Gianello della Torre | |
|---|---|
%252C_NGA_45105.jpg.webp) Contemporary medallion of Gianello by Leone Leoni | |
| Born | Gianello della Torre 1500 |
| Died | 1585 (aged 85) |
| Resting place | Toledo, Spain |
Gianello della Torre (c. 1500 – 13 June 1585) was an Italo-Spanish clockmaker, engineer and mathematician. He was born in Cremona.
Name
The name of Gianello della Torre comes in a number of variations. His original name was Janello Torresani.[1] His given name was long thought to be derived from Giovanni, but is in fact unrelated. Its etymology is uncertain. In the form Ianellus, it was the name of Gianello's grandfather. The form Zanello is also attested.[2] In some sources, his first name appears as Lionello, Leonello, Leo or Giano.[1][2]
His surname is given as de' Torresani, de' Torexanis, de Torrexanis, della Torre, Torresan, Torresani, Toresani, Torriani and Torriano.[1][2] His full name in Spanish is Juanelo Turriano.[2][3]
Biography
Called to Spain in 1529 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, he was appointed Court Clock Master and built the Cristalino, an astronomical clock that made him famous in his time. Philip II of Spain named him Matemático Mayor. He worked and lived in Toledo, where he built the Artificio de Juanelo, an engine that, driven by the river itself, lifted water from the Tagus to a height of almost 100 meters, to supply the city and its castle (Alcázar). He, however, did not get to be properly paid for its expenses.
Della Torre is attributed as the creator of the "Clockwork Prayer", an automaton representing a monk manufactured in the 1560s based on a commission from Philip II of Spain.[4][5] Following the recovery of his son, and in the belief that Didacus of Alcalá had in some way intervened on his behalf, King Philip II of Spain would have commissioned Della Torre, mechanic to his father, to build a clockwork model of Didacus. The model would perform a number of set actions, including the beating of the breast which accompanies the Mea culpa prayer. An automaton of similar age, functions, and appearance is in the collections of the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.[6] [4]
Another automaton associated with Della Torre is a figure of a lady playing a lute housed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.[4][7]
He died at Toledo on 13 June 1585.[2]
References
- 1 2 3 Zanetti 2017, p. 57.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Zanetti 2019.
- ↑ García Tapia 2018.
- 1 2 3 King, Elizabeth (Spring 2002). "Clockwork Prayer: A Sixteenth-Century Mechanical Monk". Blackbird. 1 (1). Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ↑ "A Clockwork Miracle". Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ↑ "Smithsonian Institution collections listing".
- ↑ Martin L. Davies, ed. (2003). Breaking the disciplines : reconceptions in knowledge, art and culture. London [u.a.]: Tauris. ISBN 9781860649172.
Bibliography
- García Tapia, Nicolás (2018). "Turriano, Giovanni". Diccionario Biográfico Español. Real Academia de la Historia.
- Zanetti, Cristiano (2017). Janello Torriani and the Spanish Empire: A Vitruvian Artisan at the Dawn of the Scientific Revolution. Brill.
- Zanetti, Cristiano (2019). "Torriani, Janello". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 96: Toja–Trivelli (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.