International championships before 2000

Following the exclusion of France from the Five Nations Tournament after the 1931 edition, France joined with Italy, Romania, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, and Catalonia to create the International Amateur Rugby Federation (FIRA, now Rugby Europe) as an alternative to the International Rugby Football Board (now World Rugby). Three tournaments were held from 1936 to 1938, with France winning all three. Following the Second World War, France was readmitted into the Five Nations Championship, but they also competed in the only two tournaments organised by FIRA, the Rugby Union European Cup, held in 1952 and 1954, winning them both.

From 1965, FIRA attempted to revitalise the European competition by creating the FIRA Nations Cup (1965-1973) and then the FIRA Trophy (1973-1997); however, France fielded a France A side made up mostly of university students. While the French students won many of the tournaments, Romania also had their share of tournament titles. In the late 1990s, the championship became irregular, with some editions not taking place because of qualifications for the World Cup. Finally, the European Nations Cup began in 2000, no longer including France and Italy, as they now played in the reformed Six Nations Championship.

European Nations Cup: initial format (since 2000)

2022-23 Rugby Europe International Championships

Key
	Six Nations
	Championship
	Trophy
	Conference
	Development
	Others

After the setup of the divisional system in 2000, Romania won the first competition with maximum points, The initial season also included Morocco.

Russia then replaced Morocco in 2001 when Georgia secured the title and were crowned champions after a 31–20 win over Romania in Bucharest. As the competition format changed from a one-year tournament to two-years, the Netherlands were not relegated after this season.

Romania started 2002 trailing Georgia after the 2001 results, but managed to win all of the remaining five games, including a 31–23 victory in Tbilisi.

Portugal were 16–15 winners over Romania in Lisbon and installed themselves at the top of the 2003–04 table. In the second half of the competition, Romania won 36–6 against Portugal in Constanța, but went down 24–33 to Russia in Krasnodar. Then Portugal clinched their first title with a last-minute 19–18 home win over Russia. The Russia – Czech Republic game was rescheduled due to bad weather and was eventually cancelled.

The 2005–06 championships also served as a qualifying pool for the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Romania triumphed finishing level on points with Georgia, while Ukraine were relegated after losing all matches.

The 2007–08 edition saw the return of the Spanish to the top division. The winners were Georgia, following their display at the 2007 Rugby World Cup. The Russians recorded their best ever placement, finishing in second. The Czech Republic were the team to finish on the bottom of the table, losing all of their matches, relegating them back to Division 2A.

A new format was decided at the beginning of 2009. Each calendar year had its own champion, but the cumulated ranking over two years determined which team was relegated. The 2009–10 edition was also basis for European qualification to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The 2009 season saw the début of Germany in the top division, Georgia defended their title, and there were wins for Portugal and Russia in Bucharest.

Faced with the possibility of missing a Rugby World Cup for the first time, Romania were managed the 2010 title. This feat was however not enough to overtake Georgia and Russia, who helped by their good results from the previous year, gained the automatic qualification for the 2011 RWC, leaving Romania to go through the Play-Off Qualification Rounds. Germany were relegated after failing to win any games.

Georgia won the 2011 edition, after beating Romania 18–11 in Tbilisi. The promoted team, Ukraine, lost all but one of their matches, single win over Portugal.

European Nations Cup: second format (from 2010 to 2016)

For the 2010–2012 competition (and promotion and relegation between groups going forward to successive competitions), the top two divisions (previously 1 and 2A) were redefined as 1A and 1B, both having six teams (previously six and five). The next four levels (previously 2B, 3A, 3B and 3C) become 2A-2D, under the new system, with the remnants of Division 3D making up the initial group of teams labelled as Division 3. In principle, each division is to encompass a different type of competition.

In Division 1, groups have six teams (meaning more matches and thus more travel), a significant fraction of the players are assumed to be professional or semi-professional (meaning that fixtures are, as often as possible, scheduled within the IRB's international fixtures time windows when clubs must release players for national duty), and only one team is promoted and one relegated every two years (meaning that the competitions are more stable).

In Division 2, groups have only five teams each (usually meaning one home match and one away match in the Autumn, and the same in the Spring, for each team), it is assumed that the majority of players are amateurs (meaning scheduling is not as limited), and in addition to the traditional automatic first-promoted-last-relegated system, fourth place from the higher pool will play second place from the lower pool after every two-year competition, with the winner taking the position in the higher pool. From a five-team group, one team is promoted, one team is relegated and two teams play in playoffs. Thus, a maximum of four of a pool's five teams could change from one two-year competition to the next.

In Division 3, a single-location, short-time-period (one week or 10 days) tournament is organised once per year. This minimises travel costs for teams and time-off-work requirements for players, and allows the flexibility of having a different membership every year, rather than requiring the membership to be constant over two years. The best performing team over two years of tournaments is promoted to Division 2.

In the year of transition to the new system (2010), there were no relegations from any division below the highest, because the second-highest (old 2A, new 1B) was expanded by one team.

International Championships: third format (from 2016 to 2022)

From September 2016, the European Nations Cup became the Rugby Europe International Championships, made up of five levels or divisions:

• Level 1 - Championship. The top six ranked European teams outside the Six Nations contest the annual title. Replaces the former Division 1A.
• Level 2 - Trophy. The next six ranked European teams bid for the Trophy title. Replaces the former Division 1B.
• Level 3 - Conference 1. Division 2, A through to D, becomes the new Conference level, where twenty teams are separated into two Conferences made up of ten teams each, based on their previous year rankings. Each conference is then split into two, North and South, where teams could change each year depending on the competing teams - nations closest to boundary moved from North to South and vice versa each season as necessary to geographically balance the conferences.
• Level 4 - Conference 2
• Level 5 - Development. Replaces Division 3.

The Trophy, Conference and Development divisions have normally been held across the turn of the year, in the autumn and winter of one year and the spring of the next. The Championship has usually been held in the spring, concurrent with the second half of the lower three divisions (and also concurrent with the Six Nations Championship).

A promotion and relegation play-off system is maintained across all levels every year, moving away from the two-year system in place since 2003, meaning teams will be promoted and relegated every year.^[1]

In the 2020-2021 season, due to the worldwide COVID-19 epidemic, the lower divisions were not held, and much of the 2021 Championship division was delayed, being held over the whole of 2021 (thus, its last matches overlapped with the following 2021-2022 season of the lower divisions). Thus, there was no promotion/relegation between the divisions, including between the Championship and Trophy, following the 2020-2021 season: promotion/relegation resumed following the 2022 Championship (which was held on-time) and the 2021-2022 Trophy, Conference and Development divisions. The structure was slightly changed after 2022, to increase the Championship division to eight rather than six teams: furthermore, Russia (who had played, and lost, their first two matches), were disqualified and banned from the 2022 Championship and from all international rugby until further notice, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine after having played two matches of the 2022 season: their three remaining matches in the 2022 Championship were awarded to their opponents (Portugal, Georgia and Netherlands), by walkover.

Qualification for three European spots in the 2023 Rugby World Cup was determined by the collective results of the 2021 and 2022 Championships added together, which (thanks to the fact of no promotion and relegation following the 2021 season, and the lower divisions not being played at all) formed a full home-and-away round-robin between the six nations of the Championship. The top two teams would qualify as Europe 1 and Europe 2: the third-place team, as Europe 3, would enter the final qualification tournament along with Africa 3 (Kenya), Americas 3 (USA) and the loser of the Asia/Pacific play-off (Hong Kong). Russia's expulsion mattered little, since they had lost all but two of their matches anyway (both in the 2021 season). However, the issue of ineligible players raised its head again, though not to the extent it had in the 2019 qualification: Spain, who had been fourth in 2021 but second in 2022 and were in fact in second place over the collective two years, were penalised 10 points - five in each season - for fielding an ineligible player in two matches. Georgia were far ahead in first place, with 9 wins and 1 draw over the two years: Spain's discomfiture resulted in Romania qualifying directly from the Championship in second place, and Portugal being in third place for the final intercontinential qualifier. Portugal won that tournament to qualify for the World Cup.

Addittionaly, Rugby Europe made changes to the bonus points system. The standard system, that is applied in the Six Nations Championship was discarded in favour of the French system. The main difference is that where previously a team would be awarded 1 try bonus point for scoring (at least) 4 tries, regardless of the outcome, and whereas now, a team would be awarded 1 "bonus" point for winning while scoring at least the equivalent of 3 or more tries than their opponent.

International Championships: third format (2022)

From October 2022,^[2] the Rugby Europe International Championships, made up of five levels or divisions:

• Level 1 - Championship. The top eight ranked European teams outside the Six Nations contest the annual title.
• Level 2 - Trophy. The next six (originally intended, ended up as five) ranked European teams bid for the Trophy title.
• Level 3 - Conference 1
• Level 4 - Conference 2
• Level 5 - Development

A statement was released by the Polish Rugby Union in December 2021 confirming that the Rugby Europe Championship, will expand to 8 teams in 2022/2023 season. To accommodate this expansion, no team will be relegated from the top tier, while two teams from the second tier Trophy Championship will be promoted following the completion of the 2021/2022 Championship.^[3] The serpentine system is applied to allocate each team to their respective groups.^[2] Each team will play a total of five games (three round robin group matches to detremine the team's path and two play-off matches).^[2] Seeding (for group) and relegation is calculated over a two year cycle, as is the promotion from Trophy competition.^[2]

This was further altered by Russia's expulsion from international sport following the invasion of Ukraine, which left only five teams from those who had contested the 2022 Championship. Three teams, rather than the originally intended two, were promoted from the Trophy - Belgium, Germany and Poland: and the Trophy, in 2022-23, thus contained only five teams rather than the previous six, even with the promotion of Sweden and Croatia from the Conference to join Ukraine, Lithuania and Croatia.

A relegation system is maintained across all levels two-year, moving away from the one-year system in place since 2016, meaning teams will be promoted and relegated every two year.

International Championships: new format (from 2023)

From 2023, the Rugby Europe International Championships, made up of four levels or divisions:

• Level 1 - Championship. The top eight ranked European teams outside the Six Nations contest the annual title. For the 2024 Championship, these were the same eight teams as in 2023.
• Level 2 - Trophy. The next six ranked European teams bid for the Trophy title. (The five teams from the 2022-23 season were joined by the previous year's Conference champions, the Czech Republic.)
• Level 3 - Conference. Former Conference 1 and Conference 2 combined to one level, in four groups.
• Level 4 - Development

A statement was released by the Polish Rugby Union in June 2023, confirming that the Rugby Europe Conference 1 and Conference 2 will be combined to one level. Teams with ambitions of climbing up the rugby pyramid can compete in a play-off to the Trophy after submitting their intentions to Rugby Europe where an assessment on various aspects will be made after winning their respective pool.

FIRA Tournaments (1936–1938)

Year	Host city	Winner	Runner-up	Third place
1936	Berlin	France	Germany	Italy
1937	Paris	France	Italy	Germany
1938	Bucharest	France	Germany	Romania

Rugby Union European Cup (1952–1954)

Year	Winner	Runner-up	Third place
1952	France	Italy	West Germany
1954	France	Italy	Spain

FIRA Nations Cup (1965–1973)

Year	First Division				Second Division Champion
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated
1965–66	France	Italy	Romania	Czechoslovakia	Portugal
1966–67	France	Romania	Italy	Portugal	Czechoslovakia
1967–68	France	Romania	Czechoslovakia	—	Poland
1968–69	Romania	France	Czechoslovakia	West Germany  Poland	Italy
1969–70	France	Romania	Italy	Czechoslovakia	Morocco
1970–71	France	Romania	Morocco	Italy	Czechoslovakia
1971–72	France	Romania	Morocco	Czechoslovakia	Spain
1972–73	France	Romania	Spain	—	Portugal

FIRA Trophy (1973–1997)

Year	First Division				Lower Division Champions
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Second Division	Third Division
1973–74	France	Romania	Spain	Poland  Morocco	Italy	Not held
1974–75	Romania	France	Italy	Czechoslovakia	Poland
1975–76	France	Italy	Romania	Netherlands	Morocco[lower-alpha 1]  Czechoslovakia
1976–77	Romania	France	Italy	Morocco	Czechoslovakia	Belgium
1977–78	France	Romania	Spain	Czechoslovakia	Soviet Union	Not held
1978–79	France	Romania	Soviet Union	Spain	Morocco
1979–80	France	Romania	Italy	Morocco	Spain	Tunisia
1980–81	Romania	France	Soviet Union	Poland	West Germany	Portugal
1981–82	France	Italy	Romania	—	Morocco	Sweden
1982–83	Romania	Italy	Soviet Union	West Germany	Poland	Czechoslovakia
1983–84	France	Romania	Italy	Poland  Morocco	Spain  Tunisia	Not held
1984–85	France	Soviet Union	Italy	Spain	Portugal	Netherlands
1985–87	France	Soviet Union	Romania	Tunisia  Portugal	Spain	Not held
1987–89	France	Soviet Union	Romania	Spain	Poland	Bulgaria
1989–90	France A[lower-alpha 2]	Soviet Union[lower-alpha 2]	Romania[lower-alpha 2]	Poland	Spain	Andorra
1990–92	France A	Italy	Romania	—	Germany  Morocco	Sweden
1992–94	France A	Italy	Romania	—	Poland  Croatia	Georgia  Moldova
1995–97	Italy	France A	Romania	—	Netherlands  Serbia and Montenegro	Ukraine  Hungary  Austria

FIRA Tournament (1996–1999)

Year	First Division				Lower Division Champions
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Second Division	Third Division	Fourth Division
1996–97	Spain	Portugal	Poland	—	Not held
1997–98	Not held				Latvia	Luxembourg	Austria
1998–99					Russia	Germany  Croatia  Denmark	Switzerland

European Nations Cup (2000–2016)

Year	First Division				Lower Division Champions
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Second Division	Third Division	Fourth Division
2000	Romania	Georgia	Morocco	—	Russia	Czech Republic	Slovenia
2001	Georgia	Romania	Russia	—	Poland	Not held[4]	Not held
2001–02	Romania	Georgia	Russia	Netherlands	[5] Czech Republic	Slovenia
2003–04	Portugal	Romania	Georgia	Spain	Ukraine	Moldova
2004–06	Romania	Georgia	Portugal	Ukraine	Spain	Latvia
2006–08	Georgia	Russia	Romania	Czech Republic	Germany	Sweden
2008–10	Georgia	Russia	Portugal	Germany [6]	Ukraine	Lithuania
2010	Romania	Georgia	Russia
2011	Georgia	Romania	Portugal	Ukraine [7]	Belgium	Sweden
2012	Georgia	Spain	Romania
2013	Georgia	Romania	Russia	Belgium [8]	Germany	Netherlands
2014	Georgia	Romania	Russia
2015	Georgia	Romania	Spain	Portugal	Belgium	Estonia
2016	Georgia	Romania	Russia

Rugby Europe International Championships (2016–)

First Format

Year	Championship				Trophy				Conference 1				Conference 2			Development
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Winners		Relegated		Winners		Relegated	Winner
2016–17	Romania	Georgia	Spain	—	Portugal	Netherlands	Switzerland	Ukraine	Czech Republic[lower-alpha 1]	Malta	Luxembourg	Cyprus	Hungary[lower-alpha 2]	Bosnia and Herzegovina[lower-alpha 2]	Turkey	Slovakia[lower-alpha 3]
2017–18	Georgia	Russia	Germany	—	Portugal	Netherlands	Czech Republic	Moldova	Lithuania[lower-alpha 1]	Malta	Latvia	Andorra	Luxembourg[lower-alpha 2]	Cyprus[lower-alpha 2]	Estonia	Bulgaria[lower-alpha 3]
2018–19	Georgia	Spain	Romania	Germany	Portugal[lower-alpha 4]	Netherlands	Switzerland	Czech Republic	Ukraine[lower-alpha 1]	Malta	Moldova	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Latvia[lower-alpha 2]	Slovenia[lower-alpha 2]	Slovakia	Turkey[lower-alpha 3]
2019–20	Georgia	Spain	Romania	Belgium	Netherlands[lower-alpha 4]	Switzerland	Ukraine	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2020–21	Georgia	Romania	Portugal	—	Not held
2021–22	Georgia	Romania	Spain	Russia[lower-alpha 5]	Belgium[lower-alpha 4]	Poland[lower-alpha 4]	Germany[lower-alpha 4]	—	Sweden[lower-alpha 1]	Croatia[lower-alpha 1]	—	—	Moldova[lower-alpha 2]	Bulgaria[lower-alpha 2]	—	Slovakia

1. 1 2 3 4 5 Promoted to Trophy
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Promoted to Conference 1
3. 1 2 3 Promoted to Conference 2
4. 1 2 3 4 5 Promoted to Championship
5. ↑ Disqualified and suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Second Format

Year	Championship				Trophy		Conference 1				Conference 2			Development
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Winner	Relegated	Winners		Relegated		Winners		Relegated	Winner
2022–23	Georgia	Portugal	Romania	—	Switzerland	—	Czech Republic[lower-alpha 1]	Israel	—	—	Finland	Serbia	Montenegro[lower-alpha 2]	Austria[lower-alpha 3]

1. ↑ Promoted to Trophy
2. ↑ Withdrawn
3. ↑ Promoted to Conference

Third Format

Year	Championship				Trophy			Conference					Development
	Winner	Runner-up	Third	Relegated	Promoted	Winner	Relegated	Winners				Relegated	Winner
2023–24					Switzerland

All-time table

	Pld	W	D	L	PF	PA	PD	AVPPG	Pts	Win%	Champs
Georgia	120	102	5	13	3828	1350	+2472	31.9	430	85%	15
Romania	120	83	2	35	2930	1726	+1204	24.42	337	69.17%	5
Spain	110	43	4	63	2377	2477	−234	21.6	208	39.09%	0
Russia	108	54	3	51	2526	2233	+293	23.61	232	50%	0
Portugal	105	46	4	55	2212	2301	−89	21.1	206	43.81%	1
Germany	40	5	1	34	544	1802	−1258	13.6	32	12.5%	0
Belgium	35	6	1	28	540	1174	−634	15.7	37	17.14%	0
Netherlands	30	5	0	25	349	1117	−768	11.6	34	16.67%	0
Czech Republic	29	6	0	23	362	1075	−713	12.48	40	20.69%	0
Ukraine	20	1	0	19	201	997	−796	10.05	15	5%	0
Morocco	5	3	0	2	94	69	+25	18.80	11	60%	0
Poland	5	1	0	4	86	188	-102	17.2	6	20%	0

Performance by team

Nation	Winner	Runner-up	Third Place
Georgia	15	5	1
Romania	5	9	6
Portugal	1	1	4
Russia	0	3	6
Spain	0	3	2
Germany	0	0	1
Morocco	0	0	1

Records (since 2000)

Updated as of 19 March 2023
Division 1A

Titles

• Most titles: 15 –  Georgia (2001, 2007–2008, 2008–2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)
• Most consecutive titles: 6 –  Georgia (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

Top division appearances

• 26 (joint record) –  Georgia (2000–present),  Romania (2000–present)

Wins

• most wins overall: 102 –  Georgia
• most home wins overall: 51 –  Georgia
• most away wins overall: 49 –  Georgia
• most consecutive wins overall: 20 –  Georgia (10 February 2018 – 26 June 2021)
• most consecutive home wins: 31 –  Georgia (14 March 2009 – 26 June 2021)
• most consecutive away wins: 15 –  Georgia (8 February 2014 – present)

Draws

• most draws overall: 5 –  Georgia

Losses

• most losses overall: 63 –  Spain

Points

• most points scored in a season: 389 –  Romania (10 games – 2005–2006) 225  Georgia (5 games – 2023)
• fewest points conceded in a season: 75 –  Georgia (10 games – 2015–2016) 33  Georgia (5 games – 2016)
• most points conceded in a season: 556 –  Ukraine (10 games – 2005–2006) 359  Germany (5 games – 2018)
• fewest points scored in a season: 58 –  Germany (10 games – 2008–2009) 34  Germany (5 games – 2018)
• most points scored in a match: 101 – ( Georgia 98–3  Czech Republic 7 April 2007)
• most points scored in a match by one team 98  Georgia ( Georgia 98–3  Czech Republic 7 April 2007)
• biggest winning margin: 97 –  Romania ( Romania 97–0  Ukraine 19 March 2005)
• most points scored by losing team: 38 (joint record) –  Spain,  Romania; matches ( Spain 38–40  Czech Republic, 30 March 2003,  Germany 41–38  Romania, 11 February 2017)
• biggest draw: 25 – ( Georgia v  Portugal 6 February 2022)
• fewest points scored in a match: 12 (joint record) –  Portugal 9–3  Morocco 19 March 2000,  Spain 6–6  Georgia, 22 February 2004,  Georgia 9–3  Russia, 6 March 2004)
• fewest points scored by winning team: 8 ( Romania 8–7  Georgia, 19 March 2017)

Games without a loss

• Longest unbeaten run: 30 –  Georgia (10 February 2018 – present)
• Most consecutive games without a loss home: 49 –  Georgia (6 March 2004 – present)
• Most consecutive games without a loss away: 14 –  Georgia (10 March 2012 – 19 March 2017; 17 February 2018 – present))

Games without a win

• 17, joint record –  Ukraine (20 November 2004 – 17 March 2012),  Germany (15 November 2009 – 27 February 2016)

Other trophies

Several other trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams.

• Viriato Cup: Portugal versus Spain. The most recent Viriato Cup match was won by Portugal (2023)
• Trophy of the Two Iberias: Georgia versus Spain. The most recent Trophy of the Two Iberias match was won by Georgia (2023)
• Treasure of Lipovens: Romania versus Russia. The most recent Treasure of Lipovens match was won by Russia (2021)
• Antim Cup: Romania versus Georgia. The most recent Antim Cup match was won by Georgia (2023)
• Kiseleff Cup: Romania versus Russia. The most recent Kiseleff Cup match was won by Romania (2022)
• Moscow Gold: Russia versus Spain. The most recent Moscow Gold match was won by Spain (2022)
• Trajan's Column: Spain versus Romania. The most recent Trajan's Column match was won by Romania (2023)
• Coltan Cup: Portugal versus Belgium. The most recent Coltan Cup match was won by Portugal (2023)
• Suebi Bowl: Germany versus Portugal. The most recent Suebi Bowl match was won by Portugal (2019)