Fox–North coalition
April–December 1783
Fox (left) and North (right)
Date formed2 April 1783 (1783-04-02)
Date dissolved18 December 1783 (1783-12-18)
People and organisations
MonarchGeorge III
Prime MinisterDuke of Portland
Secretaries of State
Total no. of members15 appointments
Member parties
Status in legislature
Opposition party
Opposition leaders
History
Legislature term(s)
PredecessorShelburne ministry
SuccessorFirst Pitt ministry

The Fox–North coalition was a government in Great Britain that held office during 1783.[1] As the name suggests, the ministry was a coalition of the groups supporting Charles James Fox and Lord North. The official head was William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, who took office on 2 April 1783.

Fox was a Whig by background, and North came from the nominal Tory Party; however, both had fallen out with the government of Lord Shelburne. They combined their forces in the House of Commons to throw out Shelburne's ministry and then form a government of their own.

King George III despised the government, and Fox in particular, but found that no other ministry could be formed at this stage despite several offers to William Pitt the Younger. Consequently, the King declined to provide the government with the normal tools of patronage, and it was forced to look elsewhere.

The Treaty of Paris was signed during this government on 3 September 1783, formally ending the American Revolutionary War. The government also came under strain when, from the opposition, Pitt introduced a proposal for electoral reform to tackle bribery and rotten boroughs. The proposal did not pass, but caused tensions within the coalition which contained both proponents and opponents of political reform.

The British East India Company was in trouble; Fox proposed nationalising it, thus providing the government with a new source of appointments so that it could reward and maintain support. The East India Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons, but the King remained deeply opposed. He informed the House of Lords that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy. The bill was defeated on 17 December 1783 and the King immediately dismissed the coalition. It was succeeded by a government formed by William Pitt the Younger.

After being dismissed, Fox and North tried to force Pitt from power through defeat in the House of Commons, but he refused to resign. The response of opinion in the country, evidenced by petitions, resolutions of borough corporations and the actions of the London mobs, showed strong opposition to the coalition and support for Pitt. In March 1784 a general election was called in which Pitt's government made massive gains, especially in constituencies decided by popular votes.

Principal members of the government

OfficeNameDate
First Lord of the Treasury[2]The Duke of Portland2 April 1783
Secretary of State for the Home Department[3]Lord North2 April 1783
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs[3]Charles James Fox2 April 1783
Lord President of the CouncilThe Viscount Stormont2 April 1783
Lord ChancellorIn Commission9 April 1783
Lord Privy SealThe Earl of Carlisle2 April 1783
First Lord of the AdmiraltyThe Viscount Keppel8 April 1783
Chancellor of the ExchequerLord John Cavendish5 April 1783
Master-General of the OrdnanceThe Viscount Townshend28 April 1783[4]
First Lord of TradeThe Lord Granthamcontinued in office
Chancellor of the Duchy of LancasterThe Lord Ashburtoncontinued in office
The Earl of Derby29 April 1783
Treasurer of the NavyCharles Townshend11 April 1783
Secretary at WarRichard Fitzpatrick11 April 1783
Paymaster of the ForcesEdmund Burke8 April 1783
Lord Lieutenant of IrelandThe Earl of Northington1783
In A Block for the Wigs (1783), James Gillray caricatured the Fox–North coalition. Fox is pictured right; followed by North; and then by Edmund Burke, with a skeleton leg. George III is the blockhead in the centre.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chris Cook and John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1760–1830, Macmillan, 1980
  2. ↑ also Leader of the House of Lords
  3. 1 2 also joint Leader of the House of Commons
  4. ↑ Ordnance Masters 1544-1855 | Institute of Historical Research

Bibliography

  • Black, Jeremy (2006). George III: America's Last King. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300117329.
  • Pares, Richard (1953). King George III and the Politicians. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Trevelyan, George Otto (1912). George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution. Vol. 2 vols. Online edition v2. {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Watson, J. Steven (1960). The Reign of George III, 1760–1815. The standard scholarly history online edition. {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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