A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such as intelligence agencies, organized crime groups, terrorist organizations, secret societies, banned organizations, religious or political groups, advocacy groups, or corporations. Front organizations can act for the parent group without the actions being attributed to the parent group, thereby allowing them to hide certain activities from the authorities or the public.

Front organizations that appear to be independent voluntary associations or charitable organizations are called front groups. In the business world, front organizations such as front companies or shell corporations are used to shield the parent company from legal liability. In international relations, a puppet state is a state which acts as a front (or surrogate) for another state.

Intelligence agencies

Intelligence agencies use front organizations to provide "cover", plausible occupations and means of income, for their covert agents. These may include legitimate organizations, such as charity, religious or journalism organizations; or "brass plate firms" which exist solely to provide a plausible background story, occupation, and means of income.

Brewster Jennings & Associates was a front company set up in 1994 by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as a cover for its officers.

The airline Air America, an outgrowth of Civil Air Transport of the 1940s, and Southern Air Transport, ostensibly a civilian air charter company, were operated and wholly owned by the CIA, supposedly to provide humanitarian aid, but flew many combat support missions and supplied covert operations in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.[1] Other CIA-funded front groups have been used to spread American propaganda and influence during the Cold War, particularly in the Third World.[2] When intelligence agencies work through legitimate organizations, it can cause problems and increased risk for the workers of those organizations.[3] To prevent this, the CIA has had a 20-year policy (since 1976, per US Government sources) of not using Peace Corps members or US journalists for intelligence purposes.[4][5]

Another airline allegedly involved in intelligence operations was Russian Aeroflot that worked in a close coordination with KGB, SVR and GRU.[6] The company conducted forcible "evacuations" of Soviet citizens from foreign countries back to the USSR. People whose loyalty was questioned were drugged and delivered unconscious by Aeroflot planes, assisted by the company KGB personnel, according to former GRU officer Victor Suvorov.[7] In the 1980s and 1990s, specimens of deadly bacteria and viruses stolen from Western laboratories were delivered by Aeroflot to support the Russian program of biological weapons. This delivery channel encoded VOLNA ("wave") meant "delivering the material via an international flight of the Aeroflot airline in the pilots' cabin, where one of the pilots was a KGB officer".[6] At least two SVR agents died, presumably from the transported pathogens.[6]

When businessman Nikolai Glushkov was appointed as a top manager of Aeroflot in 1996, he found that the airline company worked as a "cash cow to support international spying operations" according to Alex Goldfarb:[8] 3,000 people out of the total workforce of 14,000 in Aeroflot were FSB, SVR, or GRU officers. All proceeds from ticket sales were distributed to 352 foreign bank accounts that could not be controlled by the Aeroflot administration. Glushkov closed all these accounts and channeled the money to an accounting center called Andava in Switzerland.[8] He also sent a bill and wrote a letter to SVR director Yevgeni Primakov and FSB director Mikhail Barsukov asking them to pay salaries of their intelligence officers in Aeroflot in 1996.[8] Glushkov was imprisoned in 2000 on charges of illegally channeling money through Andava. Since 2004 the company is controlled by Viktor Ivanov, a high-ranking FSB official who is a close associate of Vladimir Putin.

Law enforcement

The FBI has acknowledged using at least thirteen front companies to conceal their use of aircraft to observe criminal activity in the United States, including:[9][10]

  • KQM Aviation
  • NBR Aviation
  • NG Research
  • PXW Services
  • FVX Research

Organized crime

Many organized crime operations have substantial legitimate businesses, such as licensed gambling houses, building construction companies, hair salons and karaoke bars, engineering firms, restaurants and bars, billiard clubs, trash hauling services, or dock loading enterprises. These front companies enable these criminal organizations to launder their income from illegal activities. As well, the front companies provide plausible cover for illegal activities such as illegal gambling, extortion, drug trafficking, smuggling, and prostitution. Tattoo parlors are often used as fronts for outlaw motorcycle clubs.[11]

Where brothels are illegal, criminal organizations set up front companies providing services such as a "massage parlor" or "sauna" to the point that "massage parlor" or "sauna" is thought as a synonym of brothel in these countries.[12]

Examples

A Colombian drug cartel, the Cali Cartel, in the past used Drogas La Rebaja, now a large national pharmacy store chain, as a front company in order to launder their drug trafficking earnings.[13]

The General Manager of the Pharaoh's Gentlemen's Club in Cheektowaga, New York, is the international leader of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club: John Ermin. Many Outlaws MC members also work at the club. Authorities have referred to Pharaoh's as a hot spot for drug dealing and sex trafficking.[14] The club's owner is Peter G. Gerace Jr., the nephew of reputed Buffalo crime family boss Joseph A. Todaro Jr.[15] The Outlaws Motorcycle Club, themselves, have been designated by federal law enforcement as a criminal enterprise.[16]

In the early 2000s, the Black Mafia Family established the Atlanta-based record label BMF Entertainment as a front company to launder funds that were generated from the sale of cocaine.[17][18][19]

The boxing management company MTK Global is owned by the reputed Irish gang boss Daniel Kinahan. Heredia Boxing Management alleges that MTK Global was established as a front company to launder funds made from drug trafficking.[20]

During the year of 2019, ACT Police shut down the Lakeside Tattoo Parlour in Belconnen on the grounds of it being allegedly used to launder cash for the notorious outlaw motorcycle gang, Comanchero Motorcycle Club. The money laundered through the tattoo parlor allegedly came from the club's drug trafficking operations.[21][22][23]

Religion

Scientology

The Church of Scientology uses front groups either to promote its interests in politics, to make its group seem more legitimate, and to recruit.[24] The FBI's July 8, 1977 raids on the Church's offices (following discovery of the Church's Operation Snow White) turned up, among other documents, an undated memo entitled "PR General Categories of Data Needing Coding". This memo listed what it called "Secret PR Front Groups," which included the group APRL, "Alliance for the Preservation of Religious Liberty" (later renamed "Americans Preserving Religious Liberty").[25] The Cult Awareness Network (CAN) is considered by many to now be a front group for the Church of Scientology, which took the group over financially after bankrupting it in a series of lawsuits.[26][27]

Time identified several other fronts for Scientology, including: the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), The Way to Happiness Foundation, Applied Scholastics, the Concerned Businessmen's Association of America, and HealthMed Clinic.[28] Seven years later the Boston Herald showed how Narconon and World Literacy Crusade were also fronts for Scientology.[29] Other Scientology groups include Downtown Medical, Criminon and the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE).

Unification Church

Politics

In politics, a group may be called a front organization if it is perceived to be disingenuous in its control or goals or if it attempts to mask extremist views within a supposedly more moderate group. Some special interest groups engage in astroturfing, an attempt to mask lobbying as a grassroots movement.

Apartheid government fronts

South Africa's apartheid-era government used numerous front organizations to influence world opinion and to undertake extra-judicial activities and the killing of anti-apartheid activists; these included[30] the following:

Communist fronts

Communist parties (especially Marxist-Leninist ones) have sometimes used front organizations to attract support from those (sometimes called "fellow travellers") who do not fully agree with the party's ideology but agree with certain aspects of it. The front organization often obscures its provenance and may often be a tool for recruitment. Other Marxists often describe front organizations as opportunist. The concept of a front organization should be distinguished from the united front (a coalition of working class or socialist parties) and the popular front. Both the united front and the popular front usually disclose the groups that make up their coalitions.

United States

According to a list prepared in 1955 by the United States Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, the Comintern set up no less than 82 front organizations in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s.[35]

Soviet intelligence infiltrated many peace movements in the West. In addition to the World Peace Council, important communist front organizations included the World Federation of Trade Unions, the World Federation of Democratic Youth, and the International Union of Students.[36] Richard Felix Staar has also suggested that these organizations were somewhat less important front organizations: Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation, Christian Peace Conference, International Association of Democratic Lawyers, International Federation of Resistance Movements, International Institute for Peace, International Organization of Journalists, Women's International Democratic Federation, and World Federation of Scientific Workers.[37] There were also numerous smaller organizations, affiliated with the above fronts such as Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.[38][39] Numerous peace conferences, congresses and festivals have been staged with support of those organizations.[40]

More recently, the Workers' World Party (WWP)[41] set up an anti-war front group, International ANSWER. (ANSWER is no longer closely associated with WWP; it is closely associated with a WWP splinter, the Party for Socialism and Liberation, but PSL plays a more open role in the organization.) Similarly, Unite Against Fascism, the Anti-Nazi League, the Stop the War Coalition and Respect – The Unity Coalition are all criticised as being fronts for the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (UK).

In 2014, Andrew Cuomo established a front political party, the Women's Equality Party. The party was established to take advantage of electoral fusion laws in New York State that allow candidates to run on multiple ballot lines and to count all of their votes together. Critics of the party and of Cuomo have noted that there is an inherent level of deception involved in the party, as Cuomo is not a woman, the party has not favored women in its endorsement policies, and Cuomo's gubernatorial campaign fund is the primary source of revenue for the party's operations.[42]

Russia

In April 1991, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union leadership and the KGB created a puppet political party in Russia, the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSU), which became the second officially-registered party in the country.[43] According to KGB General Philipp Bobkov, it was a "Zubatov's pseudo-party under KGB control that directs interests and sentiments of certain social groups".[44] The former Soviet Politburo member Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev described in his book how KGB Director Vladimir Kryuchkov presented the project of the puppet party at a joint meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and informed him about a selection of party leaders and the mechanism of funding from Communist Party money.[44] The book includes an official copy of a document providing the initial Liberal Democratic Party funding (3 million rubles) from the Communist Party's money. The Liberal Democratic leader, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, proved to be an effective media performer[43] and gained 8% of votes during the 1991 presidential elections.[45] He also supported the August 1991 coup attempt.

China

The united front is a political strategy and network of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and used to advance its interests. It has traditionally been a popular front that has included eight legally-permitted political parties: the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese, and other people's organizations.[46] Under Chinese Commuist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.[47][48][49][50] The united front is managed primarily by but is not limited to the United Front Work Department (UFWD).

Other

An anti-Islamist feminist group in the Muslim world has also been accused of being a front organization. The Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq has been accused of being a front for the Worker-Communist Party of Iraq.[51][52]

Banned paramilitary organizations

Banned paramilitary organizations sometimes use front groups to achieve a public face with which to raise funds, negotiate with opposition parties, recruit, and spread propaganda. For example, banned paramilitary organizations often have an affiliated political party that operates more openly, but those parties themselves often end up being banned. The parties may or may not be front organizations in the narrow sense (they have varying degrees of autonomy, and the relationships are usually something of an open secret) but are widely considered to be so, especially by their political opponents.

Examples are the relationship between the Provisional IRA and Sinn Féin in 1980s Ireland or between the Basque groups ETA (paramilitary) and Batasuna (party) in Spain. Similarly, in the United States, when the Communist Party USA was highly stigmatized, it often operated largely through front groups. In addition, the Provisional IRA also operated a vigilante front group, Direct Action Against Drugs.

Both Loyalist and Republican paramilitaries in Ireland during the Troubles used cover names when they carried out sectarian attacks against civilians. Republican groups like the Provisional IRA and the Irish National Liberation Army used front names like the South Armagh Republican Action Force, Catholic Reaction Force and the People's Republican Army to claim responsibility for attacks on civilians,[53] Loyalists like the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Ulster Defense Association used various front names such as the Protestant Action Force, Ulster Freedom Fighters and Red Hand Defenders when they carried out attacks against civilians, most of which were aimed at Catholic civilians.

During the Weimar Republic in Germany, the anti-Semitic and nationalist Organisation Consul reportedly had a front company named the Bavarian Wood Products Company.[54]

Corporate front organizations

Corporations from a wide variety of different industries, such as food, pharmaceutical and energy, set up front groups to advocate on their behalf.

Some pharmaceutical companies set up "patients' groups" as front organizations that pressure healthcare providers and legislators to adopt their products. For example, Biogen set up a campaign called Action for Access, which also claimed it was an independent organization and the voice of multiple sclerosis sufferers. People who visited the website and signed up for the campaign did not realise that these were not genuinely independent patient groups.

Over the past 15 years, increasing concerns about obesity have caused Coca-Cola to experience pressure from social movement activists to reduce the sugar content in its drinks. Although Coca-Cola has publicly promoted consumer engagement in healthy lifestyles with its campaigns such as 'Coming Together', activists have also exposed that Coca-Cola has secretly funded front groups or organizations that criticize social movement activists and legitimize controversial corporate activities. The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF) and Global Energy Balance Network (GEBN) are two main groups that engage activists on behalf of Coca-Cola even though they were not intended to be publicly associated with Coca-Cola as a corporation. Research has revealed that the CCF, with a mission to "promote responsibility and protect consumer choices", uses both verbal and visual strategies to articulate obesity as "personal responsibility" to protect the industry from corporate responsibility.[55]

Tobacco companies frequently use front organizations and doctors to advocate their arguments about tobacco use although less openly and obviously than in the 1980s. The World Health Organization has charged that the tobacco industry funded seemingly-unbiased scientific organizations to undermine tobacco control measures and cited the International Life Sciences Institute in particular.[56] Another way to combat public health measures against tobacco is to use lobbying and campaign contributions. For example, RJ Reynolds, the current second-largest tobacco company in the United States, created a front group named Get Government Off Our Back ("GGOOB") in 1994 to fight federal regulation of tobacco. By hiding its involvement with tobacco industry, GGOOB avoided the tobacco industry reputation for misrepresenting evidence and drew big supports from both public and legislative aspects, successfully resolving the threats from wide-reaching tobacco regulations.[57]

A list of some alleged corporate front groups active in the US is maintained by the Multinational Monitor.[58] Some think tanks are corporate front groups. These organizations present themselves as research organizations, using phrases such as "...Institute for Research" in their names. Because their names suggest neutrality, they can present the commercial strategies of the corporations which sponsor them in a way which appears to be objective sociological or economical research rather than political lobbying.

Similarly the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness has been criticised as a front organization for various industry bodies which seek to undermine regulation of their environmentally damaging activities under the guise of 'regulatory effectiveness'.[59]

Astroturfing

Astroturfing, a wordplay based on "grassroots" efforts, is an American term used pejoratively to describe formal public relations projects which try to create the impression of a groundswell of spontaneous popular response to a politician, product, service, or event. Corporations have been known to "astroturf", but are not the only entities alleged to have done so. In recent years, organizations of plaintiffs' attorneys have established front groups such as Victims and Families United to oppose tort reform.[60]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Leary, William M. "CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974 Supporting the "Secret War"". Archived from the original on December 20, 2006. From Studies in Intelligence (CIA), volume 43, number 1, winter 1999-2000.
  2. ↑ Powers, Thomas, "The Man Who Kept the Secrets : Richard Helms & the CIA", Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979, ISBN 0-394-50777-0
  3. ↑ Joe Davidson, "I Am Not a CIA Agent". April 11, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
  4. ↑ "Press briefing by Mike McCurry". Clinton Presidential Materials Project. July 17, 1996. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
  5. ↑ "Exclusive: Peace Corps, Fulbright Scholar Asked to 'Spy' on Cubans, Venezuelans". ABC News. February 8, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  6. 1 2 3 Alexander Kouzminov Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West, Greenhill Books, 2006, ISBN 1-85367-646-2
  7. ↑ Viktor Suvorov Aquarium (Аквариум), 1985, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-11545-0
  8. 1 2 3 Alex Goldfarb, with Marina Litvinenko Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB, The Free Press, 2007, ISBN 1-4165-5165-4
  9. ↑ Gillium, Jack; Sullivan, Eileen; Tucker, Eric (June 2, 2015). "FBI Confirms Wide-Scale Use Of Surveillance Flights Over U.S. Cities". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  10. ↑ Wenz, John (June 2, 2015). "The FBI Flies Secret Surveillance Planes Under Fake Company Names". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Police look to crack down on bikie gangs and their stranglehold on booming tattoo industry". ABC News. September 11, 2013.
  12. ↑ Eric Nicholson (June 20, 2013). "The Feds Say They Shut Down Nine Massage-Parlor Brothels in Massive Prostitution Bust". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  13. ↑ Gallo, Iván (October 11, 2017). "Drogas La Rebaja, el emporio creado por los Rodríguez Orejuela que EE.UU. no ha podido atajar". Las 2 Orillas (in Spanish). Bogotá: Las 2 Orillas Foundation. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  14. ↑ "GM of Pharaoh's strip club is leader of international biker club, prosecutor says". April 20, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Leader of alleged New York crime family arrested in Florida". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021.
  16. ↑ "7 motorcycle clubs the feds say are highly structured criminal enterprises". Los Angeles Times. May 18, 2015.
  17. ↑ Snell, Robert (May 5, 2020). "Black Mafia Family kingpins push for prison release amid COVID-19". The Detroit News.
  18. ↑ Brodnik, Laura (October 2, 2021). "Stan's captivating new crime drama Black Mafia Family is based on a true story". Mamamia.
  19. ↑ Pajot, Sean (May 6, 2010). "Young Jeezy, Big Meech, the Black Family Mafia, and a Hundred Thousand Kilos of Coke". Miami New Times.
  20. ↑ Carswell, Simon (December 30, 2020). "Kinahan served with summons in US case taken by boxing manager". The Irish Times.
  21. ↑ "Tattoo parlour allegedly laundering money for bikie gang seized by police". ABC News. July 29, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Canberra tattoo parlour shut down for alleged bikie links and money laundering". July 29, 2019.
  23. ↑ "It's been an odyssey for Mandy". teclyne.com. September 15, 2015.
  24. ↑ Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims (1987). A Theory of Religion. Peter Lang. p. 214. ISBN 0820403563. OL 2375931M. We know many cult movements that maintain client services as front organizations facilitating recruitment to the sponsoring movement. Examples include Scientology...
  25. ↑ Kent, Stephen A.; Krebs, Theresa (1988). "When Scholars Know Sin: Alternative Religions and Their Academic Supporters". Skeptic. 6 (3): 36–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  26. ↑ Kent, Stephen A. (January 2001). "The French and German versus American Debate over 'New Religions', Scientology, and Human Rights". Marburg Journal of Religion. 6 (1). Archived from the original on June 19, 2001. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
  27. ↑ Russell, Ron (September 9, 1999). "Scientology's Revenge - For years, the Cult Awareness Network was the Church of Scientology's biggest enemy. But the late L. Ron Hubbard's L.A.-based religion cured that -- by taking it over". New Times LA. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  28. ↑ Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Archived from the original on February 25, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  29. ↑ Mallia, Joseph (March 3, 1998). "INSIDE THE CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY; Scientology reaches into schools through Narconon". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  30. ↑ "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2" (PDF). 2003. pp. 525–527. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  31. ↑ Pretoria Leaders Face Published Allegations, Christian Science Monitor, July 23, 1991
  32. ↑ They're Burning the Churches: The Final Dramatic Events that Scuttled Apartheid, Patrick Noonan, Jacana Media, 2003, page 133
  33. ↑ "South Africa - Country Profiles - NTI". NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  34. ↑ "TRC Final Report - Department of Foreign Affairs". SABC. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  35. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Foreign policies of the Soviet Union, Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, p.79, p.84
  36. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Foreign policies of the Soviet Union, Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, p.84
  37. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Foreign policies of the Soviet Union, Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, p.80-81
  38. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Foreign policies of the Soviet Union, Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, p.82-83
  39. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Foreign policies of the Soviet Union, Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, p.86
  40. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Foreign policies of the Soviet Union, Hoover Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8179-9102-6, p.85
  41. ↑ Adrienne Weller, Millions in the streets! ...and here come the redbaiters, Freedom Socialist, Freedom Socialist Party, Vol. 24, No. 1, April–June 2003.
  42. ↑ Bellafante, Ginia (May 24, 2018). "Cuomo's So-Called Women's Party". The New York Times.
  43. 1 2 White, Stephen (2005). "The Political Parties". In White, Gitelman Sakwa (ed.). Developments in Russian Politics. Vol. 6. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3522-1.
  44. 1 2 Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev Time of darkness, Moscow, 2003, ISBN 5-85646-097-9, page 574 (Russian: Яковлев А. Сумерки. Москва: Материк 2003 г.)
  45. ↑ Hale, Henry E. (2010). "Russia's political parties and their substitutes". In White, Stephen (ed.). Developments in Russian Politics 7. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22449-0.
  46. ↑ "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  47. ↑ Brady, Anne-Marie (2017). "Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. S2CID 197812164.
  48. ↑ Groot, Gerry (September 19, 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), "The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" (PDF), The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution (1st ed.), ANU Press, doi:10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a, ISBN 978-1-76046-068-6, retrieved August 31, 2020
  49. ↑ Groot, Gerry (September 24, 2019). "The CCP's Grand United Front abroad". Sinopsis. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  50. ↑ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (July 12, 2019). "The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  51. ↑ Karsten Kofoed, Lackeys of the occupation disguise as progressives Archived 2007-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, The Committee for a Free Iraq, Denmark, October 28, 2004
  52. ↑ Megan Cornish, Iraqi Women Face Double Jeopardy Archived 2007-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, March 3, 2005
  53. ↑ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1975".
  54. ↑ Waite, Robert G L. (1969). Vanguard of Nazism. W W Norton and Company., page 217
  55. ↑ Thomson, Deborah Morrison (February 2, 2009). "Big Food and the Body Politics of Personal Responsibility". Southern Communication Journal. 74 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1080/10417940802360829. ISSN 1041-794X. S2CID 144072818.
  56. ↑ "The Tobacco Industry and Scientific Groups: ILSI A Case Study (WHO)" (PDF). who.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2004.
  57. ↑ Apollonio, Dorie E.; Bero, Lisa A. (March 1, 2007). "The Creation of Industry Front Groups: The Tobacco Industry and "Get Government Off Our Back"". American Journal of Public Health. 97 (3): 419–427. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081117. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1805008. PMID 17267719.
  58. ↑ Corporate Front Groups and Corporate-Backed Groups Archived 2015-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, Multinational Monitor Links Page
  59. ↑ Chris Mooney, Paralysis by Analysis Archived January 31, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Monthly, May 2004
  60. ↑ Astroturf in the liability wars, PointofLaw.com (sponsored by the Manhattan Institute and American Enterprise Institute), July 1, 2005
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