Eyles's harrier
Temporal range: Pleistocene-Holocene
Profile of fossillised skull of Eyles' harrier.
Eyles's harrier skull held at Te Papa, Wellington

Extinct (~1400s) (NZ TCS)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Circus
Species:
†C. teauteensis
Binomial name
†Circus teauteensis
Forbes, 1892
Synonyms

Circus hamiltoni (nomen nudum)
Circus eylesi (nomen nudum, but see text)

Eyles's harrier (Circus teauteensis) (Māori: Kērangi)[2] is an extinct bird of prey that was endemic to New Zealand.[3][4] Its closest relative is the smaller and related swamp harrier (Circus approximans), which arrived in New Zealand after its extinction.

Name

This species was named after Jim Eyles, paleontologist and former director of the Nelson Provincial Museum and the West Coast Museum.

Taxonomy

Eyles' harrier was presumably somewhat similar to the living spotted harrier, its closest living relative, from which it diverged around 2.4 million years ago.[5]

Description

It was an example of island gigantism, as an adult female weighed around 2.5 to 3 kg (5.5 to 6.6 lb), over twice as much as a swamp harrier.[6][7] Its shape differed from that of most other harriers, and it was initially mistaken for a huge hawk, possibly a giant Accipiter.

Ecology

It was a generalist predator, taking prey of the same size as small eagle species do: land animals weighing one or a few kilograms. In its hunting strategy, however, it was more adapted to avian prey, as aside from bats, mammals were entirely absent from New Zealand. Presumably, it hunted diurnal birds in a manner similar to goshawks.

Taxonomy

The nomenclature and taxonomy of C. teauteensis are quite convoluted. As Circus eylesi, it was only described in the mid-20th century, from remains found in Pyramid Valley in the South Island of New Zealand. However, essentially identical bones had been found about 100 years earlier by Augustus Hamilton and discussed subsequently by Henry Ogg Forbes; this material probably comes from the Te Aute region in the North Island. Forbes gave it the names Circus hamiltoni and Circus teauteensis, but since it seems no holotype was ever formally named nor can be deduced from the minimal description; these names are generally considered nomina nuda. C. teauteensis is considered valid, based on the argument that as with many New Zealand birds, it is reasonable to assume that North and South Island populations were at least distinct subspecies, if not species. But even though Kálmán Lambrecht mentioned a putative holotype tibiotarsus (which still exists in the BMNH) he explicitly stated that Forbes' names were both invalid. In addition, harrier bones of comparatively recent age in the collection of Walter Mantell, assigned to C. gouldi (an obsolete name of C. approximans) by Richard Lydekker, seem to be of a more robust bird judging from the published descriptions; this material may now be lost, but all things considered it is not unlikely to be the first remains of Eyles' harrier known to science.[8]

Extinction

The modern swamp harrier occurs all over New Zealand today. Even though the bones of its females can be mistaken for those of Eyles's harrier's males (as they differ little except in stoutness), all swamp harrier remains from the islands that have been studied in detail are some 1000 years old at most. That means that they post-date human settlement, i.e. there is no evidence for widespread coexistence of swamp and Eyles' harriers on New Zealand. Apparently, despite their considerable differences, the two harriers were still ecologically similar[4] enough to competitively exclude one another, and only when the endemic Eyles' harrier became extinct could C. approximans become established.[8]

References

  1. ↑ "Circus teauteensis. NZTCS". nztcs.org.nz. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  2. ↑ "Eyles' harrier | Kērangi | New Zealand Birds Online". nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  3. ↑ "Eyles' harrier | New Zealand Birds Online". www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  4. 1 2 Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2007). Extinct birds of new zealand (Reprint ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8.
  5. ↑ Knapp, Michael; Thomas, Jessica E.; Haile, James; Prost, Stefan; Ho, Simon Y.W.; Dussex, Nicolas; Cameron-Christie, Sophia; Kardailsky, Olga; Barnett, Ross; Bunce, Michael; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (May 2019). "Mitogenomic evidence of close relationships between New Zealand's extinct giant raptors and small-sized Australian sister-taxa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 134: 122–128. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.026. PMID 30753886. S2CID 73420145.
  6. ↑ Holdaway, R. N. (1989). New Zealand’s pre-human avifauna and its vulnerability. New Zealand journal of ecology, 12(supplement), 11-25.
  7. ↑ Holdaway, Richard N.; Worthy, Trevor H. (1997). "A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 24 (1): 69–121. doi:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  8. 1 2 Worthy, T. H. and R. N. Holdaway. (2002): The lost world of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. ISBN 0-253-34034-9
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