Family of Joe Biden
Joe Biden, surrounded by members of his family, as he takes the presidential oath of office at his inauguration ceremony in 2021
Current regionGreenville, Delaware / Washington D.C.
Members
Connected members

Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States, has family members who are prominent in law, education, activism and politics. Biden's immediate family became the first family of the United States on his inauguration on January 20, 2021. His immediate family circle was also the second family of the United States from 2009 to 2017, when Biden was vice president. Biden's family is mostly descended from the British Isles, with most of their ancestors coming from Ireland and England, and a smaller number descending from the French.[1][2]

Of Joe Biden's sixteen great-great-grandparents, ten were born in Ireland. He is descended from the Blewitts of County Mayo and the Finnegans of County Louth.[3] One of Biden's great-great-great-grandfathers was born in Sussex, England, and emigrated to Maryland in the United States by 1820.[4]

Wives

Neilia Hunter Biden

Neilia Hunter Biden, the first wife of Joe Biden, was born on July 28, 1942. The couple married on August 27, 1966.[5] After the wedding, the Bidens moved to Wilmington, Delaware, where Biden was on the New Castle County Council. The couple had three children: Joseph Robinette "Beau" III, Robert Hunter and Naomi Christina "Amy".[6] Biden campaigned to unseat the U.S. Senator from Delaware J. Caleb Boggs; Neilia was described by The News Journal as the "brains" of his victorious campaign.[5]

On December 18, 1972, while her husband was still a U.S. senator-elect, Neilia was driving with Naomi, Beau, and Hunter to buy a Christmas tree. Neilia "drove into the path" of a tractor-trailer, "possibly because her head was turned and she didn't see the oncoming truck".[7] Neilia and the children were taken to Wilmington General Hospital. Neilia and Naomi died upon arrival, but her two sons survived with serious injuries.[8][9] Biden was sworn in to the U.S. Senate on January 3, 1973, at the hospital where his sons were being treated.[5]

Jill Biden

Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden (née Jacobs, formerly Stevenson), the second and current wife of Joe Biden, was born on June 3, 1951. She met Biden while on a blind date in March 1975.[10]

Joe and Jill, soon after meeting in the 1970s

She and Joe Biden were married by a Catholic priest on June 17, 1977, at the Chapel at the United Nations in New York City.[11] This was four and a half years after his first wife and infant daughter died;[12] Joe had proposed several times before she accepted, as she was wary of entering the public spotlight, anxious to remain focused on her own career, and initially hesitant to take on the commitment of raising his two young sons who had survived the accident.[13][14]

Children

Joe Biden fathered four children from two marriages. His firstborn daughter, Naomi Christina Biden, died in 1972, in the same car accident as her mother. His firstborn son, Joseph "Beau" R. Biden III, died in 2015 from brain cancer. The Bidens' two surviving children include one son from his first marriage, Robert Hunter Biden, and one daughter from his second, Ashley Blazer Biden.[15]

Beau Biden

Joseph "Beau" Robinette Biden III was born on February 3, 1969, in Wilmington, Delaware. Beau suffered multiple broken bones in the car crash that took the lives of his mother and sister, but he survived after spending several months in a hospital. Beau went on to graduate from Archmere Academy, his father's high school alma mater, and the University of Pennsylvania in 1991,[16] where he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity.[17] He was also a graduate of Syracuse University College of Law, as was his father. After graduating from law school, he clerked for Judge Steven McAuliffe of the United States District Court of New Hampshire.[18] From 1995 to 2004, he worked at the United States Department of Justice in Philadelphia, first as Counsel to the Office of Policy Development and later as a federal prosecutor in the U.S. Attorney's Office.[19][20]

He married Hallie Olivere in 2002.

In his first bid at political office, Biden ran for Attorney General of Delaware in 2006. Biden's opponent was a veteran state prosecutor and Assistant U.S. Attorney, Ferris Wharton. Major issues in the campaign included the candidates' experience and proposed efforts to address sex offenders, Internet predators, senior abuse and domestic abuse. Biden won the election by approximately five percentage points.[21]

Beau played an active role in his father's 2008 vice presidential campaign, speaking at the Democratic National Convention after Joe Biden was nominated for Vice President of the United States. He recounted the auto accident that killed his mother and sister and the subsequent parenting commitment his father made to his sons, a speech at which many delegates wept.[22][23]

On November 2, 2010, he was easily re-elected to a second term as Delaware Attorney General, beating Independent Party of Delaware candidate Doug Campbell by a large margin.[24]

For the final few years of his life, Biden suffered from a brain tumor.[25][26] In May 2010, he was admitted to Christiana Hospital in Newark, Delaware, after complaining of a headache, numbness, and paralysis. Officials said he had suffered a "mild stroke".[26][27] Later that month, Biden was transferred to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia and kept for observation for several days.[27]

In August 2013, Biden was admitted to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and diagnosed with brain cancer, after experiencing what White House officials called "an episode of disorientation and weakness".[28] A lesion was removed at that time. Biden had radiation and chemotherapy treatments and the cancer remained stable. On May 20, 2015, he was admitted to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, because of a recurrence of brain cancer. He died there ten days later, on May 30, 2015, at the age of 46.[29] His funeral was held at St. Anthony of Padua Roman Catholic Church in Wilmington, Delaware, on June 6, 2015.[30] He was buried at St. Joseph's on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[25]

Hunter Biden

Robert Hunter Biden was born on February 4, 1970, in Wilmington, Delaware. Along with his mother and siblings, he was in the 1972 crash, sustaining injuries to his skull. Along with his older brother, he survived after receiving months of medical treatment. Like his father and brother, Hunter attended Archmere Academy in Claymont, Delaware. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Georgetown University in 1992. During the year after he graduated from college, he served as a Jesuit volunteer at a church in Portland, Oregon, and met Kathleen Buhle, whom he married in 1993. After attending Georgetown University Law Center for one year, he transferred to Yale Law School and graduated in 1996.[31] He and Kathleen divorced in 2017 and, in 2019, he married Melissa Cohen.

After law school, Hunter accepted a position at bank holding company MBNA America, a major contributor to his father's political campaigns. By 1998, Biden had risen to the rank of executive vice president.[31][32]

During the 2020 election, the Trump administration pointed out that Hunter Biden had connections with the Ukrainian holding company Burisma.[33]

Beau, Ashley and Hunter Biden as young children, c. 1980s

Naomi "Amy" Biden

Naomi Christina Biden, nicknamed "Amy", was born on November 8, 1971, in Wilmington, Delaware. She died in the same car crash as her mother, Neilia, on December 18, 1972, when she was just over a year old.[8]

Ashley Biden

Ashley Blazer Biden was born on June 8, 1981, in Wilmington, Delaware. She is the only child from Joe Biden's second marriage. Biden attended Wilmington Friends School, a private school run by the Religious Society of Friends in Wilmington.[34] When Biden was in elementary school, she discovered that the cosmetics company Bonne Bell tested its products on animals. She wrote a letter to the company asking them to change their policy on animal testing. She later got involved in dolphin conservation, inspiring her father to work with Congresswoman Barbara Boxer to write and pass the 1990 Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act.[15] Biden made an appearance before members of the United States Congress to lobby for the legislation.[35] She is married to physician Howard Krein.

Grandchildren

A 2019 photo of Jill Biden with members of the Biden family
Naomi Biden Neal with husband Peter Neal, Joe Biden, and Jill Biden on the White House South Lawn for her 2022 wedding

Joe Biden has married twice and fathered four children. His seven grandchildren come from his two sons, five from Hunter and two from Beau.

Pets

Biden had a German Shepherd, Major.[41][42] Major is a rescue dog who was adopted from the Delaware Humane Association by Joe and Jill Biden in 2018, but he was given to family friends after a biting incident at the White House.

He had another German Shepherd, Champ, who was with the Bidens when Joe Biden was vice president from 2009 to 2017, but died early into Joe Biden's term as president.[43] In December 2021, Biden announced the addition of a puppy named Commander to his family. On January 28, 2022, the Bidens announced that they had adopted Willow, a tabby cat.[44]

Tree of descendants

Neilia Hunter
1942–1972		Joseph Robinette
Biden Jr.
b. 1942		Jill Tracy Jacobs
b. 1951
Joseph Robinette "Beau"
Biden III
1969–2015		Robert Hunter Biden
b. 1970		Naomi Christina Biden
1971–1972		Ashley Blazer Biden
b. 1981
Natalie Naomi Biden
b. 2004		Robert Hunter Biden II
b. 2006		Naomi King Biden
b. 1993		Finnegan Biden
b. 2000		Maisy Biden
b. 2001		Navy Joan Roberts
b. 2018		Joseph Robinette "Beau"
Biden IV
b. 2020

Parents

Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942, at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[2]: 5  to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan; July 7, 1917 – January 8, 2010)[45] and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. (November 13, 1915 – September 2, 2002),[46] who married in 1941. After the death of Jean Finnegan Biden on January 8, 2010, President Barack Obama traveled to Wilmington, Delaware, to attend her January 12 funeral.[47]

Joseph Sr. was initially wealthy but suffered financial setbacks around the time Joe Jr. was born,[48][49][50] and for several years the family lived with Jean's parents. Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Joseph Sr. could not find steady work.[51] Beginning in 1953, the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, then moved to a house in Wilmington, Delaware. Joseph Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[52][51][53]

Joe Sr. and Catherine are buried together at St. Joseph on the Brandywine Cemetery in Greenville, Delaware. Their gravesites are near the graves of their daughter-in-law Neilia Hunter Biden, their granddaughter Naomi, and grandson Beau.[54]

Siblings

Joe Biden is the oldest of four siblings in a Catholic family, followed by his younger sister Valerie Biden Owens (born 1945), and two younger brothers, James Brian "Jim" Biden (born 1949) and Francis William "Frank" Biden (born 1953).[2]: 9 [55] Valerie was one of the campaign managers for Joe Biden's presidential campaigns. Biden's niece Missy Owens (daughter of Valerie Biden Owens) has also worked in politics.

  • Valerie Biden Owens (born 1945), campaign manager and political strategist. Appointed by Barack Obama as advisor to the United Nations 71st General Assembly.[56][57] She played a pivotal role in all of her brother's political campaigns. She was the campaign manager during all of his Senate elections and for his 1988 and 2008 presidential campaigns, and was a senior advisor to his successful 2020 presidential campaign.[58][59]
  • James B. "Jim" Biden (born 1949), healthcare executive.[60] He is "known in the family as the one who’s always ready to help," according to a Washington Post profile. "But he also has a history of business dealings that resulted in recriminations and lawsuits."[61]
  • Francis William "Frank" Biden (born 1953),[62] non-attorney advisor to Bergman Law Group, Boca Raton, Florida.[63][64][65]

Grandparents

Paternal

Joseph Sr.'s parents, Mary Elizabeth (née Robinette) Biden (1894–1943) and Joseph Harry Biden (1893–1941),[66][67] an oil businessman from Baltimore, Maryland, were of English, French, and Irish descent.[1][2]: 8 

Biden's paternal third great-grandfather, William Biden (1789–1849), a stonemason, was born in England and emigrated to the United States by 1820, where he settled in Maryland. According to historian Eddy Greenfield, he was born in Sussex,[68] and was christened at St John the Baptist's Church in Westbourne, West Sussex, on 8 March 1789. William was the second child and son of James Biden (born November 1767) and Ann Silverlock (born March 1766), who had married on 16 May 1785. James Biden, Biden's paternal fourth great-grandfather, was from Pagham. He was the son of Richard Biden, Biden's paternal fifth great-grandfather, and his wife Susan, beyond which the paternal family line cannot be traced.[69] Two other of Biden's third paternal great-grandfathers, Jesse Robinett and Thomas Randle, were slave owners in 19th century Maryland.[70][71]

A possible connection may also exist to the family of a William Henry Biden, who was from Houghton, Cambridgeshire, and lived from 1791 to 1843.[72] This William Henry was a son of John Biden (died 28 July 1796) and his wife Ann Beaumont, who had married in 1781.[72] The seventh of eight children and the family's fifth son,[73] William Henry and his elder brother, Christopher Biden (1789–1858), served as officers in the East India Company merchant marine, both eventually becoming captains of East Indiamen. William Henry commanded mid-sized vessels before his death at Rangoon in 1843.[74]

Christopher Biden subsequently became an official in the Madras Civil Service (later the Indian Civil Service), and his descendants settled in India. He died at Madras in 1858. In 1981, Christopher's great-great-grandson, Leslie Dunn Biden, then living in Nagpur, wrote to Joe Biden about the possible family connection after reading about him in the Illustrated Weekly of India. After discussing their genealogy, they promised to stay in touch but did not resume correspondence before Leslie's death in 1983.[73] During a 2013 visit to India, Joe Biden referred to Leslie's letter, mentioning a "Biden from Mumbai" had suggested their "mutual great-great-great-great-something-or-other" named George had "worked for the East India Company back in the 1700s."[74]

Maternal

Jean's parents were Geraldine Catherine (née Blewitt) Finnegan and Ambrose Joseph Finnegan from Scranton, Pennsylvania.[2] Ambrose was born in Olyphant, Pennsylvania in 1883, and attended Santa Clara University where he was a star quarterback on their football team. After college, he worked for real estate investor Major Bowes in San Francisco until the 1906 San Francisco earthquake wiped out his boss's investments. He then returned to the Scranton area where he worked for many years as a newspaper advertising salesman and then as librarian for two Scranton newspapers. He died in 1957.[75]

Jean was of Irish descent, with roots variously attributed to County Louth[76] and County Londonderry.[77][2]: 8  Irish genealogists presented Joe Biden with his Irish maternal family history on his visit there in 2016.[78] Joe's matrilineal great-grandfather (Geraldine's father), Edward Francis Blewitt,[79] the child of Irish emigrants from Rappagh, Ballina, County Mayo, was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.[80][81] With all Joe Biden's maternal ancestors, and his paternal great-grandmother Mary Ann Hanafee, having purely Irish origins, this makes Joe Biden 62.5% of Irish descent.[82][83]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Smolenyak, Megan (April–May 2013). "Joey From Scranton – Vice President Biden's Irish Roots". Irish America. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
  3. ↑ Matt Viser, Irish humor, Irish temper: How Biden's identity shapes his political image, Washington Post (March 17, 2021).
  4. ↑ Marshall, Olivia (November 3, 2020). "US presidential candidate Joe Biden has roots in Sussex". The Argus. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 "Joe Biden Was Married To His First Wife, Neilia Hunter, For Only 6 Years". Women's Health. May 13, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  6. ↑ Sarika Jagtiani; Meredith Newman; Andrew Sharp (September 25, 1019). "Hunter Biden: A brief bio of former Vice President Joe Biden's son". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  7. ↑ Hamilton, Carl (October 30, 2008). "Daughter of man in '72 Biden crash seeks apology from widowed Senator". www.newarkpostonline.com. New Jersey: Newark Post. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  8. 1 2 McBride, Jessica (April 25, 2019). "How Did Joe Biden's First Wife, Neilia Hunter, Die?". Heavy.com. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  9. ↑ Macon, Alexandra (November 17, 2016). "Joe and Jill Biden's Love Story Will Pull at Your Heartstrings". Vogue. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  10. ↑ Cartwright, Al (July 17, 1977). "Son told Joe to marry Jill". Wilmington News-Journal. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ Biden, Joe (2007). Promises to Keep. Random House. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4000-6536-3.
  12. ↑ Farrell, Joelle (August 27, 2008). "Colleagues see a caring, giving Jill Biden". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 1, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
  13. ↑ Van Meter, Jonathan (November 2008). "All the Vice-President's Women". Vogue. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  14. ↑ Glueck, Katie; Eder, Steve (February 2, 2020). "In Iowa, a Former Second Lady Campaigns to Be the First". The New York Times. p. A16. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  15. 1 2 "Ashley Biden Takes On The World". August 22, 2018.
  16. ↑ Kataria, Avni (November 16, 2017). "Penn students were moved to tears by Joe Biden's stories of loss and grief on Thursday". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  17. ↑ Spinelli, Dan (May 31, 2015). "Penn frat brothers recall Beau Biden with affection". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  18. ↑ Brooks, David (June 2, 2015). "Beau Biden, late son of the vice president, clerked for a year in Concord". The Nashua Telegraph. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  19. ↑ Chase, Randall (May 31, 2015). "Beau Biden dies at 46; son of VP had life of adversity". Associated Press. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  20. ↑ Syracuse University: Office of Veteran and Military Affairs (February 7, 2010). "Joseph "Beau" Biden III - OVMA". veterans.syr.edu. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  21. ↑ State of Delaware 2006 Election Results (PDF). Delaware Department of Elections (Report). State of Delaware. November 7, 2006. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  22. ↑ Connolly, Kevin (August 28, 2008). "Biden shows more bark than bite". BBC News. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  23. ↑ Broder, John M. (August 28, 2008). "Biden Opens New Phase With Attack on McCain". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  24. ↑ "State Of Delaware – Elections Results". delaware.gov. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 Kane, Paul (May 30, 2015). "Beau Biden, vice president's son, dies of brain cancer". The Washington Post.
  26. 1 2 Shearmay, Michael D. (May 30, 2015). "Joseph R. Biden III, Vice President's Son, Dies at 46". The New York Times.
  27. 1 2 Barish, Cris (August 21, 2013). "Beau Biden awaits cancer results". The News Journal. Wilmington, Del.
  28. ↑ Bernstein, Lenny (May 31, 2015). "Brain cancers like Beau Biden's kill about 15,000 adults each year". The Washington Post.
  29. ↑ "Beau Biden, son of Vice President Joe Biden, dies of brain cancer". Fox News. May 31, 2015. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Funeral Service for Beau Biden". C-SPAN. June 6, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  31. 1 2 Entous, Adam (July 1, 2019). "Will Hunter Biden Jeopardize His Father's Campaign?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  32. ↑ Yglesias, Matthew (October 1, 2019). "Hunter Biden, the black sheep who might accidentally bring down Trump, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019. There's no reason to think that Biden backed MBNA's position because his son worked there – senators normally line up with their home state's major employers' policy priorities – it's more like Hunter got the job due to his dad's overall cozy relationship with the company.
  33. ↑ Risen, James (December 8, 2015). "Joe Biden, His Son and the Case Against a Ukrainian Oligarch". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  34. ↑ M. Kristen Hefner. "Advocating for Justice and Equality: An Interview with Ashley Biden" (PDF). University of Delaware.
  35. ↑ student, M. S. Journalism; native, Delaware (April 2, 2017). "Ashley Biden's 'Livelihood' Combines Style and Social Impact". Arc Publishing. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  36. ↑ Chase, Randall (May 31, 2015). "Biden announces death of son, Beau, of brain cancer". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015.
  37. ↑ Newman, Meredith; Jagtiani, Sarika; Sharp, Andrew (September 26, 2021). "Hunter Biden: Who is former Vice President Joe Biden's son mentioned in Ukraine–Trump call?". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  38. ↑ Rogers, Katie (July 1, 2023). "Hunter Biden's Daughter and a Tale of Two Families". The New York Times.
  39. ↑ Miller, Zeke (July 28, 2023). "Biden openly acknowledges 7th grandchild, the daughter of son Hunter and an Arkansas woman". Politics. Associated Press News. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  40. ↑ David, Keren (November 9, 2020). "Joe Biden's very Jewish family". The Jewish Chronicle.
  41. ↑ Sophie Vershbow. "Another Great Thing About Biden's Win: There's Going to Be a Dog in the White House Again!". Vogue. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  42. ↑ Morales, Christina (November 8, 2020). "Biden to Restore a White House Tradition of Presidential Pets". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  43. ↑ MacKeldon, Amy (January 19, 2021). "Joe Biden's Dogs Major and Champ Will Be the First Presidential Pups in the White House in Four Years". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  44. ↑ Jacobs, Harrison (January 28, 2022). "Meet Willow, the Bidens' new, very presidential-looking cat". NPR. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  45. ↑ Chase, Randall (January 9, 2010). "Vice President Biden's mother, Jean, dies at 92". WITN-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Joseph Biden Sr., 86, father of the senator". The Baltimore Sun. September 3, 2002. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  47. ↑ Chase, Randall (January 12, 2010). "Biden eulogizes mother, calls her courageous". Associated Press. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  48. ↑ Russell, Katie (November 11, 2020). "Joe Biden's family tree: how tragedy shaped the US president-elect". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  49. ↑ Biden, Joe (2008). Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics. Random House. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0812976212.
  50. ↑ Witcover, Jules (2019). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. William Morrow. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0062982643.
  51. 1 2 Rubinkam, Michael (August 27, 2008). "Biden's Scranton childhood left lasting impression". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  52. ↑ Broder, John M. (October 23, 2008). "Father's Tough Life an Inspiration for Biden". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  53. ↑ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 364.
  54. ↑ "Joe Biden visits son Beau's grave on Election Day morning". TODAY.com. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  55. ↑ "DemDaily: The New Family in the White House". March 19, 2021.
  56. ↑ "HOME". Valerie Biden Owens.
  57. ↑ "First Sister". members.tortoisemedia.com. September 16, 2020.
  58. ↑ News Biden Campaign accessed 11/11/2020
  59. ↑ Meet Joe Biden Sister, Vogue Magazine accessed 11/12/2020
  60. ↑ "James Biden's health care ventures face a growing legal morass". www.politico.com. March 9, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  61. ↑ Viser, Matt (May 31, 2022). "James Biden — presidential brother, family helper, political wild card". The Washington Post.
  62. ↑ Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden : a life of trial and redemption. Internet Archive. New York : William Morrow/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
  63. ↑ "Frank Biden's actions already testing Joe Biden's ethics claims". CNN. February 4, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  64. ↑ Schwartz, Brian (January 27, 2021). "Biden brother touts relationship with president in Inauguration Day ad for law firm". CNBC. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Biden brother's role in Florida law firm complicates White House ethics message". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  66. ↑ "The Ancestry of Joseph Biden". www.countyhistorian.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  67. ↑ Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. p. 6. ISBN 9780061791987.
  68. ↑ Marshall, Olivia (November 3, 2020). "US presidential candidate Joe Biden has roots in Sussex". The Argus. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  69. ↑ "Joe Biden will be the first US president to have Sussex ancestry". Chichester Observer. November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  70. ↑ Ben Schreckinger. "How Joe Biden Became Irish." Politico September 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  71. ↑ Lawrence Delevingne et al. "Explore the U.S. Elite’s Ties to Slavery." 'Reuters. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  72. 1 2 Makey, Julian (November 9, 2020). "Here's the historical evidence of a possible link between Joe Biden and the tiny English village of Houghton". The Hunts Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  73. 1 2 Anthony, Jerome (November 10, 2020). "Who are the Bidens in India and are they related to US President-elect Joe Biden?". CNBC TV 18. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  74. 1 2 Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (November 9, 2020). "Joe Biden: time for that Indian connection". The Economic Times. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  75. ↑ "A.J. Finnegan Dies; Librarian on Papers". The Tribune. Scranton, Pennsylvania. May 28, 1957. p. 3. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  76. ↑ Smolenyak, Megan (July 2, 2012). "Joe Biden's Irish Roots". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  77. ↑ "Number two Biden has a history over Irish debate". The Belfast Telegraph. November 9, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  78. ↑ "Vice President Joe Biden's Irish family history". Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  79. ↑ Gehman, Geoff (May 3, 2012). "Vice President Joe Biden Discusses American Innovation". Lafayette College. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  80. ↑ Krawczeniuk, Borys (August 24, 2008). "Remembering his roots". The Times-Tribune. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  81. ↑ "US vice president to visit Mayo in June". The Connaught Telegraph. May 11, 2016. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  82. 1 2 Burns, Sarah. "What are Joe Biden's Irish roots?". The Irish Times. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  83. 1 2 "How Vice President Joe Biden Traced His Irish Ancestry". Ancestor Network. June 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  84. 1 2 O'Neill, Neill. "US Vice President in Mayo this week". www.mayonews.ie. The Mayo News. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  85. ↑ "Biden's Ties to The Blewitts of County Mayo". www.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  86. 1 2 Portrait and Biographical Record of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. New York and Chicago: Chapman Publishing Company. 1897. p. 644. Retrieved April 26, 2020.

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