GeForce 600 series
GeForce GTX 690 released in 2012, the series' flagship unit
Release dateMarch 22, 2012 (March 22, 2012)
CodenameGK10x
ArchitectureKepler
ModelsGeForce series
  • GeForce GT series
  • GeForce GTX series
Transistors292M 40 nm (GF119)
  • 585M 40 nm (GF108)
  • 1.170B 40 nm (GF116)
  • 1.950B 40 nm (GF114)
  • 1.270B 28 nm (GK107)
  • 1.020B 28 nm (GK208)
  • 2.540B 28 nm (GK106)
  • 3.540B 28 nm (GK104)
Cards
Entry-level
  • GT 605
  • GT 610
  • GT 620
  • GT 630
  • GT 640
Mid-range
  • GTX 650
  • GTX 650 Ti
  • GTX 650 Ti Boost
  • GTX 660
High-end
  • GTX 660 Ti
  • GTX 670
  • GTX 680
Enthusiast
  • GTX 690
API support
DirectXDirect3D 11.0 (feature level 11_0)[1] Shader Model 6.5
OpenCLOpenCL 3.0[lower-alpha 1]
OpenGLOpenGL 4.6
VulkanVulkan 1.2[2]
SPIR-V
History
PredecessorGeForce 500 series
Successor
Support status
Fermi cards unsupported
Security updates for Kepler until September 2024

The GeForce 600 series is a series of graphics processing units developed by Nvidia, first released in 2012. They served as the introduction of the Kepler architecture.

Overview

Where the goal of the previous architecture, Fermi, was to increase raw performance (particularly for compute and tessellation), Nvidia's goal with the Kepler architecture was to increase performance per watt, while still striving for overall performance increases.[3] The primary way Nvidia achieved this goal was through the use of a unified clock. By abandoning the shader clock found in their previous GPU designs, efficiency is increased, even though it requires more cores to achieve similar levels of performance. This is not only because the cores are more power efficient (two Kepler cores using about 90% of the power of one Fermi core, according to Nvidia's numbers), but also because the reduction in clock speed delivers a 50% reduction in power consumption in that area.[4]

Kepler also introduced a new form of texture handling known as bindless textures. Previously, textures needed to be bound by the CPU to a particular slot in a fixed-size table before the GPU could reference them. This led to two limitations: one was that because the table was fixed in size, there could only be as many textures in use at one time as could fit in this table (128). The second was that the CPU was doing unnecessary work: it had to load each texture, and also bind each texture loaded in memory to a slot in the binding table.[3] With bindless textures, both limitations are removed. The GPU can access any texture loaded into memory, increasing the number of available textures and removing the performance penalty of binding.

Finally, with Kepler, Nvidia was able to increase the memory clock to 6 GHz. To accomplish this, Nvidia needed to design an entirely new memory controller and bus. While still shy of the theoretical 7 GHz limitation of GDDR5, this is well above the 4 GHz speed of the memory controller for Fermi.[4]

Kepler is named after the German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer Johannes Kepler.

Architecture

GTX 690 cooling shroud removed, with dual Kepler dies visible

The GeForce 600 series contains products from both the older Fermi and newer Kepler generations of Nvidia GPUs. Kepler based members of the 600 series add the following standard features to the GeForce family:

  • PCI Express 3.0 interface
  • DisplayPort 1.2
  • HDMI 1.4a 4K x 2K video output
  • Purevideo VP5 hardware video acceleration (up to 4K x 2K H.264 decode)
  • Hardware H.264 encoding acceleration block (NVENC)
  • Support for up to 4 independent 2D displays, or 3 stereoscopic/3D displays (NV Surround)
  • Next Generation Streaming Multiprocessor (SMX)
  • A New Instruction Scheduler
  • Bindless Textures
  • CUDA Compute Capability 3.0
  • GPU Boost
  • TXAA
  • Manufactured by TSMC on a 28 nm process

Streaming Multiprocessor Architecture (SMX)

The Kepler architecture employs a new Streaming Multiprocessor Architecture called SMX. The SMX are the key method for Kepler's power efficiency as the whole GPU uses a single "Core Clock" rather than the double-pump "Shader Clock".[4] The SMX usage of a single unified clock increases the GPU power efficiency due to the fact that two Kepler CUDA Cores consume 90% power of one Fermi CUDA Core. Consequently, the SMX needs additional processing units to execute a whole warp per cycle. Kepler also needed to increase raw GPU performance as to remain competitive. As a result, it doubled the CUDA Cores from 16 to 32 per CUDA array, 3 CUDA Cores Array to 6 CUDA Cores Array, 1 load/store and 1 SFU group to 2 load/store and 2 SFU group. The GPU processing resources are also double. From 2 warp schedulers to 4 warp schedulers, 4 dispatch unit became 8 and the register file doubled to 64K entries as to increase performance. With the doubling of GPU processing units and resources increasing the usage of die spaces, The capability of the PolyMorph Engine aren't double but enhanced, making it capable of spurring out a polygon in 2 cycles instead of 4.[5] With Kepler, Nvidia not only worked on power efficiency but also on area efficiency. Therefore, Nvidia opted to use eight dedicated FP64 CUDA cores in a SMX as to save die space, while still offering FP64 capabilities since all Kepler CUDA cores are not FP64 capable. With the improvement Nvidia made on Kepler, the results include an increase in GPU graphic performance while downplaying FP64 performance.

A new instruction scheduler

Additional die areas are acquired by replacing the complex hardware scheduler with a simple software scheduler. With software scheduling, warps scheduling was moved to Nvidia's compiler and as the GPU math pipeline now has a fixed latency, it now include the utilization of instruction-level parallelism and superscalar execution in addition to thread-level parallelism. As instructions are statically scheduled, scheduling inside a warp becomes redundant since the latency of the math pipeline is already known. This resulted an increase in die area space and power efficiency.[4][6][3]

GPU Boost

GPU Boost is a new feature which is roughly analogous to turbo boosting of a CPU. The GPU is always guaranteed to run at a minimum clock speed, referred to as the "base clock". This clock speed is set to the level which will ensure that the GPU stays within TDP specifications, even at maximum loads.[3] When loads are lower, however, there is room for the clock speed to be increased without exceeding the TDP. In these scenarios, GPU Boost will gradually increase the clock speed in steps, until the GPU reaches a predefined power target (which is 170W by default).[4] By taking this approach, the GPU will ramp its clock up or down dynamically, so that it is providing the maximum amount of speed possible while remaining within TDP specifications.

The power target, as well as the size of the clock increase steps that the GPU will take, are both adjustable via third-party utilities and provide a means of overclocking Kepler-based cards.[3]

Microsoft DirectX support

Both Fermi and Kepler based cards support Direct3D 11, both also support Direct3D 12, though not all features provided by the API.[7][8]

TXAA

Exclusive to Kepler GPUs, TXAA is a new anti-aliasing method from Nvidia that is designed for direct implementation into game engines. TXAA is based on the MSAA technique and custom resolve filters. Its design addresses a key problem in games known as shimmering or temporal aliasing; TXAA resolves that by smoothing out the scene in motion, making sure that any in-game scene is being cleared of any aliasing and shimmering.[9]

NVENC

NVENC is Nvidia's SIP block that performs video encoding, in a way similar to Intel's Quick Sync Video and AMD's VCE. NVENC is a power-efficient fixed-function pipeline that is able to take codecs, decode, preprocess, and encode H.264-based content. NVENC specification input formats are limited to H.264 output. But still, NVENC, through its limited format, can perform encoding in resolutions up to 4096×4096.[10]

Like Intel's Quick Sync, NVENC is currently exposed through a proprietary API, though Nvidia does have plans to provide NVENC usage through CUDA.[10]

New driver features

In the R300 drivers, released alongside the GTX 680, Nvidia introduced a new feature called Adaptive VSync. This feature is intended to combat the limitation of v-sync that, when the framerate drops below 60 FPS, there is stuttering as the v-sync rate is reduced to 30 FPS, then down to further factors of 60 if needed. However, when the framerate is below 60 FPS, there is no need for v-sync as the monitor will be able to display the frames as they are ready. To address this issue (while still maintaining the advantages of v-sync with respect to screen tearing), Adaptive VSync can be turned on in the driver control panel. It will enable VSync if the framerate is at or above 60 FPS, while disabling it if the framerate lowers. Nvidia claims that this will result in a smoother overall display.[3]

While the feature debuted alongside the GTX 680, this feature is available to users of older Nvidia cards who install the updated drivers.[3]

Dynamic Super Resolution (DSR) was added to Fermi and Kepler GPUs with an October 2014 release of Nvidia drivers. This feature aims at increasing the quality of displayed picture, by rendering the scenery at a higher and more detailed resolution (upscaling), and scaling it down to match the monitor's native resolution (downsampling).[11]

History

In September 2010, Nvidia first announced Kepler.[12]

In early 2012, details of the first members of the 600 series parts emerged. These initial members were entry-level laptop GPUs sourced from the older Fermi architecture.

On March 22, 2012, Nvidia unveiled the 600 series GPU: the GTX 680 for desktop PCs and the GeForce GT 640M, GT 650M, and GTX 660M for notebook/laptop PCs.[13][14]

On April 29, 2012, the GTX 690 was announced as the first dual-GPU Kepler product.[15]

On May 10, 2012, the GTX 670 was officially announced.[16]

On June 4, 2012, the GTX 680M was officially announced.[17]

On August 16, 2012, the GTX 660 Ti was officially announced.[18]

On September 13, 2012, the GTX 660 and GTX 650 were officially announced.[19]

On October 9, 2012, the GTX 650 Ti was officially announced.[20]

On March 26, 2013, the GTX 650 Ti BOOST was officially announced.[21]

Products

GeForce 600 (6xx) series

EVGA GeForce GTX 650 Ti
  • 1 SPs – Shader Processors – Unified Shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units
  • 2 The GeForce 605 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce 510.
  • 3 The GeForce GT 610 card is a rebranded GeForce GT 520.
  • 4 The GeForce GT 620 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 520.
  • 5 The GeForce GT 620 card is a rebranded GeForce GT 530.
  • 6 This revision of GeForce GT 630 (DDR3) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 440 (DDR3).
  • 7 The GeForce GT 630 (GDDR5) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 440 (GDDR5).
  • 8 The GeForce GT 640 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 545 (DDR3).
  • 9 The GeForce GT 645 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce GTX 560 SE.

GeForce 600M (6xxM) series

The GeForce 600M series for notebooks architecture. The processing power is obtained by multiplying shader clock speed, the number of cores and how many instructions the cores are capable of performing per cycle.

Model Launch Code Name Fab (nm) Bus interface Core Configuration1 Clock Speed Fillrate Memory API Support (version) Processing Power2
(GFLOPS)		 TDP (Watts) Notes
Core (MHz) Shader (MHz) Memory (MT/s) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MiB) Bandwidth (GB/s) DRAM Type Bus Width (bit) DirectX OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan
GeForce 610M [22] Dec 2011 GF119 (N13M-GE) 40 PCIe 2.0 x16 48:8:4 450 900 1800 3.6 7.2 1024
2048		 14.4 DDR3 64 12.0 (11_0) 4.6 1.1 — 142.08 12 OEM. Rebadged GT 520MX
GeForce GT 620M [23] Apr 2012 GF117 (N13M-GS) 28 96:16:4 625 1250 1800 2.5 10 14.4
28.8		 64
128		 240 15 OEM. Die-Shrink GF108
GeForce GT 625M October 2012 GF117 (N13M-GS) 14.4 64
GeForce GT 630M[23][24][25] Apr 2012 GF108 (N13P-GL)
GF117		 40
28		 660
800		 1320
1600		 1800
4000		 2.6
3.2		 10.7
12.8		 28.8
32.0		 DDR3
GDDR5		 128
64		 258.0
307.2		 33 GF108: OEM. Rebadged GT 540M
GF117: OEM Die-Shrink GF108
GeForce GT 635M[23][26][27] Apr 2012 GF106 (N12E-GE2)
GF116		 40 144:24:24 675 1350 1800 16.2 16.2 2048
1536		 28.8
43.2		 DDR3 128
192		 289.2
388.8		 35 GF106: OEM. Rebadged GT 555M
GF116: 144 Unified Shaders
GeForce GT 640M LE[23] March 22, 2012 GF108
GK107 (N13P-LP)		 40
28		 PCIe 2.0 x16
PCIe 3.0 x16		 96:16:4
384:32:16		 762
500		 1524
500		 3130
1800		 3
8		 12.2
16		 1024
2048		 50.2
28.8		 GDDR5
DDR3		 128 1.1
1.2		 N/A
?		 292.6
384		 32
20		 GF108: Fermi
GK107: Kepler architecture
GeForce GT 640M[23][28] March 22, 2012 GK107 (N13P-GS) 28 PCIe 3.0 x16 384:32:16 625 625 1800
4000		 10 20 28.8
64.0		 DDR3
GDDR5		 1.2 1.1 480 32 Kepler architecture
GeForce GT 645M October 2012 GK107 (N13P-GS) 710 710 1800
4000		 11.36 22.72 545
GeForce GT 650M[23][29][30] March 22, 2012 GK107 (N13P-GT) 835
745
900*		 950
835
900*		 1800
4000
5000*		 15.2
13.4
14.4*		 30.4
26.7
28.8*		 1024
2048
*		 28.8
64.0
80.0*		 DDR3
GDDR5
GDDR5*		 729.6
641.3
691.2*		 45 Kepler architecture
GeForce GTX 660M[23][30][31][32] March 22, 2012 GK107 (N13E-GE) 835 950 5000 15.2 30.4 2048 80.0 GDDR5 729.6 50 Kepler architecture
GeForce GTX 670M[23] April 2012 GF114 (N13E-GS1-LP) 40 PCIe 2.0 x16 336:56:24 598 1196 3000 14.35 33.5 1536
3072		 72.0 192 1.1 — 803.6 75 OEM. Rebadged GTX 570M
GeForce GTX 670MX October 2012 GK106 (N13E-GR) 28 PCIe 3.0 x16 960:80:24 600 600 2800 14.4 48.0 67.2 1.2 1.1 1152 Kepler architecture
GeForce GTX 675M[23] April 2012 GF114 (N13E-GS1) 40 PCIe 2.0 x16 384:64:32 620 1240 3000 19.8 39.7 2048 96.0 256 1.1 ? 952.3 100 OEM. Rebadged GTX 580M
GeForce GTX 675MX October 2012 GK106 (N13E-GSR) 28 PCIe 3.0 x16 960:80:32 600 600 3600 19.2 48.0 4096 115.2 1.2 1.1 1152 Kepler architecture
GeForce GTX 680M June 4, 2012 GK104 (N13E-GTX) 1344:112:32 720 720 3600 23 80.6 1935.4
GeForce GTX 680MX October 23, 2012 GK104 1536:128:32 5000 92.2 160 2234.3 100+
Model Launch Code Name Fab (nm) Bus interface Core Configuration1 Clock Speed Fillrate Memory API Support (version) Processing Power2
(GFLOPS)		 TDP (Watts) Notes
Core (MHz) Shader (MHz) Memory (MT/s) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MiB) Bandwidth (GB/s) DRAM Type Bus Width (bit) DirectX OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan

(*)-Apple MacBook Pro Retina 2012 with 512MB or 1024MB GDDR5 configuration.

Chipset table

GeForce 600 (6xx) series

Model Launch Code name Fab (nm) Transistors (million) Die size (mm2) Bus interface SM count Core config[lower-alpha 2] Clock rate Fillrate Memory configuration Supported API version Processing power (GFLOPS)[lower-alpha 3] TDP (Watts) Release Price (USD)
Core (MHz) Average Boost (MHz) Max Boost (MHz) Shader (MHz) Memory (MHz) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MB) Bandwidth (GB/s) DRAM type Bus width (bit) Vulkan[lower-alpha 4] Direct3D OpenGL OpenCL Single precision Double precision
GeForce 605[lower-alpha 5] April 3, 2012 GF119 TSMC 40 nm 292 79 PCIe 2.0 x16 1 48:8:4 523 — — 1046 898
(1796)		 2.09 4.2 512 1024 14.4 DDR3 64 — 12 4.6 1.2 100.4 Un­known 25 OEM
GeForce GT 610[lower-alpha 6] May 15, 2012 GF119-300-A1 PCIe 2.0 x16, PCIe x1, PCI 48:8:4 810 — — 1620 1000
1800		 3.24 6.5 512
1024
2048		 8
14.4		 155.5 Un­known 29 Retail
GeForce GT 620[lower-alpha 7] April 3, 2012 GF119 PCIe 2.0 x16 48:8:4 — — 898
(1796)		 6.5 512
1024		 14.4 155.5 Un­known 30 OEM
May 15, 2012 GF108-100-KB-A1 585 116 2 96:16:4 700 — — 1400 1000–1800 2.8 11.2 1024
2048		 8–14.4 268.8 Un­known 49 Retail
GeForce GT 625 February 19, 2013 GF119 292 79 1 48:8:4 810 — — 1620 898
(1796)		 3.24 6.5 512 1024 14.4 155.5 Un­known 30 OEM
GeForce GT 630[lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9] April 24, 2012 GK107 TSMC 28 nm 1300 118 PCIe 3.0 x16 192:16:16 875 — — 875 891
(1782)		 14 14 1024
2048		 28.5 128 1.2 336 14 50
May 15, 2012 GF108-400-A1 TSMC 40 nm 585 116 PCIe 2.0 x16 2 96:16:4 700 — — 1620 1600–1800 2.8 11.2 1024
2048
4096		 25.6–28.8 — 311 Un­known 49 Retail
GF108 96:16:4 810 — — 1620 800
(3200)		 3.2 13 1024 51.2 GDDR5 311 Un­known 65
May 29, 2013 GK208-301-A1 TSMC 28 nm 1020 79 PCIe 2.0 x8 1 384:16:8 902 — — 902 900
(1800)		 7.22 14.44 1024
2048		 14.4 DDR3 64 1.2 692.7 Un­known 25
GeForce GT 635 February 19, 2013 GK208 PCIe 3.0 x8 384:16:8 967 — — 967 1001
(2002)		 7.74 15.5 16 742.7 Un­known 35 OEM
GeForce GT 640[lower-alpha 10] April 24, 2012 GF116 TSMC 40 nm 1170 238 PCIe 2.0 x16 3 144:24:24 720 — — 1440 891
(1782)		 17.3 17.3 1536
3072		 42.8 192 — 414.7 Un­known 75
GK107 TSMC 28 nm 1300 118 PCIe 3.0 x16 2 384:32:16 797 — — 797 891
(1782)		 12.8 25.5 1024
2048		 28.5 128 1.2 612.1 25.50 50
June 5, 2012 900 — — 900 891
(1782)		 14.4 28.8 2048
4096		 28.5 691.2 28.8 65 $100
April 24, 2012 950 — — 950 1250
(5000)		 15.2 30.4 1024
2048		 80 GDDR5 729.6 30.40 75 OEM
May 29, 2013 GK208-400-A1 TSMC 28 nm 1020 79 PCIe 2.0 x8 384:16:8 1046 — — 1046 1252
(5008)		 8.37 16.7 1024 40.1 64 803.3 Un­known 49
GeForce GT 645[lower-alpha 11] April 24, 2012 GF114-400-A1 TSMC 40 nm 1950 332 PCIe 2.0 x16 6 288:48:24 776 — — 1552 1914 18.6 37.3 91.9 192 — 894 Un­known 140 OEM
GeForce GTX 645 April 22, 2013 GK106 TSMC 28 nm 2540 221 PCIe 3.0 x16 3 576:48:16 823.5 888.5 — 823 1000
(4000)		 14.16 39.5 64 128 1.2 948.1 39.53 64
GeForce GTX 650 September 13, 2012 GK107-450-A2 1300 118 2 384:32:16 1058 — — 1058 1250
(5000)		 16.9 33.8 1024
2048		 80 812.54 33.86 $110
November 27, 2013 [34] GK-106-400-A1 2540 221 — 65  ?
GeForce GTX 650 Ti October 9, 2012 GK106-220-A1 4 768:64:16 928 — — 928 1350
(5400)		 14.8 59.4 86.4 1425.41 59.39 110 $150 (130)
GeForce GTX 650 Ti Boost March 26, 2013 GK106-240-A1 768:64:24 980 1032 — 980 1502
(6008)		 23.5 62.7 144.2 192 1505.28 62.72 134 $170 (150)
GeForce GTX 660 September 13, 2012 GK106-400-A1 5 960:80:24 1084 1502
(6008)		 23.5 78.4 1536+512
3072		 96.1+48.1
144.2		 128+64
192		 1881.6 78.40 140 $230 (180)
August 22, 2012 GK104-200-KD-A2 3540 294 6 1152:96:24
1152:96:32		 823.5 888.5 899 823 1450
(5800)		 19.8 79 1536
2048
3072		 134
186		 192
256		 2108.6 79.06 130 OEM
GeForce GTX 660 Ti August 16, 2012 GK104-300-KD-A2 7 1344:112:24 915 980 1058 915 1502
(6008)		 22.0 102.5 2048 96.1+48.1
144.2		 128+64
192		 2459.52 102.48 150 $300
GeForce GTX 670 May 10, 2012 GK104-325-A2 1344:112:32 1084 1502
(6008)		 29.3 102.5 2048
4096		 192.256 256 2459.52 102.48 170 $400
GeForce GTX 680 March 22, 2012 GK104-400-A2 8 1536:128:32 1006[3] 1058 1110 1006 1502
(6008)		 32.2 128.8 192.256 3090.43 128.77 195 $500
GeForce GTX 690 April 29, 2012 2x GK104-355-A2 2x 3540 2x 294 2x 8 2x 1536:128:32 915 1019 1058 915 1502
(6008)		 2x 29.28 2x 117.12 2x 2048 2x 192.256 2x 256 2x 2810.88 2x 117.12 300 $1000
Model Launch Code name Fab (nm) Transistors (million) Die size (mm2) Bus interface SM count Core config[lower-alpha 2] Clock rate Fillrate Memory configuration Supported API version Processing power (GFLOPS)[lower-alpha 3] TDP (Watts) Release Price (USD)
Core (MHz) Average Boost (MHz) Max Boost (MHz) Shader (MHz) Memory (MHz) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MB) Bandwidth (GB/s) DRAM type Bus width (bit) Vulkan Direct3D OpenGL OpenCL Single precision Double precision
  1. ↑ In OpenCL 3.0, OpenCL 1.2 functionality has become a mandatory baseline, while all OpenCL 2.x and OpenCL 3.0 features were made optional.
  2. 1 2 Unified shaders: texture mapping units: render output units
  3. 1 2 To calculate the processing power see Kepler (microarchitecture)#Performance, or Fermi (microarchitecture)#Performance.
  4. ↑ Vulkan 1.2 is only supported on Kepler cards.[33]
  5. ↑ The GeForce 605 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce 510.
  6. ↑ The GeForce GT 610 card is a rebranded GeForce GT 520.
  7. ↑ The GeForce GT 620 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 520.
  8. ↑ The GeForce GT 630 (DDR3, 128-bit, retail) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 430 (DDR3, 128-bit).
  9. ↑ The GeForce GT 630 (GDDR5) card is a rebranded GeForce GT 440 (GDDR5).
  10. ↑ The GeForce GT 640 (OEM) GF116 card is a rebranded GeForce GT 545 (DDR3).
  11. ↑ The GeForce GT 645 (OEM) card is a rebranded GeForce GTX 560 SE.

Discontinued support

Nvidia stopped releasing 32-bit drivers for 32-bit operating systems after the last Release 390 driver, 391.35, was released in March 2018.[35]

Kepler notebook GPUs moved to legacy support in April 2019 and stopped receiving critical security updates in April 2020.[36] Several notebook Geforce 6xxM GPUs were affected by this change, the remaining ones being low-end Fermi GPUs already out of support since January 2019.[37]

Nvidia announced that after Release 470 drivers, it would transition driver support for the Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 operating systems to legacy status and continue to provide critical security updates for these operating systems through September 2024.[38]

Nvidia announced that all remaining Kepler desktop GPUs would transition to legacy support from September 2021 onwards and be supported for critical security updates through September 2024.[39] All remaining GeForce 6xx GPUs would be affected by this change.

See also

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ "DX12 Do's and Don'ts". September 17, 2015.
    2. ↑ "Vulkan Driver Support". Nvidia. February 10, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Nvidia GeForce GTX 680 Whitepaper.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2012. ( 1405KB), page 6 of 29
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 Smith, Ryan (March 22, 2012). "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680 Review: Retaking The Performance Crown". AnandTech. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
    5. ↑ "GK104: The Chip And Architecture GK104: The Chip And Architecture". Tom;s Hardware. March 22, 2012.
    6. ↑ "NVIDIA Kepler GK110 Architecture Whitepaper" (PDF).
    7. ↑ Moreton, Henry (March 20, 2014). "DirectX 12: A Major Stride for Gaming". Blogs.nvidia.com. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
    8. ↑ Kowaliski, Cyril (March 21, 2014). "DirectX 12 will also add new features for next-gen GPUs". The Tech Report. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
    9. ↑ "Introducing The GeForce GTX 680 GPU". Nvidia. March 22, 2012.
    10. 1 2 "Benchmark Results: NVEnc And MediaEspresso 6.5". Tom’s Hardware. March 22, 2012.
    11. ↑ "GeForce Game Ready Driver For Civilization: Beyond Earth & Lords Of The Fallen Available Now". Retrieved October 24, 2014.
    12. ↑ Yam, Marcus (September 22, 2010). "Nvidia roadmap". Tom's Hardware US.
    13. ↑ "Introducing The GeForce GTX 680 GPU". NVIDIA. March 22, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
    14. ↑ "GeForce 600M Notebooks: Powerful and Efficient". NVIDIA. March 21, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
    15. ↑ "Performance Perfected: Introducing the GeForce GTX 690". GeForce. April 1, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    16. ↑ "Introducing The GeForce GTX 670 GPU". GeForce. March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    17. ↑ "Introducing The GeForce GTX 680M Mobile GPU". June 4, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
    18. ↑ "Meet Your New Weapon: The GeForce GTX 660 Ti. Borderlands 2 Included". GeForce. August 15, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    19. ↑ "Kepler For Every Gamer: Meet The New GeForce GTX 660 & 650". GeForce. September 12, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    20. ↑ "Kepler Family Complete : Introducing the GeForce GTX 650 Ti". GeForce. October 9, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    21. ↑ "GTX 650 Ti BOOST: Tuned For Sweet Spot Gaming". GeForce. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
    22. ↑ "GeForce 610M Graphics Card with Optimus technology | NVIDIA". Nvidia.in. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "NVIDIA's GeForce 600M Series: Mobile Kepler and Fermi Die Shrinks". AnandTech. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    24. ↑ "GeForce GT 630M Graphics Card with Optimus technology | NVIDIA". Nvidia.in. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    25. ↑ "GT 630M GPU with NVIDIA Optimus Technology". GeForce. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    26. ↑ "GeForce GT 635M GPU with NVIDIA Optimus technology | NVIDIA". Nvidia.in. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    27. ↑ "GT 635M GPU with NVIDIA Optimus Technology". GeForce. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    28. ↑ "Acer Aspire TimelineU M3: Life on the Kepler Verge". AnandTech. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    29. ↑ "HP Lists New Ivy Bridge 2012 Mosaic Design Laptops, Available April 8th". Laptopreviews.com. March 18, 2012. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    30. 1 2 "Help Me Choose | Dell". Content.dell.com. April 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    31. ↑ Wollman, Dana (January 8, 2012). "Lenovo unveils six mainstream consumer laptops (and one desktop replacement)". Engadget.com. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
    32. ↑ "660m power draw tested in Asus G75VW". Retrieved October 24, 2014.
    33. ↑ "The Khronos Group". May 31, 2022.
    34. ↑ "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 650 Specs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
    35. ↑ "Support Plan for 32-bit and 64-bit Operating Systems | NVIDIA".
    36. ↑ "Support Plan for Kepler-series GeForce GPUs for notebooks | NVIDIA".
    37. ↑ "Support Plan for Fermi series GeForce GPUs | NVIDIA".
    38. ↑ "Support Plan for Windows 7 and Windows 8/8.1 | NVIDIA".
    39. ↑ "Support Plan for Kepler-series GeForce GPUs for Desktop | NVIDIA".
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