of Gibraltar. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  44. ↑ Deal between Spain and UK plans to eliminate Gibraltar border checkpoint
  45. 1 2 Jopson, Barney; Bounds, Andy; Cameron-Chileshe, Jasmine (24 March 2023). "Passport rift between UK and Spain leaves Gibraltar in limbo". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  46. ↑ Williams, Lara (20 September 2022). "Why Gibraltar matters to both the UK and Spain". Investment Monitor.
  47. ↑ "EU-UK relations: Commission proposes draft mandate for negotiations on Gibraltar". European Commission. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  48. ↑ "Recommendation for a COUNCIL DECISION authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, in respect of Gibraltar" (PDF). European Commission. 20 July 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-20. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  49. ↑ "EU approves mandate for Gibraltar treaty negotiations with UK". POLITICO. 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  50. ↑ EU Authorises Negotiations With UK on Gibraltar
  51. ↑ "31/12/2021 - Technical Notice - Further Extension of Spanish Bridging Measures" (PDF). Government of Gibraltar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-02.
  52. ↑ Talks on Gibraltar’s future relationship with EU go into fifth round
  53. ↑ "Gibraltar EU relationship negotiation to continue next year - 936/2021". Government of Gibraltar. 2021-12-16. Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  54. ↑ Culatto, John (29 August 2022). "Gibraltar in 'Constant' Meetings Throughout Summer to Thrash Out Post-Brexit EU Deal with Spain and UK". The Olive Press.
  55. ↑ El atasco de las negociaciones entre la UE y Gran Bretaña sobre Gibraltar
  56. ↑ End of Reciprocal Healthcare Arrangements with Spain - 452/2022
  57. ↑ Kassam, Ashifa; Elgot, Jessica (2 January 2023). "Spain 'ready for any scenario' as Gibraltar talks with UK falter". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  58. 1 2 Jopson, Barney (15 September 2023). "Tobacco smuggling to Spain stokes resentment over Gibraltar". Financial Times.
  59. ↑ "Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez Reelected". Voice of America. 16 November 2023.
  60. ↑ "UK and Spain resume contact in Malaga over Gibraltar deal". 8 December 2023.
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