Inter Milan
Inside the inner blue circle, a cutout of the words "M" and "I" with the "I" cutting inside of the "M" around the white circle. The inner blue circle contains an outer circle in black.
Full nameFootball Club Internazionale Milano S.p.A.[1]
Nickname(s)
  • I Nerazzurri (The Black and Blues)
  • La Beneamata (The Well-Cherished One)
  • Il Biscione (The Big Grass Snake)
Short nameInter
Founded9 March 1908 (1908-03-09) (as Football Club Internazionale)
GroundGiuseppe Meazza
Capacity75,923
Owner
ChairmanSteven Zhang[7]
Head coachSimone Inzaghi
LeagueSerie A
2022–23Serie A, 3rd of 20
WebsiteClub website

Football Club Internazionale Milano, commonly referred to as Internazionale (pronounced [ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle]) or simply Inter, and colloquially known as Inter Milan in English-speaking countries,[8][9][10] is an Italian professional football club based in Milan, Lombardy. Inter is the only Italian side to have always competed in the top flight of Italian football since its debut in 1909.

Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club (now AC Milan), Inter won its first championship in 1910. Since its formation, the club has won 35 domestic trophies, including 19 league titles, 9 Coppa Italia, and 7 Supercoppa Italiana. From 2006 to 2010, the club won five successive league titles, equalling the all-time record at that time.[11] They have won the European Cup/Champions League three times: two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965, and then another in 2010. Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble, with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year.[12] The club has also won three UEFA Cups, two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup.

Inter's home games are played at the San Siro stadium, which they share with city rivals AC Milan. The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 75,817.[13] They have long-standing rivalries with Milan, with whom they contest the Derby della Madonnina, and Juventus, with whom they contest the Derby d'Italia; their rivalry with the former is one of the most followed derbies in football.[14] As of 2019, Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth highest attendance in Europe.[15] Since 2016, the club has been majority-owned by Chinese holding company Suning Holdings Group.[2] Inter is one of the most valuable clubs in Italian and world football.[16]

History

Foundation and early years (1908–1960)

Inter squad in 1910

"Questa notte splendida darà i colori al nostro stemma: il nero e l'azzurro sullo sfondo d'oro delle stelle. Si chiamerà Internazionale, perché noi siamo fratelli del mondo."

— 9 March 1908, Milan[17]

"This wonderful night bestows us with the colours of our crest: black and blue against a gilded backdrop of stars. It shall be called International, because we are brothers of the world."

— 9 March 1908, Milan

The club was founded on 9 March 1908 as Football Club Internazionale, following the schism with the Milan Cricket and Football Club (now AC Milan). The name of the club derives from the wish of its founding members to accept foreign players without limits as well as Italians.

The club won its first championship in 1910 and its second in 1920. The captain and coach of the first championship winning team was Virgilio Fossati, who was later killed in battle while serving in the Italian army during World War I. In 1922, Inter was at risk of relegation to the second division, but they remained in the top league after winning two play-offs.

Six years later, during the Fascist era, the club was forced to merge with the Unione Sportiva Milanese and was renamed Società Sportiva Ambrosiana.[18] During the 1928–29 season, the team wore white jerseys with a red cross emblazoned on it; the jersey's design was inspired by the flag and coat of arms of the city of Milan. In 1929, the new club chairman Oreste Simonotti changed the club's name to Associazione Sportiva Ambrosiana and restored the previous black-and-blue jerseys, however supporters continued to call the team Inter, and in 1931 new chairman Pozzani caved in to shareholder pressure and changed the name to Associazione Sportiva Ambrosiana-Inter.

Giuseppe Meazza still holds the record for the most goals scored in a debut season in Serie A, with 31 goals in his first season (1929–30).

Their first Coppa Italia (Italian Cup) was won in 1938–39, led by the iconic Giuseppe Meazza, after whom the San Siro stadium is officially named. A fifth championship followed in 1940, despite Meazza incurring an injury. After the end of World War II, the club regained its original name, winning its sixth championship in 1953 and its seventh in 1954.

Grande Inter (1960–1967)

In 1960, manager Helenio Herrera joined Inter from Barcelona, bringing with him his midfield general Luis Suárez, who won the European Footballer of the Year in the same year for his role in Barcelona's La Liga/Fairs Cup double. He would transform Inter into one of the greatest teams in Europe. He modified a 5–3–2 tactic known as the "Verrou" ("door bolt") which created greater flexibility for counterattacks. The catenaccio system was invented by an Austrian coach, Karl Rappan. Rappan's original system was implemented with four fixed defenders, playing a strict man-to-man marking system, plus a playmaker in the middle of the field who plays the ball together with two midfield wings. Herrera would modify it by adding a fifth defender, the sweeper or libero behind the two centre backs. The sweeper or libero who acted as the free man would deal with any attackers who went through the two centre backs. Inter finished third in the Serie A in his first season, second the next year and first in his third season. Then followed a back-to-back European Cup victory in 1964 and 1965, earning him the title "il Mago" ("the Wizard"). The core of Herrera's team were the attacking fullbacks Tarcisio Burgnich and Giacinto Facchetti, Armando Picchi the sweeper, Suárez the playmaker, Jair the winger, Mario Corso the left midfielder and Sandro Mazzola, who played on the inside-right.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

Sandro Mazzola played for the highly successful Inter team remembered by the name of "La Grande Inter", during the 1960s.

In 1964, Inter reached the European Cup Final by beating Borussia Dortmund in the semi-final and Partizan in the quarter-final. In the final, they met Real Madrid, a team that had reached seven out of the nine finals to date. Mazzola scored two goals in a 3–1 victory, and then the team won the Intercontinental Cup against Independiente.

A year later, Inter repeated the feat by beating two-time winner Benfica in the final held at home, from a Jair goal after have defeated Liverpool in semifinals recovery from a 3–1 with a 3–0, and then again beat Independiente in the Intercontinental Cup becoming the first European team to win two times in a row the competition. Inter in 1965 came close to win Treble for the first time in European football history after have won also Serie A title but lost 1965 Coppa Italia final played on 29 August 1965.

Inter reached again semifinals in 1966 but this time lost against Real Madrid that later will win the tournament.

In 1967 after Inter have eliminated Real Madrid in quarterfinals, with Suárez injured, Inter lost the European Cup Final on Lisbon 2–1 to Celtic. During that year the club changed its name to Football Club Internazionale Milano.

Subsequent achievements (1967–1991)

A line-up of F.C. Internazionale Milano during the Scudetto winning 1970–71 season

Following the golden era of the 1960s, Inter managed to win their eleventh league title in 1971 and their twelfth in 1980. Inter were defeated for the second time in five years in the final of the European Cup, going down 0–2 to Johan Cruyff's Ajax in 1972. During the 1970s and the 1980s, Inter also added two to its Coppa Italia tally, in 1977–78 and 1981–82.

Hansi Müller (1975–1982 VfB Stuttgart, 1982–1984 Inter Milan) and Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (1974–1984 Bayern Munich, 1984–1987 Inter Milan) played for Inter Milan. Led by the German duo of Andreas Brehme and Lothar Matthäus, and Argentine Ramón Díaz, Inter captured the 1989 Serie A championship. Inter were unable to defend their title, despite adding fellow German Jürgen Klinsmann to the squad and winning their first Supercoppa Italiana at the start of the season.

Mixed fortunes (1991–2004)

The 1990s was a period of disappointment. While their great rivals Milan and Juventus were achieving success both domestically and in Europe, Inter were left behind, with repeated mediocre results in the domestic league standings, their worst coming in 1993–94 when they finished just one point out of the relegation zone. Nevertheless, they achieved some European success with three UEFA Cup victories in 1991, 1994 and 1998.

With Massimo Moratti's takeover from Ernesto Pellegrini in 1995, Inter twice broke the world record transfer fee in this period (£19.5 million for Ronaldo from Barcelona in 1997 and £31 million for Christian Vieri from Lazio two years later).[25] However, the 1990s remained the only decade in Inter's history, alongside the 1940s, in which they did not win a single Serie A championship. For Inter fans, it was difficult to find who in particular was to blame for the troubled times and this led to some icy relations between them and the chairman, the managers and even some individual players.

Jerseys of Ronaldo (number 10), Zamorano (one plus eight) and Figo (seven) in the San Siro museum

Moratti later became a target of the fans, especially when he sacked the much-loved coach Luigi Simoni after only a few games into the 1998–99 season, having just received the Italian manager of the year award for 1998 the day before being dismissed. That season, Inter failed to qualify for any European competition for the first time in almost ten years, finishing in eighth place.

The following season, Moratti appointed former Juventus manager Marcello Lippi, and signed players such as Angelo Peruzzi and Laurent Blanc, together with other former Juventus players Vieri and Vladimir Jugović. The team came close to their first domestic success since 1989 when they reached the Coppa Italia final, only to be defeated by Lazio.

Inter's misfortunes continued the following season, losing the 2000 Supercoppa Italiana match against Lazio 4–3 after initially taking the lead through new signing Robbie Keane. They were also eliminated in the preliminary round of the Champions League by Swedish club Helsingborgs, with Álvaro Recoba missing a crucial late penalty. Lippi was sacked after only a single game of the new season following Inter's first ever Serie A defeat to Reggina. Marco Tardelli, chosen to replace Lippi, failed to improve results, and is remembered by Inter fans as the manager that lost 6–0 in the city derby against Milan. Other members of the Inter "family" during this period that suffered were the likes of Vieri and Fabio Cannavaro, both of whom had their restaurants in Milan vandalised after defeats to the Rossoneri.

In 2002, not only did Inter manage to make it to the UEFA Cup semi-finals, but were also only 45 minutes away from capturing the Scudetto when they needed to maintain their one-goal advantage away to Lazio. Inter were 2–1 up after only 24 minutes. Lazio equalised during first half injury time and then scored two more goals in the second half to clinch victory that eventually saw Juventus win the championship. The next season, Inter finished as league runners-up and also managed to make it to the 2002–03 Champions League semi-finals against Milan, losing on the away goals rule.

Comeback and unprecedented treble (2004–2011)

Inter won the 2004–05 Coppa Italia, beating Roma.

On 8 July 2004, Inter appointed former Lazio manager Roberto Mancini as its new head coach. In his first season, the team collected 72 points from 18 wins, 18 draws and only two losses, as well as winning the Coppa Italia and later the Supercoppa Italiana. On 11 May 2006, Inter retained their Coppa Italia title once again after defeating Roma with a 4–1 aggregate victory (a 1–1 scoreline in Rome and a 3–1 win at the San Siro).

Inter were awarded the 2005–06 Serie A championship retrospectively after title-winning Juventus was relegated and points were stripped from Milan due to the Calciopoli scandal. During the following season, Inter went on a record-breaking run of 17 consecutive victories in Serie A, starting on 25 September 2006 with a 4–1 home victory over Livorno, and ending on 28 February 2007, after a 1–1 draw at home to Udinese. On 22 April 2007, Inter won their second consecutive Scudetto—and first on the field since 1989—when they defeated Siena 2–1 at Stadio Artemio Franchi. Italian World Cup-winning defender Marco Materazzi scored both goals.[26]

Inter started the 2007–08 season with the goal of winning both Serie A and Champions League. The team started well in the league, topping the table from the first round of matches, and also managed to qualify for the Champions League knockout stage. However, a late collapse, leading to a 2–0 defeat with ten men away to Liverpool on 19 February in the Champions League, threw into question manager Roberto Mancini's future at Inter, while domestic form took a sharp turn of fortune, with the team failing to win in the three following Serie A games. After being eliminated by Liverpool in the Champions League, Mancini announced his intention to leave his job immediately only to change his mind the following day. On the final day of the 2007–08 Serie A season, Inter played Parma away, and two goals from Zlatan Ibrahimović sealed their third consecutive championship. Mancini, however, was sacked soon after due to his previous announcement to leave the club.[27]

Inter supporters during the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final at Santiago Bernabéu. In winning the final, Inter became the first Italian team to win the treble having also won the Serie A title and the Coppa Italia.

On 2 June 2008, Inter appointed former Porto and Chelsea boss José Mourinho as new head coach.[28] In his first season, the Nerazzurri won a Suppercoppa Italiana and a fourth consecutive title, though falling in the Champions League in the first knockout round for a third-straight year, losing to eventual finalist Manchester United. In winning the league title, Inter became the first club in the last 60 years to win the title for the fourth consecutive time and joined Torino and Juventus as the only clubs to accomplish this feat, as well as being the first club based outside Turin.

Inter won the 2009–10 Champions League, defeating reigning champions Barcelona in the semi-final before beating Bayern Munich 2–0 in the final with two goals from Diego Milito.[29] Inter also won the 2009–10 Serie A title by two points over Roma, and the 2010 Coppa Italia by defeating the same side 1–0 in the final.[30] This made Inter the first Italian team to win the treble.[31] At the end of the season, Mourinho left the club to manage Real Madrid;[32] he was replaced by Rafael Benítez.

On 21 August 2010, Inter defeated Roma 3–1 and won the 2010 Supercoppa Italiana, their fourth trophy of the year. In December 2010, they claimed the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time after a 3–0 win against Mazembe in the final.[33] However, after this win, on 23 December 2010, due to their declining performance in Serie A, the team fired Benítez.[34] He was replaced by Leonardo the following day.[35]

Leonardo started with 30 points from 12 games, with an average of 2.5 points per game, better than his predecessors Benítez and Mourinho. On 6 March 2011, Leonardo set a new Italian Serie A record by collecting 33 points in 13 games; the previous record was 32 points in 13 games made by Fabio Capello in the 2004–05 season. Leonardo led the club to the quarter-finals of the Champions League before losing to Schalke 04, and lead them to Coppa Italia title. At the end of the season, however, he resigned and was followed by new managers Gian Piero Gasperini, Claudio Ranieri and Andrea Stramaccioni, all hired during the following season.

Changes in ownership (2011–2019)

On 1 August 2012, the club announced that Moratti was to sell a minority interest of the club to a Chinese consortium led by Kenneth Huang.[36] On the same day, Inter announced an agreement was formed with China Railway Construction Corporation Limited for a new stadium project, however, the deal with the Chinese eventually collapsed.[37] The 2012–13 season was the worst in recent club history, with Inter finishing ninth in Serie A and failing to qualify for any European competitions. Walter Mazzarri was appointed to replace Stramaccioni as the manager for 2013–14 season on 24 May 2013, having ended his tenure at Napoli.[38] He guided the club to fifth in Serie A and to 2014–15 UEFA Europa League qualification.

Inter lining up before a Europa League match against Dnipro on 18 September 2014

On 15 October 2013, an Indonesian consortium (International Sports Capital HK Ltd.) led by Erick Thohir, Handy Soetedjo and Rosan Roeslani, signed an agreement to acquire 70% of Inter shares from Internazionale Holding S.r.l.[39][40][41] Immediately after the deal, Moratti's Internazionale Holding S.r.l. still retained 29.5% of the shares of FC Internazionale Milano S.p.A.[42] After the deal, the shares of Inter was owned by a chain of holding companies, namely International Sports Capital S.p.A. of Italy (for 70% stake), International Sports Capital HK Limited and Asian Sports Ventures HK Limited of Hong Kong. Asian Sports Ventures HK Limited, itself another intermediate holding company, was owned by Nusantara Sports Ventures HK Limited (60% stake, a company owned by Thohir), Alke Sports Investment HK Limited (20% stake) and Aksis Sports Capital HK Limited (20% stake).

Thohir, who also co-owned Major League Soccer (MLS) club D.C. United and Indonesia Super League (ISL) club Persib Bandung, announced on 2 December 2013 that Inter and D.C. United had formed a strategic partnership.[43] During the Thohir era the club began to modify its financial structure from one reliant on continual owner investment to a more self sustain business model although the club still breached UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations in 2015. The club was fined and received squad reduction in UEFA competitions, with additional penalties suspended in the probation period. During this time, Roberto Mancini returned as the club manager on 14 November 2014, with Inter finishing eighth. Inter finished 2015–2016 season fourth, failing to return to Champions League.

On 6 June 2016, Suning Holdings Group (via a Luxembourg-based subsidiary Great Horizon S.á r.l.) a company owned by Zhang Jindong, co-founder and chairman of Suning Commerce Group, acquired a majority stake of Inter from Thohir's consortium International Sports Capital S.p.A. and from Moratti family's remaining shares in Internazionale Holding S.r.l.[44] According to various filings, the total investment from Suning was €270 million.[45] The deal was approved by an extraordinary general meeting on 28 June 2016, from which Suning Holdings Group had acquired a 68.55% stake in the club.[46]

The first season of new ownership, however, started with poor performance in pre-season friendlies. On 8 August 2016, Inter parted company with head coach Roberto Mancini by mutual consent over disagreements regarding the club's direction.[47] He was replaced by Frank de Boer who was sacked on 1 November 2016 after leading Inter to a 4W–2D–5L record in 11 Serie A games as head coach.[48] The successor, Stefano Pioli, didn't save the team from getting the worst group result in UEFA competitions in the club's history.[49] Despite an eight-game winning streak, he and the club parted away before season's end when it became clear they would finish outside the league's top three for the sixth consecutive season.[50] On 9 June 2017, former Roma coach Luciano Spalletti was appointed as Inter manager, signing a two-year contract,[51] and eleven months later Inter clinched a UEFA Champions League group stage spot after going six years without Champions League participation thanks to a 3–2 victory against Lazio in the final game of 2017–18 Serie A.[52][53] Due to this success, in August the club extended the contract with Spalletti to 2021.[54]

On 26 October 2018, Steven Zhang was appointed as new president of the club.[55] On 25 January 2019, the club officially announced that LionRock Capital from Hong Kong reached an agreement with International Sports Capital HK Limited, in order to acquire its 31.05% shares in Inter and to become the club's new minority shareholder.[56] After the 2018–19 Serie A season, despite Inter finishing fourth, Spalletti was sacked.[57] In May 2021, American investment firm Oaktree Capital loaned Inter $336 million to cover losses incurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.[58]

Renewed successes (2019–present)

Inter players line up before a pre-season friendly against Salzburg in August 2023

On 31 May 2019, Inter appointed former Juventus and Italian manager Antonio Conte as their new coach, signing a three-year deal.[59] In September 2019, Steven Zhang was elected to the board of the European Club Association.[60] In the 2019–20 Serie A, Inter Milan finished as runner-up as they won 2–0 against Atalanta on the last matchday.[61] They also reached the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final, ultimately losing 3–2 to Sevilla.[62] Following Atalanta's draw against Sassuolo on 2 May 2021, Internazionale were confirmed as champions for the first time in eleven years, ending Juventus' run of nine consecutive titles.[63] However, despite securing Serie A glory, Conte left the club by mutual consent on 26 May 2021. The departure was reportedly due to disagreements between Conte and the board over player transfers.[64][65] In June 2021, Simone Inzaghi was appointed as Conte's replacement.[66] On 8 August 2021, Romelu Lukaku was sold to Chelsea for €115 million, representing the most expensive association football transfer by an Italian football club ever.[67][68]

On 12 January 2022, Inter won the Supercoppa Italiana, defeating Juventus 2–1 at San Siro. After conceding a goal to the opponent, Inter equalised with a penalty scored by Lautaro Martínez, and the match finished 1–1 in regulation time. In the last second of the extra-time, Alexis Sánchez scored the winning goal following a defensive error, giving Inter the first trophy of the season, also Simone Inzaghi's first trophy as Inter manager.[69] On 11 May 2022, Inter won the Coppa Italia defeating Juventus 4–2 at Stadio Olimpico. After normal time had ended 2–2, with Nicolò Barella and Hakan Çalhanoğlu scoring Inter's goals, Ivan Perišić's brace in the extra-time gave Inter the win and the second title of the season.[70] The 2021–22 Serie A campaign saw Inter finish in second place, being the most prolific attacking side with 84 goals.[71] On 18 January 2023, Inter won the Supercoppa Italiana, defeating Milan 3−0 at King Fahd International Stadium, thanks to goals from Federico Dimarco, Edin Džeko, and Lautaro Martinez.[72]

On 16 May 2023, Inter won against Milan in the semi-finals of 2022–23 UEFA Champions League and qualified for the final, the first time they have reached the final in the UEFA Champions League since 2010. However, they were defeated at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium 1−0 by Manchester City after a second half goal from Rodri.[73]

Colours and badge

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inter Milan kits.
1928–29 S.S. Ambrosiana in its white and red Crociata shirt

One of the founders of Inter, a painter named Giorgio Muggiani, was responsible for the design of the first Inter logo in 1908. The first design incorporated the letters "FCIM" in the centre of a series of circles that formed the badge of the club. The basic elements of the design have remained constant even as finer details have been modified over the years. Starting at the 1999–2000 season, the original club crest was reduced in size, to give place for the addition of the club's name and foundation year at the upper and lower part of the logo respectively.

In 2007, the logo was returned to the pre-1999–2000 era. It was given a more modern look with a smaller Scudetto star and lighter color scheme. This version was used until July 2014, when the club decided to undertake a rebranding.[74] The most significant difference between the current and the previous logo is the omission of the star from other media except match kits.[75]

Since its founding in 1908, Inter have almost always worn black and blue stripes, earning them the nickname Nerazzurri. According to the tradition, the colours were adopted to represent the nocturnal sky: in fact, the club was established on the night of 9 March, at 23:30; moreover, blue was chosen by Giorgio Muggiani because he considered it to be the opposite colour to red, worn by the Milan Cricket and Football Club rivals.[76][77]

During the 1928–29 season, however, Inter were forced to abandon their black and blue uniforms. In 1928, Inter's name and philosophy made the ruling Fascist Party uneasy; as a result, during the same year the 20-year-old club was merged with Unione Sportiva Milanese: the new club was named Società Sportiva Ambrosiana after the patron saint of Milan.[78] The flag of Milan (the red cross on white background) replaced the traditional black and blue.[79] In 1929 the black-and-blue jerseys were restored, and after World War II, when the Fascists had fallen from power, the club reverted to their original name. In 2008, Inter celebrated their centenary with a red cross on their away shirt. The cross is reminiscent of the flag of their city, and they continue to use the pattern on their third kit. In 2014, the club adopted a predominantly black home kit with thin blue pinstripes[80] before returning to a more traditional design the following season.

Animals are often used to represent football clubs in Italy – the grass snake, called Biscione, represents Inter. The snake is an important symbol for the city of Milan, appearing often in Milanese heraldry as a coiled viper with a man in its jaws. The symbol is present on the coat of arms of the House of Sforza (which ruled over Italy from Milan during the Renaissance period), the city of Milan, the historical Duchy of Milan (a 400-year state of the Holy Roman Empire) and Insubria (a historical region the city of Milan falls within). For the 2010–11 season, Inter's away kit featured the serpent.

Stadium

San Siro during an Inter match

The team's stadium is the 75,923 seat San Siro,[13] officially known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza after the former player who represented both Milan and Inter. The more commonly used name, San Siro, is the name of the district where it is located. San Siro has been the home of Milan since 1926, when it was privately built by funding from Milan's chairman at the time, Piero Pirelli. Construction was performed by 120 workers, and took 13+1⁄2 months to complete. The stadium was owned by the club until it was sold to the city in 1935, and since 1947 it has been shared with Inter, when they were accepted as joint tenant.

The first game played at the stadium was on 19 September 1926, when Inter beat Milan 6–3 in a friendly match. Milan played its first league game in San Siro on 19 September 1926, losing 1–2 to Sampierdarenese. From an initial capacity of 35,000 spectators, the stadium has undergone several major renovations. A major structural renovation was made for the 2016 UEFA Champions League Final while another one took place in late 2021 to host the UEFA Nations League final. The stadium is going to be refurbished again in time for Milano Cortina 2026.[81]

Based on the English model for stadiums, San Siro is specifically designed for football matches, as opposed to many multi-purpose stadiums used in Serie A. It is therefore renowned in Italy for its fantastic atmosphere during matches owing to the closeness of the stands to the pitch.

New Milano Stadium

Since 2012, various proposals and projects by Massimo Moratti have alternated regarding a possible construction of a new Inter stadium. [82] Between June and July 2019, Inter and Milan announced the agreement for the construction of a new shared stadium in the San Siro area.[83] In the winter of 2021, Giuseppe Sala, the mayor of Milan, gave the official permission for the construction of the new stadium next to San Siro that will be partially demolished and refunctionalised after the 2026 Olympic Games.[84] In early 2022, Inter and Milan revealed a "plan B" to relocate the construction of the new Milano stadium in the Greater Milan, away from San Siro area.[85]

Supporters and rivalries

Inter is one of the most supported clubs in Italy, according to an August 2007 research by Italian newspaper La Repubblica.[86] In the early years (until the First World War), Inter fans from the city of Milan were typically middle class, while Milan fans were typically working class.[77] During Massimo Moratti ownership Inter fans were viewed in a moderate left-political eye. At the same time during Silvio Berlusconi reign, Milan fans were viewed in a moderate/right political eye. Today, these divisions are anachronistic.

The traditional ultras group of Inter is Boys San; they hold a significant place in the history of the ultras scene in general due to the fact that they are one of the oldest, being founded in 1969. Politically, one group (Irriducibili) of Inter Ultras are right-wing and this group has good relationships with the Lazio ultras. As well as the main group (apolitical) of Boys San, there are five more significant groups: Viking (apolitical), Irriducibili (right-wing), Ultras (apolitical), Brianza Alcoolica (apolitical) and Imbastisci (left-wing).

Inter's most vocal fans are known to gather in the Curva Nord, or north curve of the San Siro. This longstanding tradition has led to the Curva Nord being synonymous with the club's most die-hard supporters, who unfurl banners and wave flags in support of their team.

Scene of a Derby della Madonnina in 1915

Inter have several rivalries, two of which are highly significant in Italian football; firstly, they participate in the intracity Derby della Madonnina with Milan; the rivalry has existed ever since Inter splintered off from Milan in 1908.[77] The name of the derby refers to the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose statue atop the Milan Cathedral is one of the city's main attractions. The match usually creates a lively atmosphere, with numerous (often humorous or offensive) banners unfolded before the match. Flares are commonly present, but they also led to the abandonment of the second leg of the 2004–05 Champions League quarter-final matchup between Milan and Inter on 12 April, after a flare thrown from the crowd by an Inter supporter struck Milan keeper Dida on the shoulder.[87]

The other significant rivalry is with Juventus; matches between the two clubs are known as the Derby d'Italia. Up until the 2006 Italian football scandal, which saw Juventus relegated, the two were the only Italian clubs never to have played below Serie A. In the 2000s, Inter developed a rivalry with Roma, who finished as runners-up to Inter in all but one of Inter's five Scudetto-winning seasons between 2005–06 and 2009–10. The two sides have also contested in five Coppa Italia finals and four Supercoppa Italiana finals since 2006. Other clubs, like Atalanta and Napoli, are also considered among their rivals.[88] Their supporters collectively go by Interisti, or Nerazzurri.[89]

Honours

The Inter team which won the Intercontinental Cup in 1965

Inter have won 35 domestic trophies, including the Serie A 19 times, the Coppa Italia nine times and the Supercoppa Italiana seven times. From 2006 to 2010, the club won five successive league titles, equalling the all-time record before 2017, when Juventus won the sixth successive league title.[11] They have won the UEFA Champions League three times: two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010; the last completed an unprecedented Italian treble with the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto.[12] The club has also won three UEFA Europa League, two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup.

Inter has never been relegated from the top flight of Italian football in its entire existence. It is the sole club to have competed in Serie A and its predecessors in every season since its debut in 1909.

Inter honours
Type Competition Titles Seasons
Domestic Serie A 19 1909–10, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66
1970–71, 1979–80, 1988–89, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2020–21
Coppa Italia 9 1938–39, 1977–78, 1981–82, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2021–22, 2022–23
Supercoppa Italiana 7 1989, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2021, 2022
Continental European Cup / UEFA Champions League 3 1963–64, 1964–65, 2009–10
UEFA Cup/ UEFA Europa League 3 1990–91, 1993–94, 1997–98
Worldwide Intercontinental Cup 2 1964, 1965
FIFA Club World Cup 1 2010

Club statistics and records

Javier Zanetti made a record 858 appearances for Internazionale, including 618 in Serie A.

Javier Zanetti holds the records for both total appearances and Serie A appearances for Inter, with 858 official games played in total and 618 in Serie A.

Giuseppe Meazza is Inter's all-time top goalscorer, with 284 goals in 408 games.[90] Behind him, in second place, is Alessandro Altobelli with 209 goals in 466 games, and Roberto Boninsegna in third place, with 171 goals over 281 games.

Helenio Herrera had the longest reign as Inter coach, with nine years (eight consecutive) in charge, and is the most successful coach in Inter history with three Scudetti, two European Cups, and two Intercontinental Cup wins. José Mourinho, who was appointed on 2 June 2008, completed his first season in Italy by winning the Serie A title and the Supercoppa Italiana; in his second season he won the first "treble" in Italian history: the Serie A, Coppa Italia and the UEFA Champions League.

Players

First-team squad

As of 10 January 2024[91]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Switzerland SUI Yann Sommer
2 MF Netherlands NED Denzel Dumfries
5 MF Italy ITA Stefano Sensi
6 DF Netherlands NED Stefan de Vrij
7 MF Colombia COL Juan Cuadrado
8 FW Austria AUT Marko Arnautović (on loan from Bologna)
9 FW France FRA Marcus Thuram
10 FW Argentina ARG Lautaro Martínez (captain)
12 GK Italy ITA Raffaele Di Gennaro
14 MF Netherlands NED Davy Klaassen
15 DF Italy ITA Francesco Acerbi
16 MF Italy ITA Davide Frattesi (on loan from Sassuolo)
17 MF Canada CAN Tajon Buchanan
No. Pos. Nation Player
20 MF Turkey TUR Hakan Çalhanoğlu
21 MF Albania ALB Kristjan Asllani
22 MF Armenia ARM Henrikh Mkhitaryan
23 MF Italy ITA Nicolò Barella (vice-captain)
28 DF France FRA Benjamin Pavard
30 MF Brazil BRA Carlos Augusto (on loan from Monza)
31 DF Germany GER Yann Bisseck
32 DF Italy ITA Federico Dimarco
36 DF Italy ITA Matteo Darmian
70 FW Chile CHI Alexis Sánchez
77 GK Italy ITA Emil Audero (on loan from Sampdoria)
95 DF Italy ITA Alessandro Bastoni

Out on loan

As of 11 January 2024

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
— GK Brazil BRA Gabriel Brazão (at Ternana until 30 June 2024)
— GK Romania ROU Ionuț Radu (at Bournemouth until 30 June 2024)
— GK Serbia SRB Filip Stanković (at Sampdoria until 30 June 2024)
— DF Italy ITA Alessandro Fontanarosa (at Cosenza until 30 June 2024)
— DF Belgium BEL Zinho Vanheusden (at Standard Liège until 30 June 2024)
— DF Italy ITA Mattia Zanotti (at St. Gallen until 30 June 2024)
— DF Argentina ARG Franco Carboni (at Ternana until 30 June 2024)
— MF France FRA Lucien Agoumé (at Sevilla until 30 June 2024)
— MF Argentina ARG Valentín Carboni (at Monza until 30 June 2024)
No. Pos. Nation Player
— MF Italy ITA Jacopo Gianelli (at Fermana until 30 June 2024)
— FW Argentina ARG Joaquín Correa (at Marseille until 30 June 2024)
— FW Italy ITA Francesco Pio Esposito (at Spezia until 30 June 2024)
— FW Italy ITA Sebastiano Esposito (at Sampdoria until 30 June 2024)
— FW Italy ITA Gaetano Oristanio (at Cagliari until 30 June 2024)
— FW Italy ITA Eddie Salcedo (at Lecco until 30 June 2024)
— FW Uruguay URU Martín Satriano (at Brest until 30 June 2024)
— FW Poland POL Jan Żuberek (at Ternana until 30 June 2024)

Youth sector

Inter Primavera players that received a first-team squad call-up.[92][93]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
40 GK Italy ITA Alessandro Calligaris
41 MF Nigeria NGA Ebenezer Akinsanmiro
43 DF Italy ITA Matteo Motta
44 DF Italy ITA Giacomo Stabile
No. Pos. Nation Player
47 MF France FRA Issiaka Kamate
48 DF Poland POL Tommaso Guercio
49 FW Italy ITA Amadou Makhtarlayi Sarr
50 MF Serbia SRB Aleksandar Stanković

Women team

Notable players

Retired numbers

3 – Italy Giacinto Facchetti, left back, played for Inter 1960–1978 (posthumous honour). The number was retired on 8 September 2006, four days after Facchetti had died from cancer aged 64. The last player to wear the number 3 shirt was Argentinian center back Nicolás Burdisso, who took on the number 16 shirt for the rest of the season.[94]

4 – Argentina Javier Zanetti, defensive midfielder, played 858 games for Inter between 1995 and his retirement in the summer of 2014. In June 2014, club chairman Erick Thohir confirmed that Zanetti's number 4 was to be retired out of respect.[95][96]

Technical staff

Simone Inzaghi is the current coach of the club.
As of 1 July 2021[97]
Position Name
Head coach Italy Simone Inzaghi
Vice coach Italy Massimiliano Farris
Technical assistant Italy Mario Cecchi
Italy Ferruccio Cerasaro
Italy Riccardo Rocchini
Fitness coach Italy Fabio Ripert
Italy Claudio Spicciarello
Goalkeeper coach Italy Gianluca Zappalà
Italy Adriano Bonaiuti
Functional rehab Italy Andrea Belli
Head of match analysis Italy Filippo Lorenzon
Match analyst Italy Stefano Castellani
Italy Giacomo Toninato
Italy Salvatore Rustico
Fitness data analyst Italy Marcello Muratore
Head of medical staff Italy Piero Volpi
Squad doctor Italy Claudio Sprenger
Italy Alessandro Quaglia
Italy Lorenzo Brambilla
Physiotherapists coordinator Italy Marco Dellacasa
Physiotherapist Italy Leonardo Arici
Italy Ramon Cavallin
Italy Miro Carli
Italy Davide Lama
Physiotherapist/Osteopath Italy Andrea Veschi
Nutritionist Italy Matteo Pincella

Chairmen and managers

Chairmen history

Below is a list of Inter chairmen from 1908 until the present day.[98]

 
Name Years
Italy Giovanni Paramithiotti 1908–1909
Italy Ettore Strauss 1909–1910
Italy Carlo de Medici 1910–1912
Italy Emilio Hirzel 1912–1913
Italy Luigi Ansbacher 1913–1914
Italy Giuseppe Visconti di Modrone 1914–1919
Italy Giorgio Hulss 1919–1920
Italy Francesco Mauro 1920–1923
  
Name Years
Italy Enrico Olivetti 1923–1926
Italy Senatore Borletti 1926–1929
Italy Ernesto Torrusio 1929–1930
Italy Oreste Simonotti 1930–1932
Italy Ferdinando Pozzani 1932–1942
Italy Carlo Masseroni 1942–1955
Italy Angelo Moratti 1955–1968
Italy Ivanoe Fraizzoli 1968–1984
  
Name Years
Italy Ernesto Pellegrini 1984–1995
Italy Massimo Moratti 1995–2004
Italy Giacinto Facchetti 2004–2006
Italy Massimo Moratti 2006–2013
Indonesia Erick Thohir 2013–2018
China Steven Zhang 2018–

Managerial history

José Mourinho, winner of the first treble in Italian history in the 2009–10 season

Below is a list of Inter coaches from 1909 until the present day.[99]

 
Name Nationality Years
Virgilio Fossati Italy 1909–1915
Nino Resegotti
Francesco Mauro		 Italy 1919–1920
Bob Spottiswood England 1922–1924
Paolo Schiedler Italy 1924–1926
Árpád Weisz Hungary 1926–1928
József Viola Hungary 1928–1929
Árpád Weisz Hungary 1929–1931
István Tóth Hungary 1931–1932
Árpád Weisz Hungary 1932–1934
Gyula Feldmann Hungary 1934–1936
Albino Carraro Italy 1936
Armando Castellazzi Italy 1936–1938
Tony Cargnelli Austria 1938–1940
Giuseppe Peruchetti
Italo Zamberletti		 Italy 1940–1941
Ivo Fiorentini Italy 1941–1942
Giovanni Ferrari Italy 1942–1943
Carlo Carcano Italy 1945–1946
Nino Nutrizio Italy 1946
Giuseppe Meazza Italy 1947–1948
Carlo Carcano Italy 1948
Dai Astley Wales 1948
Giulio Cappelli Italy 1949–1950
Aldo Olivieri Italy 1950–1952
Alfredo Foni Italy 1952–1955
Aldo Campatelli Italy 1955
Giuseppe Meazza Italy 1955–1956
Annibale Frossi Italy 1956
Luigi Ferrero Italy 1957
Giuseppe Meazza Italy 1957
Jesse Carver England 1957–1958
Giuseppe Bigogno Italy 1958
Aldo Campatelli Italy 1959–1960
Camillo Achilli Italy 1960
Giulio Cappelli Italy 1960
Helenio Herrera Argentina 1960–1968
Alfredo Foni Italy 1968–1969
Heriberto Herrera Paraguay 1969–1971
Giovanni Invernizzi Italy 1971–1973
Enea Masiero Italy 1973
Helenio Herrera Argentina 1973
Enea Masiero Italy 1974
  
Name Nationality Years
Luis Suárez Spain 1974–1975
Giuseppe Chiappella Italy 1976–1977
Eugenio Bersellini Italy 1977–1982
Rino Marchesi Italy 1982–1983
Luigi Radice Italy 1983–1984
Ilario Castagner Italy 1984–1986
Mario Corso Italy 1986
Giovanni Trapattoni Italy 1986–1991
Corrado Orrico Italy 1991
Luis Suárez Spain 1992
Osvaldo Bagnoli Italy 1992–1994
Giampiero Marini Italy 1994
Ottavio Bianchi Italy 1994–1995
Luis Suárez Spain 1995
Roy Hodgson England 1995–1997
Luciano Castellini Italy 1997
Luigi Simoni Italy 1997–1998
Mircea Lucescu Romania 1998–1999
Luciano Castellini Italy 1999
Roy Hodgson England 1999
Marcello Lippi Italy 1999–2000
Marco Tardelli Italy 2000–2001
Héctor Cúper Argentina 2001–2003
Corrado Verdelli Italy 2003
Alberto Zaccheroni Italy 2003–2004
Roberto Mancini Italy 2004–2008
José Mourinho Portugal 2008–2010
Rafael Benítez Spain 2010
Leonardo Brazil 2010–2011
Gian Piero Gasperini Italy 2011
Claudio Ranieri Italy 2011–2012
Andrea Stramaccioni Italy 2012–2013
Walter Mazzarri Italy 2013–2014
Roberto Mancini Italy 2014–2016
Frank de Boer Netherlands 2016
Stefano Vecchi Italy 2016
Stefano Pioli Italy 2016–2017
Stefano Vecchi Italy 2017
Luciano Spalletti Italy 2017–2019
Antonio Conte Italy 2019–2021
Simone Inzaghi Italy 2021–present

Corporate

FC Internazionale Milano S.p.A. was described as one of the financial "black-holes" among the Italian clubs, which was heavily dependent on the financial contribution from the owner Massimo Moratti.[100][101][102][103] In June 2006, the shirt sponsor and the minority shareholder of the club, Pirelli, sold 15.26% shares of the club to Moratti family, for €13.5 million. The tyre manufacturer retained 4.2%.[104] However, due to several capital increases of Inter, such as a reversed merger with an intermediate holding company, Inter Capital S.r.l. in 2006, which held 89% shares of Inter and €70 million capitals at that time, or issues new shares for €70.8 million in June 2007,[105] €99.9 million in December 2007,[106] €86.6 million in 2008,[107] €70 million in 2009,[108][109] €40 million in 2010 and 2011,[110][111][112][113] €35 million in 2012[37][114] or allowing Thoir subscribed €75 million new shares of Inter in 2013, Pirelli became the third largest shareholders of just 0.5%, as of 31 December 2015.[5] Inter had yet another recapitalization that was reserved for Suning Holdings Group in 2016. In the prospectus of Pirelli's second IPO in 2017, the company also revealed that the value of the remaining shares of Inter that was owned by Pirelli, was write-off to zero in 2016 financial year. Inter also received direct capital contribution from the shareholders to cover loss which was excluded from issuing shares in the past. (Italian: versamenti a copertura perdite)

Right before the takeover of Thohir, the consolidated balance sheets of "Internazionale Holding S.r.l." showed the whole companies group had a bank debt of €157 million, including the bank debt of a subsidiary "Inter Brand Srl", as well as the club itself, to Istituto per il Credito Sportivo (ICS), for €15.674 million on the balance sheet at end of 2012–13 financial year.[115] In 2006 Inter sold its brand to the new subsidiary, "Inter Brand S.r.l.", a special purpose entity with a shares capital of €40 million, for €158 million (the deal made Internazionale make a net loss of just €31 million in a separate financial statement[116][117]). At the same time the subsidiary secured a €120 million loan from Banca Antonveneta,[118] which would be repaid in installments until 30 June 2016;[119] La Repubblica described the deal as "doping".[120] In September 2011 Inter secured a loan from ICS by factoring the sponsorship of Pirelli of 2012–13 and 2013–14 season, for €24.8 million, in an interest rate of 3 months Euribor + 1.95% spread.[112] In June 2014 new Inter Group secured €230 million loan[121][122][123] from Goldman Sachs and UniCredit at a new interest rate of 3 months Euribor + 5.5% spread, as well as setting up a new subsidiary to be the debt carrier: "Inter Media and Communication S.r.l.". €200 million of which would be utilized in debt refinancing of the group. The €230million loan, €1 million (plus interests) would be due on 30 June 2015, €45 million (plus interests) would be repaid in 15 installments from 30 September 2015 to 31 March 2019, as well as €184 million (plus interests) would be due on 30 June 2019.[42] In ownership side, the Hong Kong-based International Sports Capital HK Limited, had pledged the shares of Italy-based International Sports Capital S.p.A. (the direct holding company of Inter) to CPPIB Credit Investments for €170 million in 2015, at an interest rate of 8% p.a (due March 2018) to 15% p.a. (due March 2020).[124] ISC repaid the notes on 1 July 2016 after they sold part of the shares of Inter to Suning Holdings Group. However, in the late 2016 the shares of ISC S.p.A. was pledged again by ISC HK to private equity funds of OCP Asia for US$80 million.[125] In December 2017, the club also refinanced its debt of €300 million, by issuing corporate bond to the market, via Goldman Sachs as the bookkeeper, for an interest rate of 4.875% p.a.[126][127][128]

Considering revenue alone, Inter surpassed city rivals in Deloitte Football Money League for the first time, in the 2008–2009 season, to rank in ninth place, one place behind Juventus in eighth place, with Milan in tenth place.[129] In the 2009–10 season, Inter remained in ninth place, surpassing Juventus (10th) but Milan re-took the leading role as the seventh.[130] Inter became the eighth in 2010–2011,[131] but was still one place behind Milan. Since 2011, Inter fell to 11th in 2011–12, 15th in 2012–13, 17th in 2013–14, 19th in 2014–15[132] and 2015–16 season.[133] In 2016–17 season, Inter was ranked 15th in the Money League.[134]

In 2010 Football Money League (2008–09 season), the normalized revenue of €196.5 million were divided up between matchday (14%, €28.2 million), broadcasting (59%, €115.7 million, +7%, +€8 million) and commercial (27%, €52.6 million, +43%).[135] Kit sponsors Nike and Pirelli contributed €18.1 million and €9.3 million respectively to commercial revenues, while broadcasting revenues were boosted €1.6 million (6%) by Champions League distribution. Deloitte expressed the idea that issues in Italian football, particularly matchday revenue issues were holding Inter back compared to other European giants, and developing their own stadia would result in Serie A clubs being more competitive on the world stage.[135]

In 2009–10 season the revenue of Inter was boosted by the sales of Ibrahimović, the treble and the release clause of coach José Mourinho.[136] According to the normalized figures by Deloitte in their 2011 Football Money League, in 2009–10 season, the revenue had increased €28.3 million (14%) to €224.8 million. The ratio of matchday, broadcasting and commercial in the adjusted figures was 17%:62%:21%.[130]

For the 2010–11 season, Serie A clubs started negotiating club TV rights collectively rather than individually.[137] This was predicted to result in lower broadcasting revenues for big clubs such as Juventus[137] and Inter,[135] with smaller clubs gaining from the loss. Eventually the result included an extraordinary income of €13 million from RAI.[110] In 2012 Football Money League (2010–11 season), the normalized revenue was €211.4 million. The ratio of matchday, broadcasting and commercial in the adjusted figures was 16%:58%:26%.[131]

However, combining revenue and cost, in the 2006–07 season they had a net loss of €206 million[106][138] (€112 million extraordinary basis, due to the abolition of non-standard accounting practice of the special amortization fund), followed by a net loss of €148 million in the 2007–08 season,[107] a net loss of €154 million in 2008–09 season,[108][109] a net loss of €69 million in the 2009–10 season,[111][136] a net loss of €87 million in the 2010–11 season,[110][113][139] a net loss of €77 million in the 2011–12 season,[112] a net loss of €80 million in 2012–13 season[37] and a net profit of €33 million in 2013–14 season, due to special income from the establishment of subsidiary Inter Media and Communication.[140] All aforementioned figures were in separate financial statement. Figures from consolidated financial statement were announced since 2014–15 season, which were net losses of €140.4 million (2014–15),[141][142] €59.6 million[142][143] (2015–16 season, before 2017 restatement)[144] and €24.6 million (2016–17).[144][145]

In 2015 Inter and Roma were the only two Italian clubs that were sanctioned by the UEFA due to their breaking of UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations,[146] which was followed by AC Milan which was once barred from returning to European competition in 2018. As a probation to avoid further sanction, Inter agreed to have a three-year aggregate break-even from 2015 to 2018, with the 2015–16 season being allowed to have a net loss of a maximum of €30 million, followed by break-even in the 2016–17 season and onwards. Inter was also fined €6 million plus an additional €14 million in probation.[146]

Inter also made a financial trick in the transfer market in mid-2015, in which Stevan Jovetić and Miranda were signed by Inter on temporary deals plus an obligation to sign outright in 2017, making their cost less in the loan period.[147] Moreover, despite heavily investing in new signings, namely Geoffrey Kondogbia and Ivan Perišić that potentially increased the cost in amortization, Inter also sold Mateo Kovačić for €29 million, making a windfall profit.[147] In November 2018, documents from Football Leaks further revealed that the loan signings such as Xherdan Shaqiri in January 2015, was in fact had inevitable conditions to trigger the outright purchase.[148]

On 21 April 2017, Inter announced that their net loss (FFP adjusted) of 2015–16 season was within the allowable limit of €30 million.[149] However, on the same day UEFA also announced that the reduction of squad size of Inter in European competitions would not be lifted yet, due to partial fulfilment of the targets in the settlement agreement.[150] Same announcement was made by UEFA in June 2018, based on Inter's 2016–17 season financial result.[151]

In February 2020, Inter Milan sued Major League Soccer (MLS) for trademark infringement, claiming that the term "Inter" is synonymous with its club and no one else.[152]

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor
1979–1981 Puma None
1981–1982 Inno-Hit
1982–1986 Mecsport Misura
1986–1988 Le Coq Sportif
1988–1991 Uhlsport
1991–1992 Umbro FitGar
1992–1995 Cesare Fiorucci
1995–1998 Pirelli
1998–2021 Nike
2021–2022
2022–2023
2023–

See also

References

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