European Russia
Largest cityMoscow
Demonym(s)Russian
Area
• Total
3,969,100 km2 (1,532,500 sq mi)
Population
• Census
~110 million
• Density
27.5/km2 (71.2/sq mi) (160th)
GDP (nominal)2021[1] estimate
• Total
₽85.823 trillion
(US$1 trillion)
• Per capita
₽779,366
(US$10582)

European Russia (Russian: Европейская Россия, европейская часть России) is the western and most populated part of Russia. It is geographically situated in Europe, as opposed to the country's sparsely populated and vastly larger eastern part, which is situated in Asia, encompassing the entire northern region of the continent. The Ural Mountains divide Russia into two parts, bisecting the Eurasian supercontinent. European Russia covers the vast majority of Eastern Europe, and spans roughly 40% of Europe's total landmass, with over 15% of its total population, making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe.

Area and demographics

European Russia accounts for about 75% of Russia's total population. It covers an area of over 3,969,100 square kilometres (1,532,500 sq mi), with a population of nearly 110 million—making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe, surpassing second-place Germany.[2][lower-alpha 1] European Russia is the most densely populated region of Russia, with a population density of 27.5 people per km2 (70 per sq mi).[3] European Russia counts for about 15% of Europe's total population.

All three federal cities of Russia lie within European Russia. These cities are Moscow, the nation's capital and largest city, which is the second most populous city in Europe; Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital and the second-most populous city in the country; and Sevastopol, located in Crimea, which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

11 of 13 cities, except Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk, with over 1 million inhabitants lie within European Russia: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Ufa, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Voronezh, Perm and Volgograd.

History

Part of Russia situated in Europe (c. 23% of the total country's territory)

The historical population of European Russia was composed of Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Turkic, Jewish, Scythians, North Caucasian, Huns, Baltic, Khazarian and Norse peoples.[4][5]

Some theories say that some early Eastern Slavs arrived in modern-day western Russia (also in Ukraine and Belarus) sometime during the middle of the first millennium AD.[6] The Eastern Slavic tribe of the Vyatichis was native to the land around the Oka river. Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Turkic tribes were also present in the area (although large parts of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric people were absorbed by the Slavs, there are great minorities in European Russia today). The western region of Central Russia was inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of the Severians.

One of the first Rus' regions according to the Sofia First Chronicle was Veliky Novgorod in 859. In late 8th and early-to-mid-9th centuries AD the Rus' Khaganate was formed in modern western Russia. The region was a place of operations for Varangians, eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants, and pirates. From the late 9th to the mid-13th century a large section of today's European Russia was part of Kievan Rus'. The lands of Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' were important trade routes and connected Scandinavia, Byzantine Empire, Rus' people and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria and Persia. According to old Scandinavian sources among the 12 biggest cities of Kievan Rus' or Ancient Rus' were Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Murom and Rostov.[7]

Through trade and cultural contact with Byzantine Empire, the Slavic culture of the Rus' adopted gradually the Eastern Orthodox religion. Many sources say that Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev were destroyed by the Mongol Empire. After the Mongol invasion the Muscovite Rus' arose, over all this time, western Russia and the various Rus' regions had strong cultural contacts with the Byzantine Empire, while the Slavic culture was cultivated all the time.[8] The elements of East Slavic paganism and Christianity overlapped each other and sometimes produced even double faith in Muscovite Rus'.[9]

Economy

In 2021 the gross regional product of European Russia was ₽85.823 trillion  or US$1.165 trillion.

Alignment with administrative divisions

Federal districts of Russia
Federal districts of Russia

The following Federal districts of Russia are overwhelmingly European:

Name of district Area
(km2)		 2017 population
 Population density Continent notes
Central Federal District 650,200 39,209,582[10] 59.658 Europe
North Caucasian Federal District 170,400 9,775,770[10] 56.58 Europe
Northwestern Federal District 1,687,000 13,899,310[10] 8.25 Europe
Southern Federal District[note 1] 447,900 16,428,458[10] 33.46 Europe
Volga Federal District 1,037,000 29,636,574[10] 28.63 Predominantly Europe
Ural Federal District 1,818,500 12,345,803[10] 6.86 Predominantly Asia
Sum of 6 Federal Districts[note 2] 3,995,200 108,949,694[10] 27.22 Predominantly Europe
  1. ↑ Includes the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, which are both de facto administrated by Russia but considered part of Ukraine by most other states.
  2. ↑ Does not account for the following:
    Volga Federal District has 4 raions entirely in Asia, one raion mostly in Asia, one raion bisected between Europe and Asia, two cities bisected between Europe and Asia and one settlement fully in Asia, which amount to 280,000 people living in 30,000 km2 in Asia (as defined as east of the Ural River).
    Ural Federal District has roughly 200,000 people living in 1,700 km2 in Europe (west of the Ural River).

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016–2021гг". www.rosstat.gov.ru (in Russian).
  2. ↑ "Estimated population of selected European countries in 2023". Statista. Jul 4, 2023. Retrieved Aug 24, 2023.
  3. ↑ Vishnevsky, Anatoly (15 August 2000). "Replacement Migration: Is it a solution for Russia?" (PDF). EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON POLICY RESPONSES TO POPULATION AGEING AND POPULATION DECLINE /UN/POP/PRA/2000/14. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. pp. 6, 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2003. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  4. ↑ "Khazar | people". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  5. ↑ Reuter, Timothy (2015). The New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. 3. Fouracre, Paul; McKitterick, Rosamond; Reuter, Timothy; Luscombe, D. E. (David Edward); Riley-Smith, Jonathan, 1938-2016; Abulafia, David (First paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 496–500. ISBN 9781107449060. OCLC 945367493.
  6. ↑ "Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia". Study.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  7. ↑ "Ancient Rus: trade and crafts: History of Russian trade and crafts: Business & Law: Russia-InfoCentre". www.russia-ic.com. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  8. ↑ Orthodox Russia: belief and practice under the tsars. Kivelson, Valerie A. (Valerie Ann), Greene, Robert H., 1975-. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2003. ISBN 027102349X. OCLC 50960735.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ↑ Orthodox Russia: belief and practice under the tsars. Kivelson, Valerie A. (Valerie Ann), Greene, Robert H., 1975-. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2003. p. 146. ISBN 027102349X. OCLC 50960735.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Population 1 January 2015 Estimate – Federal State Statistics Service Russia". Federal State Statistics Service Russia.
  1. ↑ Turkey is only partially in Europe, in East Thrace, which has a population of about 12 million.

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