Censorship in Peru has been prevalent throughout its history. There have been multiple shifts in the level of freedom of the press in Peru, starting in the late 1900s when the country was oppressed, to the early 2000s when the country experienced more freedom; only recently has the country been ranked as partly free.[1] After the neoliberal economic policies implemented in the 1990s stabilized the national economy and led it to an economic boom in the 21st century, usage of TV and access to internet has vastly increased, leading to more spaces of expression.

History

The period of military rule (1968–1980)

Juan Velasco Alvarado

Press freedom in Peru underwent its worst stage during the military regime, also known as the Peruvian Military Junta, led by Juan Velasco Alvarado in 1968 to 1980. The president implemented a new press law ordering the expropriation of all national newspapers in 1974.[2] Newspapers were closed and publishers were accused of distorting their reports to influence the public, after which the publishers were sent into exile.[2][3] Velasco expropriated the country's major newspapers, as well as the main television channels and radio stations.[3]

Print and broadcast media were subjected to censorship. Only media platforms that shared the regime's main aims, to align the means of communication with the social interest of Velasco, were allowed to operate.[3] Velasco used government-appointed bureaucrats to look over the articles being published,[3] such that the papers published resembled the military regime's principles. Hector Cornejo Chavez was one of the figures appointed to overlook El Comercio as he was one of Velasco's must trusted advisers.[3]

Even though Velasco managed to hide opposing opinions on the regime coming from newspapers or mass media platforms, a few independent press organizations managed to survive throughout the late 1970s.[2]

The Fujimori decade (1990–2000)

Alberto Fujimori

Peru underwent an internal war characterised by the rise of Shining Path's guerrillas, and terrorist actions, which led Peru under military rule.[3] Peruvian journalists continued to have problems of freedom of the press concerning economic instability and threats from the growing guerrilla movements.[3] In the late 1980s, the Peruvian Armed Forces drafted plans that involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a neoliberal economy controlled by a military junta in Peru.[4][5][6]

During his campaigning for the 1990 Peruvian general election, Alberto Fujimori expressed concern against the proposed neoliberal policies,[7] though after taking office and being approached by the military, Fujimori abandoned the economic platform he promoted during his campaign, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by his competitor in the election.[8] Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde[9][10] and serve as a figurehead leader under Vladimiro Montesinos and the Peruvian Armed Forces.[11]

The Fujimori government did not intervene directly since most media platforms agreed with his objectives, thus maintaining the regime's stability. From 1992 to 2000, much of the information in Peru was controlled by Vladimiro Montesinos, with the government allowing a meager opposition media to exist only to deflect criticism from governments of the Western world and to warn of rising crises from opponents.[12][13] During the 1992 Peruvian self-coup led by Fujimori, troops occupied newspaper buildings, forcing journalists to show them news stories before these are published.[2] These measures against newspapers, radio and television stations began at 10:30pm on 5 April 1992 and remained for forty hours until 7 April, limiting initial reporting on the coup from domestic media.[14] Fujimori requested the troops to leave the buildings and visited El Comercio to apologize for their actions in the portrayal of their authoritative regime as a dictatorship, while also mentioning the existence of unrestricted press freedom in Peru.[3] During the period, only the Fujimori government was granted to communicate with the public and all newspapers were printed under military observation and contained similar content; every publication was ordered to not include the word "coup".[15][16] According to of Manuel D'Ornellas of Expreso in 1994, the military's oversight of newspaper following the coup was only momentary due to international condemnation Fujimori received.[17] Montesinos was not concerned about press coverage in newspapers due to their limited distribution amongst the upper classes in Lima; he instead focused on controlling Peru's television channels.[12][13]

Montesinos would pay media organizations for positive coverage and to assist with maintaining the presidency.[12][13][18] He eventually controlled six of the seven main television channels in Peru.[12] Payoffs and promises of legal leniency were made to multiple chicha press tabloids, the newspaper Expreso and the television channels Global Television, Latina Televisión, América Televisión, and Panamericana Televisión.[19] On occasion, Montesinos would promise exclusive stories to supporting channels.[12] By 2000, Montesinos was paying $3 million monthly for positive coverage on television.[12] Secret videos of Montesinos paying media executives were eventually released to the public, showing Fujimori's closest advisor giving them bundles of cash in exchange for support and the firing of critical journalists.[12][20]

Contemporary period (since 2000)

After Fujimori's regime ended, Peru undertook efforts to restore democratic processes, and with these came initiatives to restore press freedom.[2] In 2001, president Alejandro Toledo tried to eliminate corruption in order to restore press freedom[2] in which the government introduced a law, which three years later allowed for the freedom of expression and of the press. In 2011, Peru passed a law that eradicated jail time for defamation and replaced it with fines and community service.[21] However, in December 2012, public access to information about national security and defense was denied.[21][22] A new cyber crime law that restricted access to government data was passed in October 2013.[22] Laws that governed journalists' ability to gather data have changed over time and journalists continue to face difficulties in gathering information and publishing stories. Despite the existence of access-to-information laws, in practice official documents are not always made available to journalists.[22]

In 2013, El Comercio Group acquired Empresa Periodistica Nacional SA (Epensa) in August 2013, resulting with the group owning 80% of the printed press in Peru.[23][24][25] To some observers, the acquisition allowed El Comercio Group to limit press freedom by controlling opinions published in their newspapers, though El Comercio Group denied such allegations.[26] President Ollanta Humala denounced the acquisition saying that the move gave the conglomerate too much influence and called on legislators to oversee the controversy.[27]

Verbal attacks against press workers by politicians increased into the 2020s, with far-right groups in Peru being documented attacking journalists by Reporters Without Borders.[28] During the 2021 Peruvian general election, the right-wing elite, business groups and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborated with the campaign of Keiko Fujimori, the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents.[29][30][31] Some Peruvian broadcast television channels openly supported Fujimori's candidacy as well.[31] Reuters wrote that El Comercio, one of the largest media organizations in South America, "generally backed Fujimori".[32] Colombian journalist Clara Elvira Ospina of Grupo who was the journalistic director of La República's América Televisión and El Comercio's Canal N was removed from her position on 24 April 2021 after having served in the position for a total of nine years.[33] One anonymous individual said that Ospina allegedly told Fujimori personally that the journalistic direction of the media organizations would not favor her or Castillo, instead using impartiality during their coverage.[34] The Knight Center for Specialized Journalism wrote that Grupo La República shareholder Gustavo Mohme Seminario described the incident as self-censorship.[35] Shortly after polls closed on 6 June 2021, the journalists of Cuarto Poder who sent a letter criticizing alleged censorship were fired by La República's América Televisión and El Comercio's Canal N.[36]

In 2023, Peru experienced 352 attacks on media staff and journalists, representing the highest annual number of attacks in the twenty-first century according to the National Association of Journalists of Peru (ANP).[37] Wayka noted that due to the protests in early 2023, the month of January had the highest incidence of attacks; 102 incidents.[37] According to La República, prosecutors of the Public Ministry of Peru under Attorney General Patricia Benavides attempted to criminalize media outlets investigating the Cuellos Blancos scandal beginning in early 2023, ordering police to spy on journalists of La República, Sudaca and other media outlets.[38] The Inter American Press Association condemned the reports of espionage by the Public Ministry against media outlets, with the president of the association, Roberto Rock, saying that this action "puts the work of the media at risk and compromises their sources of information", demanding that officials "investigate, identify, and sanction those responsible for this order that undermines press freedom" as it may be a violation of the American Convention on Human Rights.[39]

Ranking of Peru's press freedom

2023 Press Freedom Index, with Peru being listed as being in a "difficult situation"

The 2018 World Press Freedom Index shows a slight overall improvement in respect for press freedom in Latin America.[40] However, Latin American countries such as Peru still suffer recurring problems of violence, impunity and authoritarian policies towards citizens that work as journalists.[40]

Peru occupies the 88th position of 180 listed countries all over the world when it comes to press freedom, with the lowest number in the ranking being the countries with more press freedom, according to the 2018 World Press Freedom Index.[41] Peru also occupies the 6th position out of 12 countries in South America, according to the latest World Press Freedom Index 2018.[42] Each index reflects the level of freedom available to journalists, as the researchers reported it is based on an evaluation of the independence of media, pluralism and the quality of legislative framework and safety of journalists in each country.[43]

As the rankings show, Peru continues to have noticeable problems when talking about press freedom as media freedom is threatened by the press laws that allows for journalists to be punished with imprisonment, and for expanding news that can damage the reputation of a company, person or the government.[43] Hence journalists must avoid topics such as corruption, social conflicts or drug trafficking.[43]

Notable attacks, threats and murders against Peruvian journalists

Journalists in Peru face various threats, with some journalists becoming victims of violent and deadly attacks.[44]

Journalist Year Date Position of employment Event
Hugo Bustíos 1988 24 November Worked at the news magazine Careta and was the president of the National Association of Journalist of Huanta.[45] The Peruvian armed forces of Ayacucho were the ones who murdered Hugo Bustíos. Daniel Urresti, the mayoral candidate, was acquitted for the assassination of Bustíos.[45]
Flores Silva 2011 9 September She was the director of the television program Visión Agraria aired on Channel 6.[46] Shot dead while riding a motorcycle. The journalist denounced the corruption in the public administration of the mayor of Casma, who had sued the journalist several times.[46]
Donny Buchelli Cueva 2016 8 July He was the owner of the Solimar radio station and also hosted Más Radio.[22] He was tortured in his house until he died. At that time, 2016, the journalist was writing and criticizing the lack of transparency of multiple local electoral candidates.[22]
Gloria Lima Calle 2014 17 October She was journalist Gerson Fabián Cuba's wife.[22] She was killed while defending her husband from gunmen that broke into the offices of radio Rumba where her husband hosted a program. Fabián had covered controversial topics on his radio program, such as corruption and criticism and protests against the Pluspetrol energy company.[22]
Fernando Raymondi 2014 9 November He was a journalism student and a writer of the well-known newspaper Caretas.[22] Shot and killed at his father's grocery store in Lima, because he was writing a story about the different murders that local gangs committed.[22]
Marco Bonifacio Sánchez 2017 7 February He was a host of the radio and television program El Canillita. Vandals tried to cut his tongue while walking in Cajamarca, Peru. The journalist was recognized for his critical style against official authorities and institutions.[47]
José Feliciano Yactavo Rodríguez 2017 27 February Producer and director of documentaries.[48] Found inside a suitcase that had been previously burnt.[48]
Juan Berríos Jiménez 2018 6 January Owner of the Tahuamanu radio station.[49] Murdered because he reported on corruption and the misuse of community funds.[49]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Peru". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Peru - MEDIA FREEDOM". MEDIA FREEDOM. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gorriti, Gustavo (1993). "Living Dangerously: Issues of Peruvian Press Freedom". Journal of International Affairs. 47 (1): 223–241. JSTOR 24357093.
  4. ↑ Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.
  5. ↑ Gaussens, Pierre (2020). "The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s". Canadian Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): 180+. doi:10.7202/1073797ar. S2CID 234586692. a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention
  6. ↑ Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". NACLA Report on the Americas. Taylor & Francis. 32 (2): 35–41. doi:10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657. the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.
  7. ↑ "La frugalidad de "Cambio 90" y el derroche de Fredemo" (in Spanish). El Proceso. 14 April 1990. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  8. ↑ Gouge, Thomas. Exodus from Capitalism: The End of Inflation and Debt. 2003, page 363.
  9. ↑ Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. ISBN 978-0-7391-1358-5. important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan
  10. ↑ Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". Latin American Politics and Society. Cambridge University Press. 51 (1): 57–85. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x. S2CID 154153310.
  11. ↑  • Vargas Llosa, Mario (1994-03-27). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-24. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
    • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
    • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
    • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
    • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Guriev, Sergei (2023). Spin dictators : the changing face of tyranny in the 21st century. Princeton University Press. pp. 92–104. ISBN 9780691224473.
  13. 1 2 3 "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
  14. ↑ Wood, David (2000). "The Peruvian Press under Recent Authoritarian Regimes, with Special Reference to the Autogolpe of President Fujimori". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00090.x.
  15. ↑ Rendón, Silvio (2013). La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú. Editorial Sur. pp. 145–150. ISBN 9786124574139.
  16. ↑ Wood, David (2000). "The Peruvian Press under Recent Authoritarian Regimes, with Special Reference to the Autogolpe of President Fujimori". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00090.x.
  17. ↑ Wood, David (2000). "The Peruvian Press under Recent Authoritarian Regimes, with Special Reference to the Autogolpe of President Fujimori". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00090.x.
  18. ↑ Conaghan, Catherine M. (2002). "Cashing in on Authoritarianism: Media Collusion in Fujimori's Peru". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 7 (1): 115–125.
  19. ↑ Conaghan, Catherine M. (2002). "Cashing in on Authoritarianism: Media Collusion in Fujimori's Peru". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 7 (1): 115–125.
  20. ↑ Conaghan, Catherine M. (2002). "Cashing in on Authoritarianism: Media Collusion in Fujimori's Peru". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 7 (1): 115–125.
  21. 1 2 "Peru". Free Speech and Free Press Around the World. 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Peru". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  23. ↑ Dube, Ryan (2014-01-02). "Battle Brews Over Media Influence in Peru". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  24. ↑ "Freedom of the Press 2015 - Peru". Freedom House. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  25. ↑ "Medios de comunicación en el Perú". Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. 2014. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  26. ↑ Dube, Ryan (2014-01-02). "Battle Brews Over Media Influence in Peru". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  27. ↑ Dube, Ryan (2014-01-02). "Battle Brews Over Media Influence in Peru". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  28. ↑ "Peru | 2022". Reporters Without Borders. 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  29. ↑ Burt, Jo-Marie (5 June 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings.
  30. ↑ "Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount". The Guardian. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  31. 1 2 Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 64–65.
  32. ↑ "Peru's Fujimori loses allies as bid to flip election result falters". Reuters. 28 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  33. ↑ "Dismissal of news director of Peru's main television stations worsens credibility crisis in the press during polarized elections". Knight Center for Specialized Journalism. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  34. ↑ "Dismissal of news director of Peru's main television stations worsens credibility crisis in the press during polarized elections". Knight Center for Specialized Journalism. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  35. ↑ "Dismissal of news director of Peru's main television stations worsens credibility crisis in the press during polarized elections". Knight Center for Specialized Journalism. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  36. ↑ "Cuarto Poder: América TV despide a periodistas que denunciaron censura". Libero. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  37. 1 2 SA (2024-01-03). "En el 2023 se registró más de 300 ataques a periodistas y medios". Wayka (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  38. ↑ Romero, César (2024-01-03). "La República y otros medios estaban en la mira del fiscal". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  39. ↑ "The IAPA condemns the espionage of journalists in Peru". Inter American Press Association (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  40. 1 2 "RSF Index 2018: Mixed performance in Latin America". RSF (in French). Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  41. ↑ "Country Profile Peru". Media Ownership Monitor. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  42. ↑ "2018 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders". RSF. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  43. 1 2 3 Summer, Eva. "Middle ranking for Peru regarding freedom of the press". PeruTelegraph. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  44. ↑ "The other face of press freedom in Peru". International Press Institute. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  45. 1 2 "Peru mayoral candidate Daniel Urresti acquitted of Hugo Bustíos murder". cpj.org. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  46. 1 2 Internet, Unidad Editorial. "Organizaciones internacionales condenan el asesinato de un periodista en Perú | Noticias | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  47. ↑ "Sujetos atacan a periodista peruano e intentan cortarle la lengua - Committee to Protect Journalists". cpj.org. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  48. 1 2 "La Directora General de la UNESCO denuncia el asesinato del periodista peruano José Feliciano Yactayo Rodríguez". UNESCO (in Spanish). 15 March 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  49. 1 2 "Attackers set fire to car of Peruvian radio journalist". cpj.org. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-30.

Bibliography

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