Fausta
Augusta
Female head statue
Fausta, most probably before her marriage to Constantine, Louvre
Roman empress
Tenure307–326
Born289
Rome, Italy
Died326 (aged 37)
SpouseConstantine I
Issue
DynastyConstantinian
FatherMaximian
MotherEutropia

Flavia Maxima Fausta Augusta[lower-alpha 1] (289–326 AD) was a Roman empress. She was the daughter of Maximian and wife of Constantine the Great, who had her executed and excluded from all official accounts for unknown reasons. Historians Zosimus and Zonaras reported that she was executed for adultery with her stepson, Crispus.

Family

Fausta was the daughter of the emperor Maximian and his wife Eutropia. To seal the alliance between them for control of the Tetrarchy, Maximian married her to Constantine I in 307.[1]

Constantine at first tried to present Maximian’s suicide as an unfortunate tragedy, but later started spreading another version where Fausta was involved in her father’s downfall. Barnes observed that the story “shows clear signs of being invented during Constantine’s war against Maxentius.”[2]

During her marriage, she had 5 children.[3] Fausta held the title of nobilissima femina up until 324,[4] when Constantine held her in high enough regard to grant her the title of augusta, which she received together with Constantine’s mother Helena.[5][6][7]

Execution

In 326, Fausta was put to death by Constantine, following the execution of Crispus, his eldest son by Minervina.[5] The circumstances surrounding the two deaths were unclear. Various explanations have been suggested; in one, Fausta is set jealously against Crispus, as in the anonymous Epitome de Caesaribus,[8] or conversely her adultery, perhaps with the stepson who was close to her in age, is suggested.

According to the Latin Epitome de Caesaribus and the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius (as epitomized by Photius), Fausta was executed by being locked in a bath which was over heated,[8] in connection with the death of Crispus, which "people [thought]" was caused by Fausta's accusation of unclear nature.

But Constantine, having obtained rule over the whole Roman Empire by remarkable success in wars, ordered his son Crispus to be put to death, at the behest (so people think) of his wife Fausta. Later he locked his wife Fausta in overheated baths and killed her, because his mother Helena blamed him out of excessive grief for her grandson.[9]

Zosimus, on the other hand, suggests adultery as the reason:

He killed Crispus, who had been deemed worthy of the rank of Caesar, as I have said before, when he incurred suspicion of having sexual relations with his stepmother Fausta, without taking any notice of the laws of nature. Constantine’s mother Helena was distressed at such a grievous event and refused to tolerate the murder of the young man. As if to soothe her [feelings] Constantine tried to remedy the evil with a greater evil: having ordered baths to be heated above the normal level, he deposited Fausta in them and brought her out when she was dead.[10]

In Zonaras' version written in the 12th century, Crispus' death was caused by Fausta's retaliatory accusation of rape following her unsuccessful sexual advances toward him. But when Constantine realized his innocence, he punished her, mirroring the myth of Phaedra and Hippolytus.[11] Scholars have noted that if Crispus was found to be innocent, his condemnation of memory should have been lifted, but it was not.[12][13][14]

David Woods, noting the unusual manner of her death, suggests that Crispus and Fausta were not actually executed. He offers the connection of overheated bathing with contemporaneous techniques of abortion,[15] a suggestion that implies an unwanted, adulterous pregnancy from her relationship with Crispus[16] and a fatal accident during the abortion.

Fausta, as Salus, holding her two sons, Constantine II and Constantius II

Constantine I ordered the damnatio memoriae of Fausta and Crispus around 326 with the result that no contemporary source records details of her fate: "Eusebius, ever the sycophant, mentions neither Crispus nor Fausta in his Life of Constantine, and even wrote Crispus out of the final version of his Ecclesiastical History (HE X.9.4)", Constantine's biographer Paul Stephenson observes.[17] Although Julian praised Fausta in his panegyric to Constantius II,[18] there is no other evidence of her memory being rehabilitated.[19][6]

Fausta is an important antagonist in Dorothy L. Sayers' chronicle-play The Emperor Constantine (1951). In addition, Fausta was portrayed by Belinda Lee in the film Constantine and the Cross (1961).

Notes

  1. ↑ She received the honorific Augusta in 324 AD.

References

  1. ↑ Drijvers 1992, p. 500.
  2. ↑ Barnes 1973, p. 41-42.
  3. ↑ Hans Pohlsander, Fausta (293-326 A.D.)
  4. ↑ Drijvers 1992, p. 500-501.
  5. 1 2 Woods 1998, p. 70.
  6. 1 2 Drijvers 1992, p. 501.
  7. ↑ Stephenson 2010, p. 217.
  8. 1 2 Woods 1998, p. 70-71.
  9. ↑ Epitome de Caesaribus, 42.11–12
  10. ↑ Barnes, Timothy. Constantine Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, 145.
  11. ↑ Garland, Lynda. Questions of Gender in Byzantine Society, 108.
  12. ↑ Drijvers 1992, p. 505.
  13. ↑ Stephenson 2010, p. 221.
  14. ↑ Woods 1998, p. 73.
  15. ↑ Woods 1998, p. 76.
  16. ↑ Stephenson 2010, p. 222.
  17. ↑ Stephenson 2010, p. 220.
  18. ↑ Julian, "Panegyric in honour of Constantius", 9. The full text of Panegyric in honour of Constantius at Wikisource
  19. ↑ Pohlsander 1996, p. 54.

Bibliography

  • (in French) Jean-Luc Desnier, Zosime II, 29 et la mort de Fausta, Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, n°3, octobre 1987. pp. 297–309 read on line.
  • (in Spanish) Esteban Moreno Resano, 'Las ejecuciones de Crispo, Licinio el Joven y Fausta (año 326 d.C.): nuevas observaciones', Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol.41, n° 1 (2015) pp. 177–200 read on line.
  • (in French) Gérard Minaud, Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, ch. 12, La vie de Fausta, femme de Constantin, pp. 285–305.
  • Barnes, T. D. (7 December 1973). "Lactantius and Constantine". The Journal of Roman Studies. 63: 29–46. doi:10.2307/299163. JSTOR 299163. S2CID 163051414.
  • Drijvers, Jan Willem (1992). "Flavia Maxima Fausta: Some Remarks". Historia. 41 (4): 500–506. JSTOR 4436264.
  • Pohlsander, Hans A. (1996). The Emperor Constantine. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31938-2.
  • Stephenson, Paul (2010). Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor. London, Quercus. ISBN 978-1-4683-0300-1.
  • Woods, David (1998). "On the Death of the Empress Fausta". Greece & Rome. 45 (1): 70–86. doi:10.1093/gr/45.1.70.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fausta.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.