For All Moonkind, Inc. is a volunteer international nonprofit organization which is working with the United Nations and the international community to manage the preservation of history and human heritage in outer space.[1] The organization believes that the lunar landing sites and items from space missions are of great value to the public and is pushing the United Nations to create rules that will protect lunar items and secure heritage sites on the Moon and other celestial bodies.[2] Protection is necessary as many nations and companies are planning on returning to the Moon, and it is not difficult to imagine the damage an autonomous vehicle or an errant astronaut—an explorer, colonist or tourist—could to one of the Moon landing sites, whether intentionally or unintentionally.[3][4]

Formed in 2017, the organization aims to work with space agencies around the world to draw up a protection plan which will be submitted to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.[5][6] The goal is to present the international community with a proposal prepared by a diverse group of space law experts, preservation law experts, scientists and engineers which takes into consideration all the necessary aspects of law, policy and science.[7] The effort will be modeled on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's World Heritage Convention.[8][9][10] Simonetta Di Pippo, currently the director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, has acknowledged the work of For All Moonkind and confirmed that UNOOSA supports and facilitates international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space.[11] In November 2017, the UNOOSA United Arab Emirates High Level Forum 2017 acknowledged the work of For All Moonkind and recommended that the international community should consider proclaiming universal heritage sites in outer space.[12] In January 2018, a draft resolution was considered by the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Scientific and Technical Subcommittee recommended the creations of "a universal space heritage sites programme ... with specific focus on sites of special relevance on the Moon and other celestial bodies."[13]

One of the first human steps on the Moon

For All Moonkind is also working directly private companies to preserve human heritage in outer space. German company PTScientists, which is planning to send a rover to revisit the Apollo 17 landing site, was the first private company to make a public pledge of support for For All Moonkind.[14]

In February 2018, For All Moonkind was named a Top Ten Innovator in Space in 2018 "for galvanizing agencies to preserve Moon artifacts."[15] The honor was repeated in 2019 when the organization was recognized for its innovative "campaign to create and international agreement to preserve human artifacts in space."[16] In May 2018, the organization announced that it is teaming up with TODAQ Financial to map heritage sites on the Moon using blockchain.[17] In December 2018, the United Nations General Assembly granted to For All Moonkind Observer status, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending on the status of their application for consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.[18]

In spring 2019, For All Moonkind worked closely with the office of Gary Peters to develop the One Small Step Act, legislation designed to permanently protect the Apollo landing sites from intentional and unintentional disturbances by codifying existing NASA preservation recommendations.[19] The bipartisan bill, which was cosponsored by Senator Ted Cruz was passed unanimously by the United States Senate on 18 July 2019. In the United States House of Representatives, it was cosponsored by Representatives Eddie Bernice Johnson, Brian Babin, Kendra Horn, Frank Lucas (Oklahoma politician), Lizzie Fletcher and Brian Fitzpatrick (American politician).[20] It was passed by the United States House of Representatives in December 2020 and became law on 31 December 2021.[21]

In October 2020, the United States and seven other countries signed the Artemis Accords. Section 9 of the Accords specifically includes the agreement to preserve outer space heritage, which the signatories consider to comprise historically significant human or robotic landing sites, artifacts, spacecraft, and other evidence of activity, and to contribute to multinational efforts to develop practices and rules to do so. This is the first time the protection of human heritage in space has ever been referenced in a multilateral agreement. As of 30 October, a total of 13 nations have signed the Accords.

In March 2021, the organization revealed the first-of-its-kind digital registry of all the historic landing sites on the Moon. The For All Moonkind Moon Registry is free to all. Astronaut and second-to-last human on the Moon, Harrison Schmitt called the registry a "worthy cause", while fellow astronaut and moonwalker Charles Duke said it is a "spectacular resource". Neil Armstrong biographer James Hansen calls it "an all-access pass to the history of human activity on the Moon."[22]

In March 2023, the organization formed the Institute on Space Law and Ethics a "new nonprofit organization will go beyond advocating for protecting off-world heritage sites and contemplate the ethics around some activities in space that are not fully covered in existing international law."[23] While Space ethics is a discipline that discusses the moral the ethical implications of space exploration the Institute on Space Law and Ethics will look to address current issues in space exploration.

Human heritage in outer space

Space heritage has been defined as heritage related to the process of carrying our science in space; heritage related to crewed space flight/exploration; and human cultural heritage that remains off the surface of planet Earth.[24] The field of space archaeology is the research-based study of all the various human-made items in outer space.[25] Human heritage in outer space includes Tranquility Base (Apollo 11's lunar landing site) and the robotic and crewed sites that preceded and followed Apollo 11. This also comprises all the Luna programme vehicles, including the Luna 2 (first object) and Luna 9 (first soft-landing) missions, the Surveyor program and the Yutu rover.

Human heritage in outer space also includes satellites like Vanguard 1 and Asterix-1 which, though nonoperational, remain in orbit.

History

The organization was founded by Tim and Michelle Hanlon in 2017.

In February 2018, For All Moonkind was named a Top Ten Innovator in Space in 2018 "for galvanizing agencies to preserve Moon artifacts."[26] The honor was repeated in 2019 when the organization was recognized for its innovative "campaign to create and international agreement to preserve human artifacts in space."[16]

In May 2018, the organization announced that it is teaming up with TODAQ Financial to map heritage sites on the Moon using blockchain.[17]

In December 2018, the United Nations General Assembly granted to For All Moonkind observer status, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending on the status of their application for consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.[18]

In spring 2019, For All Moonkind worked closely with the office of Gary Peters to develop the One Small Step Act, legislation designed to permanently protect the Apollo landing sites from intentional and unintentional disturbances by codifying existing NASA preservation recommendations.[19] The bipartisan bill, which was cosponsored by Senator Ted Cruz was passed unanimously by the United States Senate on 18 July 2019. It passed the House in December 2020 and became law on 31 December 2020.[21]

Leadership and Advisory Councils

For All Moonkind is an entirely volunteer endeavor with a Leadership Board and three Advisory Councils. The team includes space lawyers and policymakers, scientists and technical experts – including space archaeologists – and communications professionals from around the world.

Noteworthy members include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Balli, Cecilia. "We Made History on the Moon. But How Do We Preserve It?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Lyca, Lim. "For All Moonkind Organization Advocates to Protect the Moon". Blastingnews.com. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  3. ↑ Georgetown University. "Moon Mission: Georgetown Grads Seek to Protect Lunar Landing Sites". Georgetown.edu. Georgetown University. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  4. ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel. "The Nonprofit Wants to Protect the Lunar Landing Sites". Motherboard. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  5. ↑ "For All Moonkind: Protect the Apollo Landing Sites!". Leonarddavid.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  6. ↑ Shepherd, Ken. "Nonprofit Group Calls for U.N. Protection of Lunar Landing Sites, Moon-Mission Artifacts". The Washington Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  7. ↑ Wall, Mike. "New Group Works to Preserve Apollo Lunar Landing Sites". Scientific American. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Mike Wall (16 August 2017). "Moon History: Group Works to Protect Apollo Landing Sites". Space.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  9. ↑ Balli, Cecilia. "We Made History on the Moon. But How Do We Preserve It?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  10. ↑ Bachman, Justin. "The Battle for the Moon Begins". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  11. ↑ Kriening, Torsten (29 October 2017). "#SpaceWatchME Interviews: Simonetta di Pippo of UNOOSA About the High Level Forum Dubai 2017". SpaceWatch.Global. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  12. ↑ "HLF2017 Recommendations" (PDF). Unoosa.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  13. ↑ "A/AC.105/C.1/L.364 - Space 2030: Draft resolution on space as a driver of sustainable development". Unoosa.org.
  14. ↑ "Private space company to return to Apollo 17 landing site – carefully!". Spacewatchme.com. 7 December 2017.
  15. ↑ "The World's Most Innovative Companies 2018". Fast Company. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  16. 1 2 "For All Moonkind: Most Innovative Company". Fastcompany.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  17. 1 2 "Nonprofit Wants to Map Lunar Heritage Sites Using Blockchain". Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  18. 1 2 "Draft report: Chapter III Recommendations and decisions" (PDF). Vienna: UN General Assembly Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. 28 June 2018.
  19. 1 2 Runkle, Anne (17 July 2019). "U.S. Senate passes Gary Peters' legislation to protect Apollo moon landing sites". The Oakland Press. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022.
  20. ↑ "Cosponsors - H.R.3766 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act". Congress.gov. 16 July 2019.
  21. 1 2 "New law is first to protect Apollo sites from future moon missions". 1 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  22. ↑ "'Moon Registry' catalogs human heritage left behind on lunar surface". Collectspace.com.
  23. ↑ "Lunar Laws Could Protect the Moon from Humanity".
  24. ↑ "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal - Show theme". 3.astronomicalheritage.net. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  25. ↑ Smith, Kiona. "Is Space the Next Frontier for Archaeology". Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  26. ↑ "The World's Most Innovative Companies 2018". Fastcompany.com. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  27. ↑ "McCune on Westwood and O'Leary and Donaldson, 'The Final Mission: Preserving NASA's Apollo Sites' | H-FedHist | H-Net". Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
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