Ezekiel's "chariot vision", by Matthaeus Merian (1593–1650)
Ezekiel's Wheel
Ezekiel's encounter with the Merkabah and the Living Creatures

The living creatures, living beings, or hayyot (Hebrew חַיּוֹת ḥayyōṯ) are a class of heavenly beings in Jewish mythology. They are described in the prophet Ezekiel's vision of the heavenly chariot in the first and tenth chapters of the Book of Ezekiel. References to the sacred creatures recur in texts of Second Temple Judaism, in rabbinical merkabah ("chariot") literature, in the Book of Revelation in the Christian New Testament, and in the Zohar.

According to Jewish and Christian traditions, there are four living creatures, although their description varies by source. The symbolic depiction of the four living creatures in religious art, especially Christian art, is called a tetramorph.

Ezekiel's four living creatures

Ezekiel's vision of the four living creatures in Ezekiel 1 are identified as cherubim in Ezekiel 10,[1] who are God's throne bearers.[2] Cherubim as minor guardian deities[3] of temple or palace thresholds are known throughout the Ancient East. Each of Ezekiel's cherubim have four faces, that of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle.[2] However, the fact that they manifest in human form sets them apart from the griffin-like cherubs and lamassu of Babylonia and Assyria. Concerning their ability to move, Ezekiel's cherubim do not need to turn, since they face all compass points simultaneously.[1] This description of movement differs from that of the seraphim in Isaiah's vision (Isaiah 6:2) who have an extra set of wings, giving them the ability to fly.[4]

Revelation's four living beings

In the New Testament book of Revelation 4:6–8, four living beings (Greek: ζῷον, zōion)[5] are seen in John's vision. These appear as a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle, much as in Ezekiel but in a different order. They have six wings, whereas Ezekiel's four living creatures are described as having four.[5] In verse 6, they are said to have "eyes all over, front and back", suggesting that they are alert and knowledgeable, that nothing escapes their notice.[5] The description parallels the wheels that are beside the living creatures in Ezekiel 1:18; 10:12, which are said to be "full of eyes all around". The Hebrew word for "wheel" (ôpannîm) was also used in later Jewish literature to indicate a member of the angelic orders (1 Enoch 71:7; 3 Enoch 1:8; 7:1; 25:5–6, etc.). In this passage in Revelation, the four beasts surround "the one" on the red throne (which is of ruby and sardius), which is contrasted with the white throne in Daniel 7:9 and Revelation 20:11–15.

Comparing the living creatures in Ezekiel with Revelation's is a prominent apocalyptic study in Western Christianity.[6] An example is the 18th century works of Jonathan Edwards' recorded interpretation of 1722/23.[7] The four living creatures that John of Patmos sees in the Book of Revelation, is the author's reworking of the living creatures in the visions of Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1:5–28)[8] and Isaiah (Isaiah 6:2).[9]

William D. Mounce noted a belief that the living creatures may have been associated with the four principal (or fixed) signs of the zodiac (Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius),[5][8] but other scholars have doubted this interpretation.[quote 1]

In a critical analysis of John's vision, April De Conick's 2006 essay outlines that the hayyot in Ezekiel are perhaps not original with the author of Revelation. De Conick suggests that John may have drawn from other merkabah-related texts and by subtly working with images already known to his audience, he reshaped them for his own purposes.[10] With John blending and transforming the images of his sources, it has given way to different interpretations.[8]

Religious views

In Judaism, the living beings are considered angels of fire, who hold up the throne of God.[11] According to the Zohar, they hold up the firmament itself.[11][12] They are ranked first in Maimonides' Jewish angelic hierarchy. They have also been correlated with four archangels: "Michael is the 'lion-headed', Raphael the "human-headed", Uriel the "bull-headed", and Gabriel the "eagle-headed".[13]

In Christianity, the four living creatures are Cherubim.[3] A prominent early interpretation, variously modified by different interpreters, has been to equate the four creatures with the Four Evangelists. Throughout church history, the most common interpretation (first laid out by Victorinus), but not the original or the only, is that the lion represents Mark, the calf Luke, the man Matthew, and the eagle John. Irenaeus was the first to make the association with the evangelists, but the interpretation laid out by Victorinus and adopted by Jerome, Gregory the Great, and the Book of Kells became dominant.[14] Its influence has been on art and sculpture[9] and is still prevalent in Catholicism[15] and Anglicanism.[16] A view held by many modern commentators is that the four living creatures of Revelation are agents of God and heavenly representatives of the created order, who call every living thing to worship the Creator.[17]

See also

Quotes

  1. ↑ Smalley 2012, p. 120: "It is most unlikely that the four living creatures are to be identified with either the four constellations of stars (cf. Charles 1, 123), or the four principal signs of the zodiac (cf. Mounce 124 n. 26)."

Notes

  1. 1 2 Eichrodt (2003), p. 55.
  2. 1 2 Duguid (2011), pp. 58–59, 346.
  3. 1 2 Senior, Collins & Getty (2011), p. 1162, fn. 1:5.
  4. ↑ Eichrodt (2003), p. 57.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Mounce (1997), pp. 123–125.
  6. ↑ Pate (2009), p. 19.
  7. ↑ Kreider (2004), p. 111.
  8. 1 2 3 Smalley (2012), pp. 120–121.
  9. 1 2 Woodman (2008), p. 128.
  10. ↑ De Conick (2006), pp. 203–204.
  11. 1 2 Davidson (1967), p. 137.
  12. ↑ Noach 261–265, Zohar.
  13. ↑ Stafford (1979), p. 72.
  14. ↑ Kovacs & Rowland (2004), p. 66.
  15. ↑ Barber (2005), p. 86.
  16. ↑ Stevenson (2001), p. 470.
  17. ↑ Koester (2014), p. 353.

References

  • Barber, Michael (2005). Coming Soon: Unlocking the Book of Revelation and Applying Its Lessons Today. Emmaus Road Publishing. ISBN 9781931018265.
  • Davidson, Gustav (1967). A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels. New York: Free Press.
  • De Conick, April D. (2006). Paradise Now: Essays on Early Jewish and Christian Mysticism. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589832572.
  • Duguid, Iain M. (2011). Ezekiel: The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310866107.
  • Eichrodt, Walther (2003). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664227661.
  • Koester, Craig R. (2014). Revelation. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Kovacs, Judith; Rowland, Christopher (2004). Revelation: The Apocalypse of Jesus Christ. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. ISBN 9781405143219.
  • Kreider, Glenn (2004). Jonathan Edwards' Interpretation of Revelation 4:1–8:1. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761826705.
  • Mounce, Robert H. (1997). The Book of Revelation (rev. ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802825370.
  • Pate, C. Marvin (2009). Reading Revelation: A Comparison of Four Interpretive Translations of the Apocalypse. Kregel Academic. ISBN 9780825433672.
  • Senior, Donald; Collins, John J.; Getty, Mary Ann (2011). Catholic Study Bible-NABRE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195297751.
  • Smalley, Stephen S. (2012). The Revelation to John: A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Apocalypse. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830829248.
  • Stafford, Barbara Maria (1979). Symbol and Myth: Humbert de Superville's Essay on Absolute Signs in Art. University of Delaware. ISBN 978-0874131208.
  • Stevenson, Kenneth (2001). Biblica. Vol. 34: Animal Rites: The Four Living Creatures in Patristic Exegesis and Liturgy. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908819.
  • Woodman, Simon P. (2008). The Book of Revelation. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. ISBN 9780334041047.
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