Codename

Upon its development, the missile was named after the 12th century Sultan Shahabuddin Ghauri, by a senior scientist who worked on the program with a keen interest in medieval history— this codename was approved by the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1994.^[11] Sultan Muhammad Ghauri, who successfully campaigned in the northwestern region of India between 1176 and 1182, but was defeated in his first battle in northern India by Indian King Prithviraj Chauhan; but Ghauri returned in June 1192 when he defeated Prithviraj. He captured Delhi in 1199, but established his kingdom formally in 1206.^[11]

However, the JS HQ has officially codenamed the missile "Hatf–5 (Ghauri–I); the Hatf codename originates from the name of the sword or lance of Muhammad.^[10]

Development

According to the American intelligence estimates in 1999, the Ghauri–I is influenced and its design development is based on the Rodong-1 (a copy of former Soviet Scud) missile of North Korea.^[12] Development of Ghauri was a source of contention and controversy between Pakistan and the United States with Clinton administration publicly leveling serious allegations on the Benazir Bhutto's federal ministry of transferring nuclear technology in 1996.^[12] Later, Japan intervened in this matter, pressured Sharif administration to cut ties with North Korea in 1999.^{: 245 [13]}

There were many conflicting stories until 2012 when official documentation was published in a text about North Korea's contribution.^{: 240 [13]} Before 2012, many in Pakistan and the United States had alleged that the technology transfer took place in 1993 in return of the instructions on enrichment methods for uranium^[14] Not much has been publicized as controversy surrounds the claim that North Korean nuclear program was well advanced before the instructions on enrichment methods uranium were provided.^[15]

It is now well documented by the Pakistani military admissions that the finance ministry under Benazir Bhutto's administration had paid stacks of cash through its State Bank to North Korea as President Kim Il Sung was only interested in monetary values rather than technological barter trade.^{: 244–245 [13]} After the transaction, the North Korean scientists and engineers were then sent to Pakistan to teach aerospace engineering at Pakistani universities in 1993.^{: 245 [13]}

Design and engineering

Much of the engineering data for Ghauri comes from the former Soviet Scud technology, compiled by the American think tanks.^[16] The mechanism of North Korean's Rodong-1 is copied from the Soviet Scud specification to compare with Ghauri.^[16] The Khan Research Laboratories designed the warhead for the Ghauri and no official information is available due to Pakistani government classifying its data as Top Secret (TS confidentiality), aside from speculations from independent and outside sources.^[16]

According to the official Pakistani military reports, the original design of the missile was flawed and the missile's frontal conic nose section material burned up due to generated shock waves and hypersonic effect on re-entry during its first test flight in 1998.^[17] High stress and high temperature shift caused the material to melt during the re-entry while its vintage electronic systems, engine system, and propellant had to be replaced.^[17] The first design of Ghauri was built under the watchful guidance of North Koreans based on their specification but the Koreans were immediately sent back by Sharif administration after the failure of the system was identified.^{: 245 [13]} Eventually, the conic nose section was redesigned by rounding the cone which allowed the missile to travel from subsonic flow to supersonic flow.^[17] The KRL, now forced to collaborate with NESCOM, DESTO, and NDC, engaged in heavy reengineering of much of the controls and electronic system.^[17] Since KRL is a nuclear physics laboratory not rocket engineering firm,^{: 248 [13]} it took years of expensive trials and errors to make Ghauri nuclear weapons delivery capable, and it was not until 2003 when Ghauri was finally made feasible for the military deployment by the KRL.^[18]

Prospect of civilian space program

The liquid fuel systems are incapable of storing fuel for any long period of time– the Ghauri–I requires fueling for several hours before launch, making it vulnerable to a first strike the standing enemy.^[17] Noting this constraint, the Pakistani war strategists have not pursued liquid fuel systems other than the Ghauri–I and Ghauri-II.^[19]

The Ghauri-I is a nuclear weapon-delivery capable missile which has been stated by the Pakistani military that it is also capable of being loaded with "all types" of warheads.^[20] Contrast to the Shaheen program that went under the joint conjecture of Pakistan's Air Force and the Army, the Ghauri program was designed for the Pakistan Army which was setting to accuracy goal for a highly accurate missile designed to strike high-value targets.^[19]

In 2004, there was a strong lobby within the engineering community to make Ghauri feasible for launch vehicle for satellites– converting missiles to space lunch was previously done by the United States with their Redstone missile.^[19]