The Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN), formerly known as the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, is a Saskatchewan-based First Nations organization. It represents 74 First Nations in Saskatchewan and is committed to honouring the spirit and intent of the Numbered Treaties, as well as the promotion, protection and implementation of these promises made over a century ago.

Early history

Precursors[1][2] to the FSIN include, in 1919, the establishment of the Indian League of Canada or League of Indians of Canada,[3] based in Ontario, that led to the league holding an annual congress in Saskatchewan, in 1921, at the Thunderchild First Nation. In 1929, The League of Indians of Western Canada is formed, with John Tootoosis of the Poundmaker First Nation the first president. In 1933, a group of Saskatchewan "Treaty #4 First Nations; Pasqua, Piapot, and Muscowpetung,"[4] known as the Allied Bands, reorganize to become the Saskatchewan Treaty Protection Association then later, Protective Association for Indians and their Treaties.[4] In 1943, The Association of Saskatchewan Indians, led by Joe Dreaver, is formed and quickly grows to become one of the largest bodies representing First Nations in the province.[4]

Then "the Premier of Saskatchewan, T.C. Douglas became involved. Premier Douglas was concerned about the plight of First Nations people in Saskatchewan. He was interested in helping to unite the three major First Nations organizations in the province."[4] Chiefs and leaders gathered in Fort Qu'Appelle in 1946, amalgamating provincial groups to become the Union of Saskatchewan Indians with John Tootoosis as president.[1][5][6] The union was created with the merger of at least two other groups, the Protective Association for the Indians and their Treaties, and the Association of Saskatchewan Indians, (officially incorporated in 1945 with Joe Dreaver as president).

In 1958, the First Nations leaders gathered in Fort Qu'Appelle once again, and reviewed the constitution of the union, replacing it with a new organization that more fairly represented the First Nations reality, the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians,[1] and organized as a non-profit.[2] It was decided that the organization be looked upon as a federation of bands and that the power reside in the hands of the Chiefs. The union dropped its non-profit status and evolved into the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations at the convention of 69 Saskatchewan Indian Chiefs in April 1982 (held the same time as the Canadian Constitution was signed, see Treaties section below).[7] The political convention outlined a governing structure that consisted of the Chiefs-in-Assembly, a Senate, an Elders' Council, an executive council and an Indian Government Commission for the FSIN.

In May 2016 the FSIN Chiefs-in-Assembly voted to change the name to the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations, retaining the acronym FSIN.[8]

Early activism

The intent of FSIN and its precursors, was the defense and protection treaty rights, land and resources, and came from the desire to "foster [the] economic, educational and social growth"[2] of their people.

Land

Saskatchewan Indian Agricultural Program (SIAP)

Government policies ensured that First Nations farmers found it difficult to farm.[9][10][11] With the advent of SIAP (Saskatchewan Indian Agriculture/al Program) governments were passing some control over to indigenous farmers[12] and "...SIAP offered opportunities for Aboriginal peoples to learn about and gain skills in the agricultural sector"[13][14] "In the 1970s [the 60's according to the SIAP history in Appendix 5 of the Williams report[15]], the groundwork was laid by the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians, the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture, the University of Saskatchewan and the Department of Indian and Northern Development" for SIAP. Another source reports Harold Greyeyes and the "Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Administration (ARDA), in co-operation with the FSIN," established SIAP in 1974.[16] A third source states "SIAP was created under the guidance of Alex Kennedy,[17] a First Nations farmer born in Little Pine First Nation, the first chairman of SIAP – and the second chairman of the former FSIN."[18] Regardless, SIAP was funded in 1975, incorporated in 1978 (with a new logo designed by indigenous artist Gerald McMaster[19]), and ended in 1995,[12][20][10] though another source states 2002.[18]

SIAP aimed to 'promote interest in the agriculture industry, develop economically viable farm units and to improve the productive capacity of Indian reserve lands.'[21][20] Alex Kennedy "envisioned farming and agriculture as ideal initiatives to regain lands leased out to non-Indigenous farmers and carve out an agricultural economy for Indigenous communities. A significant component of the SIAP strategy was education and training courses to integrate both farming techniques and farm business literacy to prospective First Nations farmers."[18] In 1977, SIAP was described as "originally intended to establish 350 individual farm units over the initial 5 year period. However, the thrust of the program is being modified with major emphasis now on the development of large (5-10,000 acre) band owned farms."[22] An article published by the Ag. Rep. in the February 1979 Saskatchewan Indian profiles only four successful band farms, including Star Blanket, and notes reasons for the failure of others.[23] SIAP and its efforts were also profiled in 1981.[24] As of 1989, "SIAP has diversified its activities into a number of areas, including wild rice, alfalfa farming, ethanol production, game ranching (deer, buffalo, elf), and fish farming."[25] "At its 'zenith … [SIAP] created 600 viable farm units, a marketing company, a loan company and a venture capital company' (Saskatchewan Agriculture Hall of Fame 2014)."[18] In 1993, Ken Thomas made a presentation to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, outlining the successes of the program.[26] Gerald Starr, a Tom Longboat Award Winner from 1952, manager of Star Blanket Farm,[23][27] is recorded as chairman of the board in the 1980s.[10][28][29][30]

  • Saskatchewan Indian Agricultural Program (SIAP) - 4H Program.[15] SIAP organized and funded the successful "Indian 4-H" program until it reportedly ended around 1980[31] or 1990.[32][33][13] Harold Greyeyes worked with the 4-H program for many years.[16]
  • SIAP Marketing Co. Inc.(incorporated 1984), a subsidiary of SIAP Inc. eventually became Grey Owl Marketing, to market wild rice, and industry encouraged and supported by SIAP.[34] Gerald Starr is also recorded as chairman of the board for this subsidiary.[15]
  • SIAP set up the Saskatchewan Indian Loan Company (SILCO) to make agricultural loans to First Nations farmers.[35] It later amalgamated with the Saskatchewan Indian Equity Company as did Inpro West Investment Corporation (INPRO), in 2002–03.[36]

Treaties

"Although small portions of present-day Saskatchewan include lands from Treaty 2 (1871) and Treaty 7 (1877), the five major historical or numbered treaties of this province are Treaty 4 (1874), Treaty 5 (1875–76), Treaty 6 (1876), Treaty 8 (1899–1900), and Treaty 10 (1906–07)."[37]

Over many years the FSI attempted to be recognized and participate in discussions and decisions around the "repatriation" of the Constitution of Canada. These efforts are reported in the Saskatchewan Indian (see Publications below). In April 1982 (the same month the Constitution was signed) the First Nations signed the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Convention, and agreed to unite in a common front to protect and preserve First Nations' Treaty rights and their political, economic, social and cultural characteristics.

In 1989 the FSIN and the Government of Canada agreed to "create an independent and impartial office which, at that time, would serve to research and provide recommendations on the issues of treaty land entitlement and education for First Nations in Saskatchewan," called the Office of the Treaty Commissioner (1991?-1996). This office's mandate was expanded and the term extended for another five years (1997–2002)[38] which then stretched to ten years.[39] This Office remains in existence today.

Education and society

Colleges

SIAP offered courses in the agricultural sector,[13][14] sometimes through or at the premises of the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College and/or the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College and/or at the Saskatchewan Indian Community College.

The Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College was established in 1972.[40] Its name changed to Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre[2] and eventually, the Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre (SICC) in 2016.[41] It was established as a teaching institution to strengthen and support the overall First Nations education and cultural awareness of First Nations People. It was the first First Nations controlled educational institution serving at the provincial level.[4]

The Saskatchewan Indian Federated College, proposed in 1971[42] and an eventual spin-off of the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural College, was established in 1976 and immediately federated with the University of Regina in May of that same year.[43] "Initially, it offered a Bachelor of Arts Program in Indian Studies within the Faculty of Arts. Other accredited programs were subsequently developed and implemented: Indian Art, Indian Education, Indian Management and Administration, and Indian Social Work Education. All these programs are academically integrated with their respective University of Regina facilities. Ida Wasacase was the first director of the SIFC."[43] Blair Stonechild (Muscowpetung) was the first lecturer. In 1996, 30 years after inception, it remained "the only Indian-controlled, university-level college in the country."[43] In 2003, its name changed to the First Nations University of Canada[2][42] and gained a new vision statement “The First Nations University of Canada provides an opportunity for students of all nations to learn in an environment of First Nations cultures and values. The university is a special place of learning where we recognize the spiritual power of knowledge and where knowledge is respected and promoted,”[42] and a new building by Indigenous architect Douglas Cardinal.

Founded as the Saskatchewan Indian Community College in 1976, apparently as an off-shoot of the Federated College[44] with a focus on adult education programs, and awarding certificates and diplomas in various technological and vocational fields,[42] SICC's name changed to Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies[2] (SIIT) in 1985.[44] In 2000, the province enacted the Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies Act that acknowledged the school as a full, post-secondary institution.[45]

Selection of publications

The Worldcat Identities database record for the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians clearly shows a time frame for their publications, based on items held at various libraries. Roughly 84 works from 1970 to 1985 are recorded, published in one language. The Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Identity record clearly shows a stronger record of publishing, with roughly 168 works in more languages (4), from 1982–1983 to 2015–2016. There have not been a significant number of publications held at libraries, published by the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations. There have been publications from committees and task forces, plus the colleges and University, not included under the names listed above. The Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre holds a number of items, searchable in their library catalogue.

  • The Saskatchewan Indian [journal], 1970-1983(?) or 2011. Originally published by FSI, FSIN, then by the Saskatchewan Indian Media Corporation (funded 1987–1990).[46]
    • In July 1979 the Saskatchewan Indian produced an issue titled The Constitutional Journey[47] outlining indigenous efforts to be recognized and involved in deliberations around the Constitution.
    • April 1982 the "Constitution Special Issue" published, dated the same day the Constitution of Canada was signed. It covered the history, law and politics of indigenous efforts to be recognized and included in the process of repatriation [the Constitution] and Canada acquiring independence. Articles document efforts to be included in the process, including the work of FSI's Constitution Commission (pre-repatriation efforts).[48]
  • Principles of Indian Government, 1975 and/or 1977 [unpublished but much quoted].
  • Opekokew, Delia (ed). The First Nations: Indian Government and the Canadian Confederation. Federation of Saskatchewan Indians, 1980.
  • Opekokew, Delia. The First Nations: Indian Government and the Community of Man, 1982.
  • Ahenakew, Freda. Nēhiyaw nikamona: songs in Cree and English. Saskatoon: Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, 1986.
  • Ahenakew, Freda, and Shirley M. Fredeen. Our language, our survival. Saskatoon: Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, 1987.

Economy

Saskatchewan Indian Equity Foundation, established in 1986,[2] is now the Saskatchewan Indian Equity Foundation, Inc. In 2002–03 it amalgamated with SIAP's Saskatchewan Indian Loan Company and the Inpro West Investment Corporation (INPRO).[36]

Honours awarded

The Chiefs Assembly honoured Gwendolyn Lucy O'Soup Crane for her lifetime achievements and recognized her as Canada's first female, First Nations Chief (of The Key First Nation), first elected under the current electoral system.[49][50][51]

List of presidents and chiefs

Presidents and chiefs of the FSI and FSIN include:[52]

  • John Tootoosis (1958–1961)
  • David Knight (1961–1964)
  • Wilfred Bellegarde (1964–66)
  • Walter Deiter (1966–68)
  • David Ahenakew (1968–1978)
  • Albert Bellegarde (1978–1979)
  • Sol Sanderson (1979–1986)
  • Roland Crowe (1986–1994)
  • Blaine Favel (1994–1998)
  • Perry Bellegarde (1998–2003)
  • Alphonse Bird (2003–2006)
  • Lawrence Joseph (2006–2009)
  • Guy Lonechild (2009–2011)
  • Morley Watson, interim (2011–2012)
  • Perry Bellegarde (2012–2014)
  • Kim Jonathan, interim (2014–2015)
  • Bobby Cameron (2015–present)

[53]

List of Saskatchewan First Nations

NameLocationPopulationLanguageNumberSize
Carry the Kettle First Nation53 miles East of Regina along the TransCanada #1 Highway2387 (850 on reserve, 1537 off reserveNakota (Assiniboine)37815 km x 13 km
Cowesses First Nation20 kilometres North of Broadview, off highway #13526 (712 on reserve)Cree, Salteaux, English738 miles x 12 miles
Fishing Lake First NationNear Wadena1500Saulteaux390233 acres
George Gordon First Nation8 km from Punnichy, 125 km NE of Regina3106 (1100 on reserve)Cree and Saulteaux86145 square km
Kahkewistahaw First Nation150 km east of ReginaNilSaulteaux, Cree362Nil
Kawacatoose First NationNear Raymore, Quinton, Punnichy2746 (731 on reserve, 115 rural towns, 1900 urban / off reserve)Cree and Ojibway886 square km + 12,200 acres purchased land
Lac la Ronge First NationMulti-Community: Reserves at La Ronge, Stanley Mission, Grandmother's Bay, Little Red River, Sucker River and Hall Lake.8,666Woodland Cree3536 Reserve Communities and 18 Separate Reserve lands, with a total land mass of 107,001 acres. The acreage of each reserve ranges from .49 acres to 34,955 acres.
Piapot First Nation50 km NE of Regina in the Qu'Appelle Valley2020 (580 on reserve)Cree3856 miles x 5 miles
Sakimay First Nation100 km E of Regina1412Nakawe (Saulteaux)364Nil
Standing Buffalo Dakota First NationQu'Appelle Valley1,111Dakota3862,246.1 hectares
Poundmaker Cree First NationNorth Battleford1281 (505 on reserve)CreeNilNil
Little Pine First Nation53 km NW of BattlefordNilPlains CreeNilNil
Mosquito Grizzly Bear's Head First Nation30 km S of Battleford1243 (644 on reserve)AssiniboineNilNil
Lucky Man First Nation60 km E of North Battleford near MayfairNilNilNilNil
Day Star First NationNilNilNilNilNil
George Gordon First NationNilNilCree and SaulteauxNilNil
Muskowekwan First NationNilNilSaulteaux392Nil
Whitecap Dakota First Nation26 km S of Saskatoon521Dakota3724,913 acres
Yellow Quill First Nation267 km NE of SaskatoonNilSaulteaux3765,926.4 hectares
Big River First NationDebdenNilCree404119.648 km2
Pelican Lake First NationLeavilleNilNilNil191
Witchekan First NationSpiritwoodNilNilNilNil
Ahtahkakoop First NationShell Lake3,661Cree10442,866 acres
Moosomin First NationCochinNilCree11250,000 acres
Red Pheasant First NationCandoNilNilNilNil
Sweetgrass First NationGallivanNilNilNilNil
Young Chippewayan First NationGallivanNilNilNilNil
Little Black Bear First NationGoodeveNilNilNilNil
Muscowpetung First NationFort Qu'AppelleNilNilNilNil
Nekaneet First NationMaple CreekNilNilNilNil
Okanese First NationBalcarresNilNilNilNil
Pasqua First NationFort Qu'AppelleNilNilNilNil
Peepeekisis First NationBalcarresNilNilNilNil
Piapot First NationZehnerNilNilNilNil
Standing Buffalo First NationFort Qu'AppelleNilNilNilNil
Star Blanket First NationBalcarresNilNilNilNil
Wood Mountain First NationAssiniboiaNilNilNilNil
Birch Narrows First NationTurnor LakeNilNilNilNil
Buffalo River First NationDillonNilNilNilNil
Canoe Lake First NationCanoe NarrowsNilNilNilNil
Clearwater River Dene First NationLa LocheNilNilNilNil
English River First NationPatuanakNilNilNilNil
Flying Dust First NationMeadow LakeNilNilNilNil
Island Lake First NationLoon LakeNilNilNilNil
Makwa Sahgaiehcan First NationLoon LakeNilNilNilNil
Waterhen Lake First NationWaterhen LakeNilNilNilNil
Opawakoscikan First NationPrince AlbertNilNilNilNil
Black Lake Denesuline First NationBlack LakeNilNilNilNil
Cumberland House Cree First NationCumberland HouseNilNilNilNil
Fond Du Lac Denesuline First NationFond Du LacNilNilNilNil
Hatchet Lake Denesuline First NationWollaston LakeNilNilNilNil
James Smith First NationMelfortNilNilNilNil
Montreal Lake Cree First NationMontreal LakeNilNilNilNil
Peter Ballantyne Cree First NationPelican NarrowsNilNilNilNil
Red Earth First NationRed Earthon reserve population of approximately 1,300 members and 300 members residing off the reserve.CreeNilNil
Shoal Lake First NationPakwaw LakeNilCreeNilNil
Sturgeon Lake First NationShellbrookNilNilNilNil
Wahpetan Dakota First NationPrince AlbertNilNilNilNil
Kinistin Saulteaux First NationTisdaleNilNilNilNil
Mistawasis First NationLeaskNilNilNilNil
Muskeg Lake Cree First NationMarcelinNilNilNilNil
Muskoday First NationMuskodayNilNilCreeNil
One Arrow First NationBellevueNilNilNilNil
Ochapowace First NationWhitewoodNilNilNilNil
White Bear First NationCarlyleNilNilNilNil
Cote First NationKamsackNilNilNilNil
Kahkewistahaw First NationBroadviewNilNilNilNil
Keeseekoose First NationKamsackNilNilNilNil
Key First NationNorquayNilNilNilNil
Ocean Man First NationStoughtonNilNilNilNil
Beardy's & Okemasis First NationDuck Lake3,520 (approx. 1,400 O/R)Plains Cree#97&9650,274.97
Big Island First NationPiercelandNilNilNilNil
Chacachas First NationNilNilNilNilNil
Chakastapaysin First NationNilNilNilNilNil
Onion Lake Cree NationOnion LakeNilNilNilNil
Peter Chapman First NationNilNilNilNilNil
Pheasant Rump Nakota First Nation10 km north of KisbeyNilNilNilNil
Saulteaux First NationCochinNilNilNilNil
Thunderchild First NationTurtlefordNilNilNilNil

References

  1. 1 2 3 "10 Key dates in FSIN history". CBC News. CBC News. December 9, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thompson, Christian, ed. (2004). Saskatchewan First Nations: Lives Past and Present. University of Regina. Canadian Plains Research Center. pp. xv. ISBN 9780889771611.
  3. ↑ Joseph, Bob (2018). 21 Things you may not know about The Indian Act. Indigenous Relations Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780995266520.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "SICC History | SICC". Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  5. ↑ Murdoch-Kinnaird, Rauncie (1996). "The Union of Saskatchewan Indians: An Organization of Indian People for Indian People". Past Imperfect. 5: 119–139.
  6. ↑ Pitsula, James M. (Fall 1994). "The CCF Government and the Formation of the Union of Saskatchewan Indians" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 19[2]: 131–152.
  7. ↑ Knight, Harvey (September 1982). "Indian government - 400 years later". Saskatchewan Indian. 12 (7): 8–9.
  8. ↑ "Dropping the word Indian, FSIN chiefs vote to change organization's name | CBC News".
  9. ↑ Bateman, Rebecca. "Talking with the plow: Agricultural policy and Indian farming in the Canadian and US prairies" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 16[2]: 217–218.
  10. 1 2 3 Pratt, Sean (January 25, 2001). "Indian farmer urges united voice". The Western Producer.
  11. ↑ Carter, Sarah (1980). Lost harvests: Prairie Indian reserve farmers and government policy. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773507558.
  12. 1 2 Nickels, Bret (2003). A Field of Dreams: The Story of the Manitoba Indian Agricultural Program [thesis]. Manitoba: University of Manitoba: Faculty of Graduate Studies. p. 33.
  13. 1 2 3 University of Saskatchewan. University Archives and Special Collections. (n.d.). MG 571: Saskatchewan Indian Agricultural Program: Indian 4-H Program (PDF). University of Saskatchewan. University Archives and Special Collections.: University of Saskatchewan. University Archives and Special Collections. p. 1.
  14. 1 2 "Training Key to Farm Success". Saskatchewan Indian. 11 (5): 27–28. May 1981.
  15. 1 2 3 Williams, C.M. (September 30, 1993). Sectoral study - agriculture : Royal Commission on Aboriginal People. Report Number Z1-1991/1-41-30E-PDF (PDF). Ottawa: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. p. 111.
  16. 1 2 "Harold Greyeyes". Saskatchewan Agricultural Hall of Fame. 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Honorary Life Member - Diploma" (PDF). The SAGA. Saskatchewan Agricultural Graduates Association. 247: 1. March 2008.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Friedrichsen, Peter J. (2019). TAKING UP THE PLOW (AGAIN)? EXPLORING THE RESURGENCE OF FIRST NATIONS FARMING AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN (PDF). University of Regina: University of Regina. pp. 56, 69–70.
  19. ↑ "[Gerald McMaster c.v. from CCCA]". CCCA Canadian Art Database. n.d. Retrieved Feb 5, 2019.
  20. 1 2 Kennedy, Delvin (September–October 1980). "History And Future Of A Valuable Program - The Formation Of SIAP". Saskatchewan Indian. 10[9-10]: 22–23.
  21. ↑ First Nations Farming in Saskatchewan: Native Studies Thirty (PDF). Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Western Development Museum. 2008. p. 256.
  22. ↑ Program Support, Minister's Briefing, September 1977 (PDF). Canada. Department of Indian Affairs. 1977.
  23. 1 2 "Band Farms: Blessing Or Boondoggle". Saskatchewan Indian. 9[2]: 14–15. February 1979.
  24. ↑ "Meeting halfway". Saskatchewan Indian. 11 (8): 39–40. August 1981.
  25. ↑ Roles & responsibilities of boards of directors of aboriginal economic development organizations (PDF). Kitsaki Development Corporation. 1989. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-9695050-0-0.
  26. ↑ Thomas, Ken (May 10, 1993). "Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Ken Thomas for the Saskatchewan Indian Agriculture Program". kinanāskomitin: Our Legacy. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  27. ↑ Bland, Sue (July 29, 2013). "Remembering Gerry Starr". Poached Egg Woman. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  28. ↑ Ironstar, Martha (June 1981). "Ken Thomas discusses S.I.A.P. policy". Saskatchewan Indian. 11 (6): 38.
  29. ↑ Wuttunee, Deana (March 1981). "Agricultural students honored". Saskatchewan Indian. 11 (3): 5.
  30. ↑ "Saskatchewan Indian Farmers Reflect Their Successes Of 1980/81". Saskatchewan Indian. 11[7]: 43–44. July 1981.
  31. ↑ Rogers, Diane (January 27, 2005). "4-H provides funding to start aboriginal clubs". The Western Producer. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Cultivating the spirit [ad]" (PDF). Windspeaker. November 23, 1990. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  33. ↑ "10th Annual Indian 4-H camp". Shellbrook Chronicle. September 7, 1983. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Saskatchewan Wild Rice: A Community Collaboration | Aboriginal Access to Engineering". www.aboriginalaccess.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  35. ↑ Sommerville, Melanie (2019). Agrarian repair : agriculture, race and accumulation in contemporary Canada and South Africa (Thesis). University of British Columbia.
  36. 1 2 "History". www.sief.sk.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  37. ↑ "Indigenous Treaty Rights - Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia - University of Saskatchewan". teaching.usask.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  38. ↑ Cardinal, Harold; Hildebrandt, Walter (2000). Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day be Clearly Recognized as Nations. University of Calgary Press. pp. vii. ISBN 9781552380437.
  39. ↑ "History". www.otc.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  40. ↑ "Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre - Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia - University of Saskatchewan". teaching.usask.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  41. ↑ "SICC changes name to Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre". Alberta Native News. 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Crum, Steven (2015-02-23). "A History of the First Nations College Movement of Canada, 1969-2000". Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  43. 1 2 3 "SIFC celebrates 20 years of success in education". Ammsa.com. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  44. 1 2 "History | SIIT". siit.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  45. ↑ "School praised on 25 years of instruction". Ammsa.com. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  46. ↑ Demay, Joël (1991). "Culture and Media Use in Saskatchewan Indian Country". Canadian Journal of Communication. 16[3].
  47. ↑ Editorial Board (July 1979). "The Constitutional Journey". Saskatchewan Indian. 9 (7).
  48. ↑ Cuthand, Beth, ed. (April 1982). Saskatchewan Indian (Special Issue). {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ Hammond, Stephen (2017). "Human Rights a Day: August 12, 1930 - Gwen O'Soup Crane [podcast]". player.fm. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Gwen Crane: Obituary". The Leader-Post. August 12, 2005. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  51. ↑ Chaput, John (September 14, 2005). "GWEN CRANE, NATIVE ELDER 1930-2005". The Globe & Mail. p. S9.
  52. ↑ The Historical Formation of the FSIN, Saskatchewan Indian v30n2 (Spring 2000)
  53. ↑ http://www.fsin.com/
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