Ceremonial counties of England
and
shrieval counties of England
LocationEngland
Number48
Populations8,000 (City of London) to 8,167,000 (Greater London)[1]
Areas3km² to 8,611 km²
Densities62/km² to 4,806/km²

Ceremonial counties,[2] formally known as counties for the purposes of the lieutenancies,[3] are areas of England to which lord-lieutenants are appointed. A lord-lieutenant is the monarch's representative in an area.[4] Shrieval counties have the same boundaries and serve a similar purpose, being the areas to which high sheriffs are appointed. High sheriffs are the monarch's judicial representative in an area.[5]

The ceremonial counties are defined in the Lieutenancies Act 1997, and the shrieval counties in the Sheriffs Act 1887. In both cases the counties are defined as groups of local government counties.

History

The predecessor geographic counties from 1889 to 1965: Yorkshire's three ridings were counted separately, whilst exclaves differentiate these from the historic counties. The administrative counties created in 1889 also diverged, for example in Suffolk and Sussex and with several cities being constituted counties, i.e. county boroughs, in their own right.

Ceremonial counties

The distinction between a county for purposes of the lieutenancy and a county for administrative purposes is not a new one. In some cases, a county corporate that was part of a county appointed its own lieutenant, although the lieutenant of the containing county would often be appointed to this position, as well, and the three Ridings of Yorkshire had been treated as three counties for lieutenancy purposes since the 17th century.

The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the administrative functions of quarter sessions in the counties. It created new entities called "administrative counties". An administrative county comprised all of the county apart from the county boroughs; also, some traditional subdivisions of counties were constituted administrative counties, for instance the Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire and the Isle of Ely in Cambridgeshire.

The act further stipulated that areas that were part of an administrative county would be part of the county for all purposes. The greatest change was the creation of the County of London, which was made both an administrative county and a "county"; it included parts of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, and Surrey. Other differences were small and resulted from the constraint that urban sanitary districts (and later urban districts and municipal boroughs) were not permitted to straddle county boundaries.

Apart from Yorkshire, counties that were subdivided continued to exist as ceremonial counties. For example, the administrative counties of East Suffolk and West Suffolk, along with the county borough of Ipswich, were considered to make up a single ceremonial county of Suffolk, and the administrative county of the Isle of Wight was part of the ceremonial county of Hampshire.

The term "ceremonial county" in this context is an anachronism; at the time they were shown on Ordnance Survey maps as "counties" or "geographical counties", and were referred to in the Local Government Act 1888 simply as "counties".

Apart from minor boundary revisions (for example, Caversham, a town in Oxfordshire, becoming part of Reading county borough and thus of Berkshire, in 1911), these areas changed little until the 1965 creation of Greater London and of Huntingdon and Peterborough, which resulted in the abolition of the offices of Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex, Lord Lieutenant of the County of London, and Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdonshire and the creation of the Lord Lieutenant of Greater London and of the Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdon and Peterborough.

Ceremonial counties from 1974 to 1996 (City of London not shown)

In 1974, administrative counties and county boroughs were abolished, and a major reform was instituted. At this time, lieutenancy was redefined to use the new metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties directly.

Following a further rearrangement in 1996, Avon, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester, and Humberside were abolished. This led to a resurrection of a distinction between the local government counties and the ceremonial or geographical counties used for lieutenancy, and also to the adoption of the term "ceremonial counties", which although not used in statute, was used in the House of Commons before the arrangements coming into effect.[6]

The County of Avon that had been formed in 1974 was mostly split between Gloucestershire and Somerset, but its city of Bristol regained the status of a county in itself, which it had lost upon the formation of Avon. Cleveland was partitioned between North Yorkshire and Durham. Hereford and Worcester was divided into the restored counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Humberside was split between Lincolnshire and a new ceremonial county of East Riding of Yorkshire. Rutland was restored as a ceremonial county. Many county boroughs were re-established as unitary authorities; this involved establishing the area as an administrative county, but usually not as a ceremonial county.

Most ceremonial counties are, therefore, entities comprising local authority areas, as they were from 1889 to 1974. The Association of British Counties, a traditional counties lobbying organisation, has suggested that ceremonial counties be restored to their ancient boundaries.

Shrieval counties

The shrieval counties are defined by the Sheriffs Act 1887 as amended, in a similar way to the lieutenancies defined by the Lieutenancies Act 1997. Each has a high sheriff appointed (except the City of London, which has two sheriffs).

Definition

The Lieutenancies Act 1997 defines counties for the purposes of lieutenancies in terms of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties (created by the Local Government Act 1972, as amended) as well as Greater London and the Isles of Scilly (which lie outside the 1972 Act's new system). Although the term is not used in the act, these counties are sometimes known as "ceremonial counties". The counties are defined in Schedule 1, paragraphs 2–5[3] as amended[7] (most recently in 2009,[8] 2019[9] and 2023)[10] — these amendments have not altered the actual areas covered by the counties as set out in 1997, only their composition in terms of local government areas, as a result of structural changes in local government.[note 1]

Lieutenancy areas since 1997

These are the 48 counties for the purposes of the lieutenancies in England, as currently defined:

County for the purposes
of the lieutenancies		Population
(2018)[11][12]		AreaDensityComposition
Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
(including unitary authority areas)
No.Rank(km2)(sq mi)Rank(/km2)(/sq mi)Rank
Bedfordshire704,73636th1,235 47741st542 1,40013thBedford, Central Bedfordshire and Luton
Berkshire911,40324th1,262 48740th722 1,87010thBracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham
Bristol463,40543rd110 4247th4,224 10,9402ndCity of Bristol
Buckinghamshire840,13830th1,874 72432nd432 1,12022ndBuckinghamshire and City of Milton Keynes
Cambridgeshire852,52328th3,390 1,31015th252 65034thCambridgeshire and City of Peterborough
Cheshire1,059,27119th2,343 90525th452 1,17021stCheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester, Halton, and Warrington
City of London[note 2]8,70648th2.90 1.1248th2,998 7,7604thCity of London
Cornwall568,21040th3,562 1,37512th160 41041stCornwall and the Isles of Scilly
Cumbria498,88841st6,767 2,6133rd74 19047thCumberland and Westmorland and Furness[10]
Derbyshire1,053,31621st2,625 1,01421st401 1,04025thDerbyshire and City of Derby
Devon1,194,16611th6,707 2,5904th178 46039thDevon, City of Plymouth and Torbay
Dorset772,26831st2,653 1,02420th274 71032ndDorset and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole[9]
Durham866,846[note 3]26th2,676 1,03319th324 84028thCounty Durham, Darlington, Hartlepool and part of Stockton-on-Tees north of the River Tees
East Riding of Yorkshire600,25937th2,477 95623rd242 63035thEast Riding of Yorkshire and City of Kingston upon Hull
East Sussex844,98529th1,791 69233rd472 1,22020thEast Sussex and Brighton and Hove
Essex1,832,7527th3,670 1,42011th499 1,29015thEssex, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock
Gloucestershire916,20223rd3,150 1,22016th291 75030thGloucestershire and South Gloucestershire
Greater London8,899,3751st1,569 60637th5,671 14,6901stNone (see the London boroughs)
Greater Manchester2,812,5693rd1,276 49339th2,204 5,7105thGreater Manchester
Hampshire1,844,2456th3,769 1,4559th489 1,27017thHampshire, City of Portsmouth and City of Southampton
Herefordshire192,10745th2,180 84026th88 23046thHerefordshire
Hertfordshire1,184,36513th1,643 63436th721 1,87011thHertfordshire
Isle of Wight141,53846th380 15046th372 96026thIsle of Wight
Kent1,846,4785th3,738 1,44310th494 1,28016thKent and Medway
Lancashire1,498,3008th3,075 1,18717th487 1,26019thBlackburn with Darwen, Blackpool and Lancashire
Leicestershire1,053,48620th2,156 83228th489 1,27018thLeicestershire and City of Leicester
Lincolnshire1,087,65918th6,975 2,6932nd156 40042ndLincolnshire, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire
Merseyside1,423,0659th647 25043rd2,200 5,7006thMerseyside
Norfolk903,68025th5,380 2,0805th168 44040thNorfolk
North Yorkshire1,158,816[note 3]14th8,654 3,3411st134 35044thMiddlesbrough, North Yorkshire, Redcar and Cleveland, City of York and part of Stockton-on-Tees south of the River Tees
Northamptonshire747,62233rd2,364 91324th316 82029thNorth Northamptonshire and West Northamptonshire
Northumberland320,27444th5,014 1,9366th64 17048thNorthumberland
Nottinghamshire1,154,19515th2,159 83427th535 1,39014thNottinghamshire and City of Nottingham
Oxfordshire687,52435th2,605 1,00622nd264 68033rdOxfordshire
Rutland39,69747th382 14745th104 27045thRutland
Shropshire498,07342nd3,488 1,34713th143 37043rdShropshire and Telford and Wrekin
Somerset965,42422nd4,170 1,6107th232 60036thBath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and Somerset
South Yorkshire1,402,91810th1,552 59938th904 2,3409thSouth Yorkshire
Staffordshire1,131,05217th2,714 1,04818th417 1,08024thStaffordshire and City of Stoke-on-Trent
Suffolk758,55632nd3,801 1,4688th200 52038thSuffolk
Surrey1,189,93412th1,663 64235th716 1,85012thSurrey
Tyne and Wear1,136,37116th540 21044th2,105 5,4507thTyne and Wear
Warwickshire571,01039th1,975 76331st289 75031stWarwickshire
West Midlands2,916,4582nd902 34842nd3,235 8,3803rdWest Midlands
West Sussex858,85227th1,991 76930th431 1,12023rdWest Sussex
West Yorkshire2,320,2144th2,029 78329th1,143 2,9608thWest Yorkshire
Wiltshire720,06034th3,485 1,34614th207 54037thSwindon and Wiltshire
Worcestershire592,05738th1,741 67234th340 88027thWorcestershire

Lieutenancy areas in 1890

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For example, Cheshire was prior to the 2009 structural changes to local government defined as the non-metropolitan counties of Cheshire, Halton & Warrington; the non-metropolitan county of Cheshire on 1 April that year split into the non-metropolitan counties of Cheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester, and Schedule 1 of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 was duly amended to take into account these changes to local government within the ceremonial county.
  2. ↑ Because the City of London has a Commission of Lieutenancy rather than a single lord-lieutenant, it is treated as a county for some purposes of the Lieutenancy Act. (Schedule 1 paragraph 4)
  3. 1 2 As the district of Stockton-on-Tess is in two counties, the population has been calculated by adding (for North Yorkshire) or subtracting (for County Durham) its relevant civil parishes.

References

  1. ↑ Table 2 2011 Census: Usual resident population and population density, local authorities in the United Kingdom UK Census 2011 UK usual resident population Greater London excluding City of London
  2. ↑ "Ceremonial Counties" (PDF). Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  3. 1 2 Text of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 – Schedule 1: Counties and areas for the purposes of the lieutenancies in Great Britain as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
  4. ↑ "Document (01) The Lord-Lieutenant". council.lancashire.gov.uk. 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  5. ↑ "High Sheriff of Lancashire". www.highsheriffoflancashire.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  6. ↑ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 29 Feb 1996 (pt 8) Archived 3 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Text of the Lord-Lieutenants – The Local Government Changes for England (Lord-Lieutenants and Sheriffs) Order 1997 as originally enacted or made within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
  8. ↑ Text of The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Other Provision) Order 2009 (SI 2009/837) as originally enacted or made within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
  9. 1 2 "The Local Government (Structural and Boundary Changes) (Supplementary Provision and Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2019".
  10. 1 2 The Cumbria (Structural Changes) Order 2022
  11. ↑ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2021". Office for National Statistics. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  12. ↑ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2021". Office for National Statistics. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
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