So-called "Gülen movement" Schools are a network of private or semi-private schools founded by Turkish-Americans. Alp Aslandoğan, executive director of the non-profit organisation Alliance for Shared Values has said that the schools are independent yet indirectly tied to the Islamic Gülen movement on the "intellectual or inspirational level."[1] In 2009 it was estimated that members of the Gülen movement ran schools that serve more than 2 million students, many with full scholarships.[2] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions varied widely, with about 300 schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide.[3][4]

Prior to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, there were many Gülen schools in Turkey. The schools were all subsequently banned by law, as were other Gülen schools in countries with large Turkish populations. Despite Turkey's official request, The United States has not extradited Gülen.

"Gülen" schools in the United States, which provide solely secular education to children mostly from low-income households, receive federal financial support.[5]

Curriculum

The curricula of the schools vary from country to country. They generally follow a secular mixture of Turkish and local curricula.

Language instruction

Gülen schools promote education in the local languages where they are located, including the controversial use of Kurdish in Turkey.[6] In many countries instruction is in English. However, all of the schools outside of Turkey offer Turkish as either a mandatory or elective foreign language.

Science and mathematics

Gülen schools heavily emphasize instruction in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).[7]

Islamic component

Gülen schools are not for Muslims alone,[8] and in Turkey "the general curriculum for the network's schools prescribes one hour of religious instruction per week, while in many countries the schools do not offer any religious instruction at all. With the exception of a few Imam-Hatip schools abroad, these institutions can thus hardly be considered Islamic schools in the strict sense."[9] The greatest majority of the teachers are drawn from members of the Gülen network, who reportedly encourage students in the direction of greater piety.[10] A 2008 article in the New York Times said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer",[8] and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.[8]

School organization

Schools established by the Gülen movement are usually private or semi-private schools founded by the members of the movement who are inspired by the Islamic cleric Fethullah Gülen. In addition there are many American charter schools founded or managed by members of Gülen movement.

Private schools

In 2009, it was estimated that members of the Gülen movement run schools that serve more than 2 million students.[2] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide.[11][12] There are Gülen schools in countries with large Turkish populations, such as the United States, Germany, and Canada. Gülen schools in non-Turkish Muslim countries provide families an alternative to madrasa education.

Evaluations of private Gülen Movement schools

Gülen Movement Schools have received both praise and criticism.

The achievements of these schools are often highlighted in publications or websites managed by the Gülen movement. For example, Somali Higher Education and Culture Minister Duale Mohamed Adem praised the contributions of the schools to the Somali people.[13] Foluso Oluwole Adeshida, Nigeria's deputy ambassador to Ankara, praised the 16 schools in his country.[14] Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif praised the 23 PakTurk International Schools and Colleges in his country.[15]

The 17 Gulen-inspired schools in Australia rank highly in comparisons to other schools in terms of academic results and retention rates.[16]

Two American professors at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia and Temple University wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the Hizmet movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".[17] Participants in the movement have also founded private universities.[18]

Other commentators disagree with these assessments and are suspicious of the anti-integrative potential of Gulen-movement schools. In 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement's activities in the Netherlands. Following the investigation, the Dutch government, concluding that the Gülen schools did indeed promote "anti-integrative behavior," reduced their public funding.[19] This decision was overturned in 2010 and funding was restored after an investigation by the Dutch intelligence organization AIVD and an assigned academician Martin van Bruinessen which resulted in findings that Gulen movement schools did not represent a threat to Dutch society.[20]

In April 2009, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty published a piece about the Gülen schools in Central Asia stating the "Turkish educational institutions have come under increasing scrutiny ... Governments as well as many scholars and journalists suspect that the schools have more than just education on their agendas ..." The article quoted Hakan Yavuz, a Turkish professor of political science at the University of Utah, as calling the Gülen movement:

a political movement ... and it has always been political ... They want to train an elitist class that will then turn Turkey into a centre of the religious World, Islamise the country ... It is the most powerful movement right now in [Turkey] ... There is no other movement to balance them in society.[21]

In April 2010, Trend News Agency published a piece about the Gülen schools in Georgia. Excerpt: "The Georgian Labor Party protested the opening of Turkish schools in Georgia. The party's Political Secretary Giorgi Gugava called the mass opening of Turkish schools in Georgia, "the dominance of Turkey in the Georgian educational system," and noted that these schools aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas...Gugava said the process is headed by Turkish religious leader Fetullah Gülen, whose activities are banned in his motherland..."[22]

In other sources, the schools in Central Asia have been described as supporting a philosophy based on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam.[23]

American charter schools founded and/or managed by Hizmet members

Gulen followers have been active in founding approximately 120 charter schools in 25 states. Although there is no formal networking of all the schools, collectively they form one of the largest collections of charter schools in America."[24]

Evaluations

Academic achievement

Many charter schools founded or managed by members of the Gulen movement emphasize instruction in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The achievements of students in these fields are often highlighted on school websites.

The Kenilworth Science and Technology Charter School in East Baton Rouge Parish Louisiana, has posted impressive gains in academic performance which resulted in a renewal of its charter.[25]

Member schools of the Concept Schools network of charter schools have won numerous designations such as Blue Ribbon School designations, mention in U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools, Ohio State Department of Education designations as "Excellent" and "Schools of Progress." Students from Concept Schools have won numerous awards and honors such as acceptance at the Intel International Science Fair and the International Environmental Project Olympiad in Azerbaijan. Teams from Concept Schools have won awards in Chess tournaments and regional Robotics competitions.[26]

In the 2012=2014 the Beehive Science and Technology Academy, a 6-12 school, student achievement according to the Utah State Report Card was above the state average in the 2012–2013 school year and achieved a "B" rating,[27][28] and scored above the Utah mean in the 8th grade writing assessment[29]

Criticisms of management

There are many allegations about money-laundering, kickbacks, investigations, and raids concerning charter schools founded or operated by Gulen followers.[30][31]

The FBI has investigated Concept Schools, which operate 16 Horizon Science Academies across Ohio, on the suspicion that they illegally used taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed, an Ohio ABC affiliate discovered. The FBI's suspicion was confirmed by state auditors. Concept Schools repaid the fees for their Cleveland and Toledo schools shortly before the ABC story broke, but it's unclear whether they have repaid—or can repay—the fees for their other schools.[31] In December 2013, the FBI raided another Gülen-linked charter school, Kenilworth Science and Technology Charter School, located in Louisiana. The investigation, initially for tax-related purposes, led to the discovery of a business link between the school and Harmony Public Schools, another Gülen-linked charter school district based in Texas that makes up the state's largest charter operator.[32]

Two schools, located in Texas, have been accused of sending school funds—which are supplied by the government—to Gülen-inspired organizations. Last year, The New York Times reported that the some schools were funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gülen-related Atlas Texas Construction and Trading. The schools had hired Atlas to do construction, the paper said, though other bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids. Folwell Dunbar, an official at the Louisiana Department of Education, has accused Atlas's vice president, Inci Akpinar, of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep mum about troubling conditions at the Abramson Science and Technology School in New Orleans. Dunbar sent a memo to department colleagues, the Times-Picayune reported, noting that "Akpinar flattered him with 'a number of compliments' before getting to the point: 'I have twenty-five thousand dollars to fix this problem: twenty thousand for you and five for me.' " Abramson is operated by the Pelican Foundation, which is linked to the Gülen-inspired Cosmos Foundation in Texas—which runs the two Texas schools.[31]

One of the Cosmos Foundation's school systems, Harmony Public Schools, was subject to a compliance review by the United States Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, examining whether the system was compliant with Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color or national origin), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability in education programs operated by recipients of federal financial assistance), and Title II of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability by public entities). The OCR's investigation found that although HPS's admissions policies, procedures, and information provided to prospective students and their parents were prima facie non-discriminatory, the school systems' enrolments of disabled students and English-language learners were significantly lower than for public school districts covering the same geographical areas. In late 2014 the investigation was closed after HPS submitted proposals to resolve the issues identified by the OCR.[33]

Utah's Beehive Science and Technology Academy was $337,000 in debt, according to a financial probe by the Utah Schools Charter Board. The Deseret News tried to figure out where all this taxpayer money had gone. "In a time of teacher layoffs, Beehive has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey," the newspaper reported. "Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the United States. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah. The school spent more than $53,000 on immigration fees for foreigners in five years. During the same time, administrators spent less than $100,000 on textbooks, according to state records." Reports have also claimed that the school board was almost entirely Turkish.[31]

A reporter for the magazine In These Times noted in 2010 that the Chicago Math and Science Academy obscured its relationship to Gülen. Furthermore, the school board was strikingly similar to Beehive's:

When I went to the school's board meeting on July 8, I was taken aback to see a board of directors comprised entirely of men. They all appeared of Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian descent. Although I have nothing against Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian men, it does seem that a school board serving students who are 58 percent Hispanic/Latino, 25 percent African American, 12 percent Asian and 5 percent white might be well served by some women board members and board members from ethnic backgrounds the school predominantly serves.[31]

In August 2016 former head of the American Federation of Teachers' Strategic Campaign Department Gene Bruskin wrote an article for AlterNet arguing that the Gülen movement's charter school network "severely tested" the American model of a secular state, due to what he sees as the missionary nature of the Gülen movement and the way the Gülen schools often played down their links to the movement. He also asserted that publicly available teacher rosters and labour condition applications for the Turkish teachers frequently employed in the Gülen schools illustrated that American teachers employed by the schools were often paid less than their Turkish counterparts.[34]

Activities

Turkish Language Olympiads

The Gülen movement runs the International Turkish Language Olympiads (Turkish: Uluslararası Türkçe Olimpiyatları), an annual competition in the Turkish language. Students who have learned Turkish from over a hundred countries compete in different titles such as: grammar, oral skills, writing essays, reciting poems, singing songs, theatre, general culture etc.

References

  1. ↑ "Trump moved to cut funding for charter schools linked to Turkish preacher Gülen - Bloomberg | Ahval". Archived from the original on 2021-02-27.
  2. 1 2 Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt
  3. ↑ Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?
  4. ↑ "Turkish Schools". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  5. ↑ "Trump explored cutting grants for schools tied to Erdogan foe | National | theeagle.com". Archived from the original on 2019-10-29.
  6. ↑ "Will Gulen Movement schools offer Kurdish-medium education too?". Gulenschools.org. 2013-10-01. Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  7. ↑ "Turkish students win most awards at int'l math contest". Todayszaman.com. 2010-12-13. Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  8. 1 2 3 Tavernise, Sabrina (2008-05-04). "Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam". New York Times.
  9. ↑ "Hefner, R.W. And Zaman, M.Q., eds.: Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education". Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  10. ↑ Hudson, Alexandra (2008-05-14). "Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor? | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  11. ↑ Hudson, Alexandra (2008-05-14). "Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor? | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  12. ↑ "Turk Okullari Net - Web Linkleri". Turkokullari.net. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  13. ↑ "Turkish schools in Somalia won 22 medals in 2 years". Todayszaman.com. 2014-02-17. Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  14. ↑ Movement, Gulen (2014-02-16). "Hizmet Movement (Gulen Movement) | Fethullah Gulen: Nigerian deputy ambassador demands more Turkish schools in his country". Hizmetmovement.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  15. ↑ "Pakistan PM Praises Turkish Schools In Erdogan's Visit". Gulen Education. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  16. ↑ "Advancing in Education in an Advanced Democracy] Success and Recognition of Turkish schools in Australia by ÇEMEN POLAT". Todayszaman.com. 2010-08-22. Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  17. ↑ Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. "Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service". Archived from the original on September 11, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ "Foundation laid for Samsun's first private university". Todayszaman.com. 2010-05-18. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  19. ↑ Claire Berlinski. "Who Is Fethullah Gulen? by Claire Berlinski, City Journal Autumn 2012". City-journal.org. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  20. ↑ "BFP Exclusive: Fethullah Gulen's New Controversy in the Netherlands". Boilingfrogspost.com. 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  21. ↑ Najibullah, Farangis (2009-05-13). "Turkish Schools Coming Under Increasing Scrutiny In Central Asia". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  22. ↑ "Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools - Trend.Az". En.trend.az. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  23. ↑ "Fethullah Gülen's Philosophy of Education in Practice". hizmetmovement.blogspot.com. 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
  24. ↑ Saul, Stephanie (7 June 2011). "Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas". The New York Times.
  25. ↑ http://www.kenilworthst.org/press/10-31-2013-Kenilworth%20earns%20double-digit%20growth%20in%20state%20scoring.pdf
  26. ↑ http://www.conceptschools.info/the-success/#.U_5xX_ldXDY
  27. ↑ http://www.beehiveacademy.org/v2/attachments/article/77/UCAS%202012-2013%20report.pdf
  28. ↑ http://www.beehiveacademy.org/v2/attachments/article/77/BSTA-Grading%20Schools%20Report%202013.pdf
  29. ↑ http://www.beehiveacademy.org/v2/attachments/article/77/BSTA%20DWA%20School%20summary%202013.pdf
  30. ↑ "U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention - Philly.com". Articles.philly.com. 2011-03-20. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Supra note, Berlinski 2012
  32. ↑ "Charter school's Houston ties under scrutiny". Houston Chronicle. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  33. ↑ August, Taylor D. (26 November 2014). "Letter: Harmony Public Schools, Texas: OCR Case #06-11-5004" (PDF). ed.gov. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Bruskin, Gene (30 August 2016). "Who Is Watching? Turkish Cleric, Accused of Motivating Military Coup, Controls Large Network of Charter Schools in the U.S." AlterNet. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
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