Gawar-Bati
Narsati
Native toPakistan, Afghanistan
RegionChitral, Kunar Province
Native speakers
36,000 (2017–2021)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3gwt
Glottologgawa1247
ELPGawar-Bati

Gawar-Bati or Narsati is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Chitral region of northern Pakistan, and across the border in Afghanistan. It is also known as Aranduyiwar in Chitral because it is spoken in Arandu, which is the last village in lower Chitral and is also across the border from Berkot in Afghanistan. There are about 9,000 speakers of Gawar-Bati, with 1,500 in Pakistan, and 7,500 in Afghanistan. The name Gawar-Bati means "speech of the Gawar",[2] a people detailed by the Cacopardos in their study of the Hindu Kush.[3]

Study and classification

The Gawar-Bati language has not been given serious study by linguists, except that it is mentioned by George Morgenstierne (1926) and Kendall Decker (1992).

It is classified as an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic subgroup. However, the term Dardic is not linguistic but merely geographic.[4]

Phonology

The following tables set out the phonology of the Gawar-Bati language:[5]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iːu uː
Mid (e) eː (o) oː
Open a aː

The status of short /e/ and /o/ is unclear.

Consonants

A breathy voiced series, /bʱ dʱ gʱ/, existed recently in older speakers—and may still do so.

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
aspirated pʰ [pf f] tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
Affricate voiceless ts tʂ tʃ
voiced dz dʐ dʒ
aspirated tsʰ tʂʰ tʃʰ
Fricative voiceless s ʂ ʃ x h
voiced z ʐ ʒ ɣ
Approximant j w
Lateral plain l
Fricative ɬ ~ l̥
Rhotic r ɽ

Orthography

It is rarely written. This alphabet is used in Pakistan:[6]

Letter ابپتٹثجچحخڄݮڅځدڈذرڑزژݫس
Transliteration ā, Øbptṭsǰčhxc̣j̣cjdḍzrṛzẓžs
IPA [aː], Ø[b][p][t][ʈ][s][d͡ʒ][t͡ʃ][h][x][ʈ͡ʂ][ɖ͡ʐ][t͡s][d͡z][d][ɖ][z][r~ɾ][ɽ][z][ʐ][ʒ][s]
Letter شݭصضطظعغفقکگلݪمنݨںهءویے
Transliteration šṣsztzʔǧfqkglłmnṇ˜hʔw, ū, oy, īe
IPA [ʃ][ʂ][s][z][t][z][ʔ][ɣ][f][q][k][ɡ][l][ɬ~l][m][n][ɳ][˜][h][ʔ][w], [uː], [oː][j], [iː][eː]
Letter تھپھٹھچھڄھڅھکھَُِ
Transliteration thphṭhčhc̣hchkhaiu
IPA [tʰ][pʰ][ʈʰ][t͡ʃʰ][ʈ͡ʂʰ][t͡sʰ][kʰ][a][i][u]

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Gawar-Bati at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, volume 5. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-969-8023-15-7.
  3. ↑ Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2001). Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush. Rome, Italy: IsIAO. pp. 227–248. OCLC 50292664.
  4. ↑ Bashir, Elena (2007). Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge. p. 905. ISBN 978-0415772945. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [..] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
  5. ↑ Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 139.
  6. ↑ Gawarbati Alif Be fli-online.org

Further reading

35°19′38″N 71°35′05″E / 35.32722°N 71.58472°E / 35.32722; 71.58472

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