Le fiacre by Édouard Manet (1878)
Title page of Gustave Pick's "Fiakerlied"

A fiacre is a form of hackney coach, a horse-drawn four-wheeled carriage for hire. In Vienna such cabs are called Fiaker.

Origin

The earliest use of the word in English is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as from 1699 ("Fiacres or Hackneys, hung with Double Springs").[1] The name is derived indirectly from Saint Fiacre; the Hôtel de Saint Fiacre in Paris rented carriages from about the middle of the seventeenth century.[2] Saint Fiacre was adopted as the cab drivers' patron saint because of the association of his name with the carriage.[3]

In Paris

In 1645, Nicholas Sauvage, a coachbuilder from Amiens, decided to set up a business in Paris hiring out horses and carriages by the hour. He established himself in the Hôtel de Saint Fiacre and hired out his four-seater carriages at a rate of 10 sous an hour. Within twenty years, Sauvage's idea had developed into the first citywide public transport system: les carosses à 5 sous ("5-sou carriages"). These 8-seater carriages, forerunners of the modern bus, were put into service on five "lines" between May and July 1662, but had disappeared from the streets of Paris by 1679, almost certainly because of the spiralling cost of fares.[4]

Although the public transport system had suffered a temporary demise, private hirers were quick to fill the gaps with carriages including the "vinaigrette", a two-wheeled chair powered and guided by two people; the cabriolet, a dangerous two-wheeled buggy pulled by a single horse; and the more traditional four-wheeled fiacres. By the time of the Revolution there were more than 800 fiacres operating in Paris.[4]

In 1855, Napoléon III instigated a monopoly control of the fiacres of Paris via the Compagnie Impériale des Voitures à Paris (CIV), which by 1860 operated 3,830 fiacres and owned 8,000 horses; in this year the CIV carried over 10 million passengers.[5] Fiacre drivers earned about three francs a day, plus two francs in tips.[6] In 1866 the CIV lost its monopoly status and became a Société Anonyme. It began to use motorized vehicles in 1898 but was still operating 3500 horse-drawn vehicles in 1911.[7]

In the 1890s the Parisian music-hall singer Yvette Guilbert introduced a popular song, Le fiacre, in which an aged husband sees his wife in a fiacre with her lover.[8]

In Vienna

In Vienna such cabs are called Fiaker.[9] They featured in popular music, such as Gustav Pick's song, the "Fiakerlied". Fiaker and their drivers also featured in operas of Johann Strauss II and in Richard Strauss's opera Arabella (where the second act takes place at the fiaker-drivers' ball).[10]

Today

Fiacres still survive in Vienna[9] and other European travel centres as tourist attractions.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Fiacre" in Oxford English Dictionary online, (subscription required), accessed 15 June 2014
  2. ↑ Marius, Richard, "Vita – Saint Fiacre", Harvard Magazine, 1998, accessed 15 June 2014.
  3. ↑ Finley (2010), p. 23.
  4. 1 2 Mellot and Blancart (2006), p. 7.
  5. ↑ Papayanis (1985), p. 307.
  6. ↑ Papayanis (1985), p. 308.
  7. ↑ "Les Compagnies de Fiacres" in Taxi de la Marne website, (in French), accessed 18 June 2014.
  8. ↑ Rearick (1998), 48.
  9. 1 2 Through Vienna in a horse-drawn carriage Vienna Tourist Board, accessed 11 July 2014
  10. ↑ Arabella synopsis Archived 2014-07-25 at the Wayback Machine on Vienna State Opera website, accessed 16 July 2014.

Sources

  • Finley, Mitch (2010). The Patron Saints Handbook, accessed on Google Books, 9 July 2014. Frederick, Maryland: The Word Among Us. ISBN 9781593251697.
  • Mellot, Philippe and Blancart, Hippolyte (2006). Paris au temps des fiacres,(in French), accessed on Google Books, 9 July 2014. Paris: Editions de Borée. ISBN 9782844944320.
  • Papayanis, Nicholas (1985). "The Coachmen of Paris: A Statistical Profile", in Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20/2, April 1985, pp. 305–321.
  • Rearick, Charles (1988). "Song and Society in Turn-of-the-Century France" in Journal of Social History, Vol. 22/1, Autumn 1988, pp. 45–63.
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