Frank Gaffney
Gaffney speaking at CPAC in 2018
Born (1953-04-05) April 5, 1953
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
CitizenshipUnited States
Education
Occupationdefense policy analyst
Known forCounter-jihad, popular conspiracy theories, conservative political commentary
Title
Parent(s)Frank J. Gaffney Sr.
Virginia Reed
AwardsDepartment of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service (1987)
Zionist Organization of America's Louis Brandeis Award (2003)[1]
WebsiteFrank Gaffney on Twitter

Frank J. Gaffney Jr. (born April 5, 1953) is an American anti-Muslim conspiracy theorist[2] and the founder and president of the Center for Security Policy. In the 1970s and 1980s, he worked for the federal government in multiple posts, including seven months as Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs during the Reagan administration.

Early life

Gaffney was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1953 to Virginia Gaffney (née Reed) and Frank J. Gaffney.[3][4] His father was a classical music aficionado and long-time partner at the law firm of Thorp, Reed & Armstrong, which was founded by his wife's father, Earl Reed.[3][5] (It merged in 2013 with Clark Hill PLC.[6]) Gaffney's grandfather, Joseph Gaffney, was a city solicitor of Philadelphia.[3] In the early twentieth century in that city, as a known Catholic, he faced opposition from nativist Protestant groups in the city alleged that Catholics were "gaining control of American institutions while rewriting the nation's history".[7]

In 1975, Gaffney graduated from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University with a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service.[8][4] He received a Master of Arts degree in International Studies from Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in 1978.[9][10][11]

Career

Gaffney began his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, under Richard Perle. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the Reagan Administration, again serving under Perle.[12]

In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.[11] He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing arms control talks with the Soviet Union. Gaffney was ultimately forced out of the Pentagon; The Washington Post observed at the time that within four days of Frank Carlucci's appointment as Secretary of Defense, "Gaffney's belongings were boxed and he was gone".[13][14] Following his departure from government, he immediately set about criticizing Ronald Reagan's pursuit of an arms control agreement with the USSR.[13]

Gaffney contributes to the conservative media site Newsmax. Gaffney wrote a column for The Washington Times from 2012 to 2016,[15] and for Jewish World Review from 2000 to 2013.[16] He is also the host of Secure Freedom Radio, a nationally-syndicated radio program[17] and podcast which has featured guests such as Newt Gingrich, John R. Bolton, and white nationalist Jared Taylor.[18][19] Gaffney is the vice-chair of the Committee on the Present Danger and has been described as part of a "new red scare" of anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States.[20]

On December 12, 2020, at the far-right, pro-Trump Jericho March, Gaffney announced he was launching a new political party called the Great America Party (GAP). The GAP, Gaffney, and the Jericho March all claim, without evidence that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from Donald Trump.[21]

Center for Security Policy

In 1988, Gaffney established the Center for Security Policy (CSP), a Washington, D.C.-based national security think tank that has been widely described as engaging in conspiracy theorizing by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. Its activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived jihadist threats to the United States. The Center has been described as "not very highly respected" by BBC News and "disreputable" by Salon. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as US President Donald Trump and former Congresswoman Michele Bachmann.[22][23][24] CSP has been described as an "extremist think tank" by the Center for New Community.[25] In 2016, the CSP was classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) as a hate group.[26] The SPLC describes Gaffney as "one of America’s most notorious Islamophobes".[27] Gaffney and the CSP have also been described as part of the counter-jihad movement.[28][29]

In 2010 Gaffney became a trustee of the Center for Security Policy.[30]

On March 16, 2016, Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz announced he would name Frank Gaffney to be one of his National Security Advisors.[31] Cruz said that Gaffney "is a serious thinker who has been focused on fighting jidahists [sic], fighting jihadism across the globe".[32] In December 2015, Nation Institute Fellow Eli Clifton characterized as unscientific a CSP-funded poll that Donald Trump had been citing, which purportedly showed widespread support for Sharia law among U.S. Muslims and a need for intervention in that community. It added that, "Between Trump’s calls for a national registry of Muslims and a ban on Muslim immigration, it appears that through coincidence or outright collaboration, Trump is building an immigration and anti-Muslim policy framework that closely mirrors the statements and proposals advocated by" Gaffney and the CSP.[33]

Discussing what he calls prominent professional participants in Islamophobia, Professor Todd Green wrote mentioned "Frank Gaffney and David Yerushalmi, both of whom head organizations that are responsible for spreading misinformation about Islam and that seek to enact anti-Muslim laws, including the infamous anti-Sharia". David Yerushalmi served as legal counsel for the CSP[34] and has been accused of spreading misinformation about Islam and encouraging the enactment of anti-Muslim laws, including anti-Sharia legislation in the United States.[35]

Following John Bolton's appointment as National Security Advisor, Gaffney was criticised as the source of where Bolton's beliefs originated on a number of subjects. This included the Iran nuclear deal and many Islamic beliefs.[36][37][38]

Fax wars

In the 1990s, Gaffney became known in Washington, D.C., for "fax wars" he waged, whereby his "small but loyal following" would be encouraged to inundate the offices of members of Congress with faxes.[39]

In 1995, Gaffney charged that US Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O'Leary was intentionally undermining US nuclear readiness; an analysis of Gaffney's charges against O'Leary published by William Arkin observed that Gaffney "specializes in intensely personal attacks" and his Center for Security Policy's liberal use of faxes to attack its opponents had made it the "Domino's Pizza of the policy business".[40]

Later, in a 1997 column for The Washington Times, Gaffney alleged a seismic incident in Russia was a nuclear detonation at that nation's Novaya Zemlya test site, indicating Russia was violating the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTB).[41] (Subsequent scientific analysis of Novaya Zemlya confirmed the event was a routine earthquake.[42]) Reporting on the allegation, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists observed that, following its publication, "fax machines around Washington, D.C., and across the country poured out pages detailing Russian duplicity. They came from Frank Gaffney", going on to note that during the first four months of 1997, Gaffney had "issued more than 25 screeds" against the CTB.[41]

Conspiracy theories

The Anti-Defamation League has said that Gaffney "has promulgated a number of anti-Muslim conspiracy theories over the years" and that he has "undue influence" relative to other like-minded figures.[43] Other commentators have suggested that Gaffney's propensity for conspiracy theories began earlier during his career in the Reagan administration, where after being denied a higher position, was convinced that Soviet agents within the United States government were blocking him.[44]

Civilization Jihad

One of Gaffney's main conspiracy theories is the so-called "Civilization Jihad", a supposed secret Muslim plan to take over America, which came to national prominence by being cited in a debate by 2016 presidential candidate Ben Carson.[45] According to the SPLC, Gaffney's beliefs stem "from a single discredited source – a 1991 fantasy written by a lone Muslim Brotherhood member that was introduced into evidence during the 2008 Holy Land Foundation trial in Dallas federal court. But to Gaffney, this document is a smoking gun, a mission statement pointing to a massive Islamist conspiracy under our noses".[46] The ADL quotes Gaffney as "mentioning that in 1991, a Muslim Brotherhood operative produced the "explanatory memorandum on the general strategic goal of the group in North America." According to Gaffney, the memo explicitly addresses the progress the Muslim Brotherhood has made in building an infrastructure in the United States with the goal of destroying Western civilization from within so that Islam is victorious over other religions".[47]

ACU dispute

In 2011, Gaffney was banned by the American Conservative Union from the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC). ACU chairman David Keene released a statement contending that Gaffney "has become personally and tiresomely obsessed with his weird belief that anyone who doesn't agree with him on everything all the time or treat him with the respect and deference he believes is his due, must be either ignorant of the dangers we face or, in extreme case, dupes of the nation's enemies".[48] (Gaffney has since returned to CPAC to host panels at the conference in 2015 and 2016.[47][49])

In an April 2016 column in The Washington Times titled, "When conspiracy nuts do real damage", Keene again slammed Gaffney, writing, "One hopes that is what they will do and that Mr. Gaffney will, like the folks at Group Research, Mr. Hoover's aides and most conspiracy nuts of yore will vanish into the fever swamps from which he came".[44] The column came two months after Gaffney unexpectedly left The Washington Times for Breitbart News, where he was a staff columnist and Keene was the opinion editor. Keene, who had slashed the frequency of Gaffney's column from weekly to monthly, commented to Media Matters on Gaffney's departure, describing Gaffney's work as "well-researched," and stated, "we're sorry to lose him but we wish him well". Keene also noted that Gaffney had left without giving him any notice, saying, "I guess he's notifying us through you".[50]

Media responses

Gaffney has been called a conspiracy theorist by Dave Weigel writing in Reason magazine;[51] Steve Benen of MSNBC;[52] Slate;[53] and The Intercept,[54][55][56] among others. The Washington Post has reported that Gaffney's views were "considered radioactive by the Republican establishment",[57] and Eli Clifton noted that Gaffney suffered "from a lack of mainstream acceptance."[33] Democrats, and many Republicans, have called Gaffney a "conspiracy theorist".[58]

Beliefs

Conspiracy theories Gaffney has promoted include:

Gaffney has asserted that the logo of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency is a coded signal showing the "official U.S. submission to Islam."
  • The belief that the logo of the US Missile Defense Agency is a coded indicator of "official U.S. submission to Islam" because it "appears ominously to reflect a morphing of the Islamic crescent and star with the Obama campaign logo".[69]
  • The belief that the responsibility-to-protect norm has been supported by the United States government to lay the groundwork for a forthcoming American military invasion of Israel.[70]
  • The belief that Muslim enemies of the United States are hidden in plain sight and organizing through mainstream Muslim rights organizations. He said of Muslims, “They essentially, like termites, hollow out the structure of the civil society and other institutions, for the purpose of creating conditions under which the jihad will succeed.”[71]

Works

Books

  • Gaffney, Frank J.; with colleagues (2005). War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-591-14301-7.
  • Gaffney, Jr., Frank J.; Luft, Gal; Zubrin, Robert; Clark, Wesley K.; Haigwood, Burl; Dolan, Greg (2010). Lerner, Ben; Reaboi, David (eds.). Homegrown Defense: Biofuels & National Security. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-0-982-29474-1.
  • Team B II (2010). Shariah: The Threat To America: An Exercise In Competitive Analysis. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-0982294765.
  • The Tiger Team (2015). The Secure Freedom Strategy: A Plan for Victory Over the Global Jihad Movement. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-1507756133.
  • Gaffney, Jr., Frank J.; Lopez, Clare M. (2016). See No Sharia: 'Countering Violent Extremism' and the Disarming of America's First Line of Defense. Center for Security Policy Press. ISBN 978-1530234332.
  • Gaffney, Frank; Laugesen, Dede (2023). The Indictment: Prosecuting the Chinese Communist Party & Friends for Crimes against America, China, and the World. War Room Books. ISBN 978-1648210044.

Films

Gaffney was an executive producer of the documentary Islam vs. Islamists: Voices From the Muslim Center.[72]

Notes

  1. ↑ held office 1983–1987
  2. ↑ president 1988–2018 - IRS Form-990s

References

  1. ↑ "Frank Gaffney". Center for Security Policy. June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  2. ↑ "4 Conspiracy Theories Promoted by Frank Gaffney, Ted Cruz's New Adviser". Haaretz. March 18, 2016. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
    "Frank Gaffney Jr". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    Carden, James. "The Iran Deal Opponents Are Going to Fight to the Bitter End". The Nation. No. September 11, 2015. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    Woodruff, Betsy (March 15, 2015). "Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating."". Slate. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
    "Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy". The Daily Beast. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 "Devon Gaffney, Research Director, Engaged to Marry Jay Cross in June". The New York Times. 9 April 1989. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Arena Profile: Frank Gaffney". Politico. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  5. ↑ Gigler, Dan (November 3, 2001). "Lawyer with a Passion for Classical Music". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Clark Hill dropping Thorp Reed from name in Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Business Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  7. ↑ Evenson, Bruce (1996). When Dempsey Fought Tunney: Heroes, Hokum, and Storytelling in the Jazz Age. University of Tennessee Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780870499180.
  8. ↑ "Frank Gaffney". TownHall. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  9. ↑ Ruppert, Michael C. (2004). Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-865-71540-0. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  10. ↑ "Frank Gaffney Jr". Center for Security Policy. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  11. 1 2 "Nomination of Frank J Gaffney Jr". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. 1987-04-17. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  12. ↑ Wedel, Janine R. (December 1, 2009). Shadow Elite: How the World's New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market (First ed.). New York City: Basic Books. pp. 147–191. ISBN 978-0-465-09106-5.
  13. 1 2 Watson, Russell. "At Long Last an Arms Deal". Newsweek.
  14. ↑ "Disarmed but Undeterred; His Once Pervasive Power Waning, The Hard-Liner Awaits the Summit". The Washington Post. November 23, 1987.
  15. ↑ "Frank J. Gaffney Jr. Articles". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Frank J. Gaffney Jr. Archives". Jewish World Review. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  17. ↑ "AM 1260 The ANSWER— Program Guide". AM 1260 The ANSWER. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  18. ↑ Milbank, Dana. "Meet the Islamophobe inspiring Trump to redefine extremism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  19. ↑ Hatewatch Staff (September 30, 2015). "Anti-Muslim Activist Frank Gaffney Interviews White Nationalist Jared Taylor on His Radio Show". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  20. ↑ Swanson, Ana (July 20, 2019). "A New Red Scare Is Reshaping Washington". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  21. ↑ "THE THANKSGIVING DECLARATION OF THE GREAT AMERICA PARTY". Great America Party. 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Trump's 'Muslim lockdown': What is the Center for Security Policy?". BBC News. December 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Cruz's cynical Trump detente: They're good buddies now, but wait until The Donald's support drops". Salon. August 28, 2015. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  24. ↑ Cockburn, Alexander (2003). The Politics of Anti-Semitism. AK. p. 132. ISBN 978-1902593777.
  25. ↑ Terri A. Johnson and J. Richard Cohen (September 3, 2015). "Anti-Muslim bigotry has no place in politics". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  26. ↑ "SPLC's Intelligence Report: Amid Year of Lethal Violence, Extremist Groups Expanded Ranks in 2015". Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Frank Gaffney Jr". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  28. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (February 13, 2017). "Trump's counter-jihad". Vox.
  29. ↑ Perwee, Ed (2020). "Donald Trump, the anti-Muslim far right and the new conservative revolution". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 43 (16): 211–230. doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1749688. S2CID 218843237.
  30. ↑ "Center for Security Policy - IRS Form-990 yr2010". ProPublica - Nonprofit Explorer. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  31. ↑ "Ted Cruz Names Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist As Top Foreign-Policy Adviser". New York Magazine. March 17, 2016. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  32. ↑ Krieg, Gregory (March 22, 2016). "Ted Cruz defends foreign policy adviser Frank Gaffney – CNNPolitics.com". Edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  33. 1 2 Clifton, Eli (December 8, 2015). "Meet Donald Trump's Islamophobia Expert". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  34. ↑ "David Yerushalmi". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  35. ↑ Green, Todd (2015). The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West. Fortress Press. p. 211. ISBN 9781451469905. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  36. ↑ Cortellessa, Eric (March 29, 2018). "Liberal Jewish groups slam Bolton for 'bellicose ideology, anti-Muslim bigotry'". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  37. ↑ Wadhams, Nick (March 15, 2018). "A Tillerson Ally Survives the Purge With Help From Friends". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  38. ↑ Nguyen, Tina (March 15, 2018). ""Revenge of the Nationalists": The Pro-Trump World Dances on Tillerson's Grave". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  39. ↑ Hersman, Rebecca (2010). Friends and Foes: How Congress and the President Really Make Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0815798965.
  40. ↑ Arkin, William M. (March 1995). "A tale of two Franks". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 51 (2): 80. Bibcode:1995BuAtS..51b..80A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1995.11658058.
  41. 1 2 Isaacs, John (November 1997). "Spinning to the Right". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  42. ↑ Wallace, Terry. "False Accusations, Undetected Tests and Implications for the CTB Treaty". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  44. 1 2 Keene, David (April 17, 2016). "DAVID KEENE: When conspiracy nuts do real damage". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  45. ↑ ""Civilization Jihad:" Debunking the Conspiracy Theory". Bridge Initiative. Georgetown University. February 2, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Frank Gaffney Jr". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  47. 1 2 "Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  48. ↑ "CPAC Banned Frank Gaffney Over Baseless Anti-Muslim Charges". Talking Points Memo. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  49. ↑ Sarlin, Benjy (5 March 2016). "Analysis: How CPAC Foreshadowed Donald Trump's Takeover of the GOP". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Columnist's Departure For Breitbart Is News To Washington Times". Media Matters. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  51. ↑ Weigel, David (October 14, 2008). "Frank Gaffney, Obama Truther". No. Reason Magazine. Archived from the original on August 4, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  52. ↑ Bennen, Steve (June 17, 2014). "The crumbling of the right's intellectual infrastructure". MSNBC. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  53. ↑ Woodruff, Betsy (March 16, 2015). "Glenn Beck Thinks Grover Norquist Is a Muslim Brotherhood Mole. Now, the NRA Is "Investigating."". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Leading GOP Candidates to Appear at Event Hosted by Anti-Muslim Conspiracist". The Intercept. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  55. ↑ Schwarz, Jon (November 16, 2016). "Muslim-Hating Conspiracy Theorist Frank Gaffney May (or May Not) Be Advising Trump's Transition Team". The Intercept. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  56. ↑ "Presidential Candidates Set to Appear at Event Hosted By Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theorist". Bridge Initiative. Georgetown University. July 20, 2015. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  57. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (March 18, 2016). "The crazy conspiracy theories of Ted Cruz's new foreign policy adviser". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  58. ↑ Crowley, Michael (November 16, 2016). "Gaffney denies NYT, WSJ reports that he's a Trump adviser". Politico. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  59. ↑ Benen, Steve. "It never ends". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  60. ↑ Reporter, Jessica Schulberg Foreign Affairs; Post, The Huffington (March 17, 2016). "Ted Cruz's New Adviser Is Even More Anti-Muslim Than Donald Trump". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  61. ↑ Terkel, Amanda (March 5, 2014). "Frank Gaffney Escalates Crusade To Take Down Grover Norquist". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  62. ↑ Brinker, Luke (February 19, 2015). "Conservative civil war: Islamophobic activist seeks to oust Grover Norquist from NRA board". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  63. ↑ Bump, Philip (November 16, 2016). "Meet Frank Gaffney, the anti-Muslim gadfly reportedly advising Donald Trump's transition team". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  64. ↑ Kay, Jonathan. "Bachmann, Gaffney, and the GOP's Anti-Muslim Culture of Conspiracy". Daily Beast. No. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  65. ↑ "Huma Abedin Attacks By Michele Bachmann Condemned By John Boehner, Marco Rubio". The Huffington Post. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  66. ↑ Baumann, Nick (March 21, 2016). "Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama America's "First Muslim President"". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  67. ↑ Bauman, Nick (March 21, 2016). "Ted Cruz Defends Adviser Who Called Obama 'America's First Muslim President'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  68. ↑ Burt, American (2015). American Hysteria. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 156–158. ISBN 978-1493017652.
  69. ↑ "Far-right birther's secret funders: Look who's backing Islamophobe Frank Gaffney". Salon. October 14, 2014. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  70. ↑ Besser, James (March 22, 2011). "The Latest From the Conspiracy Front". Jewish Week. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  71. ↑ Shane, Scott; Rosenberg, Matthew; Lipton, Eric (February 1, 2017). "Trump Pushes Dark View of Islam to Center of U.S. Policy-Making". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  72. ↑ Farhi, Paul (May 25, 2007). "Rejected by PBS, Film on Islam Revived by CPB". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
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