Argentina has a racially and ethnically diverse population.[1] The territory of what today is Argentina was first inhabited by numerous indigenous peoples. The first white settlers came during the period of Spanish colonization, beginning in the 16th century. The Spaniards imported African slaves, who would go on to become the first Afro-Argentines. Following independence from Spain in the 19th century and well into the 20th century, numerous migration waves took place, with Argentina being the second most popular destination for migrants in the early 20th century, after the United States. Most of these migrants came from Europe.[2][3]

Most modern-day Argentines are descendants of these 19th and 20th century immigrants, with about 97% of the population being of full or partial European ancestry,[4][5] while an estimated 56% have some indigenous or mestizo ancestry,[6][7] and 4-5% have some African or mulatto ancestry.[8][9] In the 2010 census [INDEC], some 955,032 Argentines (2.38% of the population) identified as indigenous or first-generation descendants of indigenous peoples, while 149,493 (0.37% of the population) identified as Afro-Argentine.[10][11]

In addition, Argentines of Arab (mostly Syrian and Lebanese) descent constitute a significant minority, and the Jewish population is the largest in all Latin America and the seventh largest in the world.[12] In the formative years of the Argentine Republic, a period marked by efforts to foster national unity and identity, assimilation played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape. This phenomenon particularly influenced immigrant groups, including the Syro-Lebanese, encouraging them to ideologically self-identify as "Argentine." The term "Argentine" during this period predominantly connoted a Spanish-speaking, Catholic, and fair-skinned national identity. Author Ibrahim Hallar, a Lebanese-Argentine, delves into this complex interplay of assimilation and identity in his 1963 work, "El gaucho." Hallar notes that, during this era, the pressure to assimilate was evident, with certain immigrant groups being more encouraged to blend in than others. According to Hallar, only Spaniards, Italians, and Lebanese were perceived as having mixed with the native population. Civantos (2006) provides a critical analysis of Hallar's assertions, pointing out that grouping Lebanese together with the Spanish and Italians who intermarried and had offspring implies Hallar's Lebanese community's claims to European-ness, and perhaps more explicitly, to whiteness. The assimilation process, as observed by Civantos, becomes a nuanced journey wherein the Syro-Lebanese community strategically positions itself within the broader Argentine identity spectrum.[13]

Indigenous peoples continue to have significant populations in the country's north-west (Quechua, Diaguita, Kolla, Aymara); north-east (Guaraní, Mocoví, Toba, Wichí); and in the south or Patagonia (Mapuche, Tehuelche). Asian peoples have increasing minorities in some Buenos Aires neighborhoods and are expanding to other large Argentine cities. More recent migratory flows have come from other Latin American countries, with Paraguayans, Bolivians, Peruvians and Venezuelans making up the bulk of Argentina's modern-day immigrant communities.[14][15]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic map of Argentina.

Cultural ethnic groups in the early 21st century in Argentina according to the UAEM[16]

  European (85.0%)
  Mestizo (11.4%)
  Arab and Asian (2.2%)
  Indigenous (1.0%)
  African and Mulatto (0.4%)

Ethnic groupings in Argentina (2022 est.) according to the CIA FactBook.[17]

  European and Mestizo (97.2%)
  Amerindian (2.4%)
  African and Mulatto (0.4%)

Genetic ancestry of the Argentine gene pool according to Hoburguer et al. (2015)[18]

  European Contribution (67.3%)
  Amerindian Contribution (27.7%)
  African Contribution (3.6%)
  Asian Contribution (1.4%)

Europeans

Neither official census data nor statistically significant studies exist on the precise amount or percentage of Argentines of European descent today. The Argentine government recognizes the different communities, but Argentina's National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC) does not conduct ethnic/racial censuses, nor includes questions about ethnicity.[19][20] The Census conducted on 27 October 2010, did include questions on Indigenous peoples (complementing the survey performed in 2005) and on Afro-descendants.[19]

Arrival of the European immigrants

Re-enactment of the arrival of immigrants to the Port of Buenos Aires, XVII Immigrant National Festival, Oberá

The number and composition of the population was stable until 1853, when the national government, after passing a constitution, started a campaign to attract European immigration to populate the country. This state policy lasted several decades. At first the number of immigrants was modest compared to other countries such as the United States (though the number of immigrants was steadily increasing as they moved to the rural areas to settle and to found colonias like those of Italian, German, Swiss, or French origin), but in the 1870s, due to the economic crisis in Europe, it started to increase, reaching an extremely high rate between 1890 and 1930. Unofficial records show that, during the 1860s, 160,000 immigrants arrived in Argentina, while in the 1880s the net number increased to 841,000, almost doubling the population of the country in that decade.

Between 1857 and 1950, 6,611,000 European immigrants arrived in Argentina, making it the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, only second to the United States with 27 million, and ahead of such other areas of new settlement such as Canada, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Venezuela, Mexico and Uruguay and permanently changing the ethnography of Argentina.[2][3]

Immigrants arrived through the port of Buenos Aires and many stayed in the capital or within Buenos Aires Province and this still happens today. In 1895, immigrants accounted for 52% of the population in the capital, and 31% in the province of Buenos Aires (some provinces of the littoral, such as Santa Fe, had about 40%, and the Patagonian provinces had about 50%).

Waves of immigrants from European countries arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Over 30 percent of the country's population was born overseas by 1914, and half of the population in Buenos Aires and Rosario was foreign-born.[21][22] Over 80% of the Argentine population, per the 1914 Census, were immigrants, their children or grandchildren.[23]

The Hotel de Inmigrantes, built in 1906 to accommodate the 100,000 to 200,000 yearly arrivals at the Port of Buenos Aires, was made a National Historic Monument.

Italians

Italian immigration to Argentina began in the 19th century, just after Argentina won its independence from Spain. Argentine culture has significant connections to Italian culture, in terms of language, customs and traditions.[24]

Italians became firmly established throughout Argentina, with the greatest concentrations in the city of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Santa Fe Province, Entre Ríos Province, Córdoba Province, Tucumán Province, La Pampa Province, and the nearby country of Uruguay.

There are many reasons for the Italian immigration to Argentina: Italy was enduring economic problems caused mainly by the unification of the Italian states into one nation. The country was impoverished, unemployment was rampant, certain areas were overpopulated, and Italy was subject to significant political turmoil. Italians saw in Argentina a chance to build for themselves a brand new life.

The Italian population in Argentina is the third largest in the world, and the second largest (after Brazil) outside of Italy,[25] More than 20 million people (47% of Argentina's population according to Argentine government websites).[26][27] Italians form a majority of the population of Argentina and neighboring Uruguay: up to two-thirds have some Italian background. Among Latin American countries, only Brazil has more people of Italian descent (28 million, approximately 15 percent of Brazil's total population).

Croats

Croats number of 200,000 in Argentina, settling primarily in Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Chaco, and Patagonia. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, there were over 133 settlements. Many Croatian Argentines can trace their ancestry to Dalmatia and the Croatian Littoral. Many Croats came after Nikola Mihanovich developed the merchant marine.

Germans

German immigration to Argentina occurred during five main time periods: pre–1870, 1870–1914, 1918–1933, 1933–1940 and post–1945.

Argentina and Germany have long had close ties to each other. A flourishing trade developed between them as early as the German Unification, and Germany had a privileged position in the Argentine economy. Later, Argentina maintained a strong economic relationship with both Germany and Great Britain and supported them with supplies during World War I.

There are around 50,000 German descendants living in Buenos Aires. After the United States and Brazil, Argentina is among the nations with the largest number of German descendants in the world, together with Australia, Canada, South Africa and France. They arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others.

The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentine cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries known as facturas are Germanic in origin: croissants, known as medialunas ("half-moons", from German "Halbmond"), are the most popular of these, and can be found in two varieties: butter- and lard-based. Also German in origin are the "Berliner" known as bolas de Fraile ("friar's balls"), and the rolls called piononos.

The facturas were re-christened with local names given the difficult phonology of German, and usually Argentinized by the addition of a dulce de leche filling. That was also the case with the "Kreppel", called torta fritas in Argentina, which were introduced by German immigrants, and similarly with the "Achtzig Schlag" cake, translated as torta ochenta golpes. In addition, dishes like chucrut (sauerkraut) and many different kinds of sausage like bratwurst have made it into mainstream Argentine cuisine.

More than 7% of Argentines are of German descent. Over 2 million ethnic Germans in Argentina are of Volga German descent.[28]

French

A chapel in Villa Nogués.

French immigration has left a significant mark on Argentina, with a notable influence on the arts, culture, science and society of the country. Many emblematic buildings in cities like Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba were built following French Beaux Arts and neoclassical styles, such as the Argentine National Congress, the Metropolitan Cathedral, or the Central Bank building. In particular, landscape architect Carlos Thays, in his position as 1891 Director of Parks and Walkways, is largely responsible for planting thousands of trees, creating the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden and giving the city many of its parks and plazas that are sometimes compared to similar designs in Paris.

While Argentines of French descent make up a substantial percent of the Argentine population, they are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due to the high degree of assimilation and the lack of substantial French colonies throughout the country.[29]

Spaniards

Argentine elites diminished the Spanish culture from their culture in the newly independent country and created Argentine culture.

Between 1857 and 1940 more than 2 million Spanish people emigrated to Argentina, mostly from Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria in northern Spain, Catalonia in northeast Spain, and also from Andalusia in southern Spain.

Scandinavians

Scandinavians arrived in Argentina around 1909. The first ones settled in the northeastern area and founded a city called Villa Svea (now called Oberá). It was composed of Swedes, Norwegians and Finns. Russians, Germans, English and Danish joined them before and after World War I and spread throughout the country.

Austrians

Austrians settled throughout the country in the late 19th century.

Swiss

Approximately 44,000 Swiss emigrated to Argentina until 1940, and settled mainly in the provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe and, to a lesser extent, in Buenos Aires.

British

English-style slgrano R.

Around 100,000 British immigrants arrived between 1857 and 1940. The British community founded solid institutions like the British Hospital in Buenos Aires, the Herald newspaper, prestigious bilingual schools and clubs as the Lawn Tennis Club and Hurlingham Club. British immigrants had a strong impact on the taste of Argentine sports through the development of football, polo, hockey, and rugby, among others.

Today, there are over 350,000 Argentines with ancestry from the British Isles.

Greeks

There are about 30,000 to 50,000 Argentines of Greek descent. The first immigrants arrived at the end of the 18th century, while the bulk of immigration occurred during the first half of the 20th century. Many were Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians immigrating from Greece, who became adjusted to Argentine society because of the linguistic similarities between Eastern Romance and Spanish, as well as the Latin identity of Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians.

Albanians

During the great immigration from Italians towards Argentina, there were also a lot of Arbereshe people. They became part of the great European immigration towards South America in the 19th century. Most Albanians who migrated to Argentina were Arbershe from Southern Italy.

Bulgarians

Bulgarian immigration in Argentina began intensively in the 1920s and had a second boom period between 1937 and 1938. Most of them were farmers from the northern regions of Bulgaria. Most settled in the province of Chaco.

Czechs

The Czechs were also part of the great immigration of the early 20th century. Most of their descendants live in the provinces of Chaco and Mendoza, in the country.

Irish

The Irish emigrated to Argentina in the 19th century, between 1830 and 1875. They extended throughout the country, especially in the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios and Córdoba. The modern Irish-Argentine community is estimated to be between 500,000[30] and 1,000,000.[31] Argentina is the home of the fifth largest Irish community in the world.[32]

Lithuanians

after the First World War, between 1925 and 1930, and settled mainly in Buenos Aires, Berisso and Rosario.

Luxembourgers

From 1888 to 1890, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was literally overwhelmed by a transatlantic migration wave, the so-called "Argentinienfieber", literally ‘Argentine fever’. In less than two years, more than one thousand Luxembourgers - representing 0.5 per cent of the entire population - decided to emigrate to Argentina.[33]

Dutch

The first organized immigration from the Netherlands occurred in 1889, when immigrants came from the area of Friesland. A second immigration took place around 1924. Most of them settled in Mar del Plata, Bahía Blanca, Comodoro Rivadavia, and Chubut.

Polish

n began in 1897 and had a decisive influence in the Argentine population. Between the two world wars (1918–1939) large numbers of Poles emigrated. They mostly settled in Llavallol, San Justo, Valentín Alsina, San Martin, and Quilmes. Between 1946 and 1950 around one hundred thousand Poles settled in the country.

Russians

There is a significant number of Russians in Argentina. Most reside in Buenos Aires and northeastern areas. The majority of them arrived between 1880 and 1921. Another small wave arrived in the country in early 1990. As of July 2023, more than 18,500 Russians have come to Argentina after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[34]

Ukrainians

Ukrainian Argentines on parade in Misiones Province.

Ukrainian regular immigration to Argentina began in the 19th century. The first Ukrainian settlement in the country was in 1897. Subsequently, groups of immigrants settled in Buenos Aires, Misiones, Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Mendoza, Río Negro, and Entre Ríos. Estimates of the Ukrainian and/or Ukrainian-descended population range from 300,000 to 470,000 people (the latter figure making Ukrainians up to 1% of the total Argentine population).[35][36][37][38][39][40]

Welsh

The Welsh settlement in Argentina – known in Welsh as Y Wladfa – began in 1865 and occurred mainly along the coast of Chubut Province in the far southern region of Patagonia. In the 19th and early 20th century the Argentine government encouraged the immigration of Europeans to populate the country outside the Buenos Aires region; between 1856 and 1875 no fewer than 34 settlements of immigrants of various nationalities were established between Santa Fe and Entre Ríos. In addition to the main colony in Chubut, a smaller colony was set up in Santa Fe by 44 Welsh people who left Chubut, and another group settled at Coronel Suárez in southern Buenos Aires Province. In the early 21st century, around 50,000 Patagonians are of Welsh descent. The Welsh-Argentine community is centered around Gaiman, Trelew and Trevelin. By Chubut's own estimate, the number of Welsh speakers is about 25,000. The Welsh language is still present in Welsh communities of Argentina and they have developed their own dialect known as Patagonian Welsh.

Welsh flags alongside Tehuelche flags in a ceremony in Punta Cuevas, Puerto Madryn, Cubut, Argentina

Jewish

The overwhelming majority of Argentina's Jewish community derives from immigrants of Northern, Central, and Eastern European origin (Ashkenazi Jews), although there is a significant Sephardic population. Argentina's Jewish population is, by far, the largest in all of Latin America and is the fifth largest in the world. Buenos Aires itself is said to have over 100,000 practicing Jews, making it one of the largest Jewish urban centers in the world (see also History of the Jews in Argentina).

Romani

There are approximately 300,000 Roma in Argentina.[41]

West Asians

Arabs and Levantines

There are 1,300,000–3,500,000 Argentines whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely of Levantine cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity.

Most Levantine Argentines are from Lebanese background, originating mainly from what is now Lebanon. There are people from other Arabic speaking countries in lesser numbers. Most are Christians of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic (Maronite) churches. The first Levantine settled in Argentina in the 19th century, and most who came during this time period were Lebanese. From 1891 to 1920, 367,348 people of Levantine heritage immigrated into Argentina.[24] When they were first processed in the ports of Argentina, they were classified as Turks because modern-day Lebanon as the rest of the levant were then occupied by the Turkish Ottoman Empire.

Armenian Argentines in Oberá, Misiones.
Former President Carlos Saúl Menem, a descendant of Syrian immigrants.

Armenians

The Armenians came in different time periods. The first wave was in the late 19th century, as a result of the Adana massacres and such targeted at Armenians in the region of Cilicia. The second (and largest) wave was from the 1910s to the 1930s, originated solely by the Armenian genocide. Armenophobia rose again in Turkey in the mid-20th century, and created the final migration of Armenians to the world – some of them arrived in Argentina and formed a separate third wave. The last wave was a result of the fall of the Soviet Union.

There are 80,000 to 135,000 descendants of Armenians in Argentina, most of them in Buenos Aires.[42][43][44][45]

Amerindians

Félix Díaz, an activist for the Qom people

Argentina's National Institute of Indigenous Affairs (INAI) identifies 38 indigenous peoples throughout the country.

There are Amerindian groups like the Tobas, Aymaras, Guaraníes and Mapuches, among others, who still maintain their cultural roots, but are under continuous pressure for religious and idiomatic integration.

The local natives who speak Quechua adopted that language either after they were conquered by the Inca Empire (that reached Tucumán) or by the teachings of the Spanish religious missionaries who came from Peru to today's Santiago del Estero Province; the language is quickly losing importance. The Survey on Indigenous Populations, published by the National Institute for Statistics and Census, gives a total of 600,329 people who see themselves as descending from or belonging to an indigenous people, representing 1.5% of Argentina's population.[46]

According to a recent study of 246 individuals, up to 30% of this population could have varying degrees of Native American ancestry,[47] but other studies such as those carried by Norma Pérez Martín (2007) suggest at least 56% of Argentines would have indigenous ancestry[7]

Regarding the indigenous peoples of Argentina, the Constitution of the Argentine nation in its article 17 says:

"Recognise the ethnic and cultural pre-existence of indigenous peoples. Guarantee respect for their identity and the right to a bilingual and intercultural education; recognise the legal status of their communities, and the communal possession and ownership of the lands they traditionally occupy; and regulate the provision of others suitable and sufficient for human development; none of them shall be alienable, transferable or subject to liens or encumbrances. Ensure their participation in the management of their natural resources and other interests affecting them. The provinces may exercise these powers concurrently".[48]

Some provinces in Argentina have indigenous languages as official languages, for example the Corrientes Province has Guarani as an official language and the Jujuy Province has Quechua and Aymara as official languages.

An interesting fact is that some of the fathers of Argentina's independence wanted that the new independent state to be governed by indigenous monarchy. The Inca plan of 1816 proposed that United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Present Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a descendant of the Inca. Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of Túpac Amaru II) was proposed as monarch.[49] This proposal was supported by notable figures such as Manuel Belgrano, José de San Martín and Martín Miguel de Güemes. The Congress of Tucumán finally decided to reject the Inca's plan, creating instead a republican, centralist state.[50][51]

Mapuche

The Mapuche (from the Mapudungún Mapuche autonym) are the largest indigenous people in the Southern Cone, inhabiting central and southern Chile and part of Argentina.

Mapuche woman.

Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and Argentina. The two living branches are Huilliche and Mapudungun. Although not genetically related, lexical influence has been discerned from Quechua. Linguists estimate that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile. The language receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years, it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bío-Bío, Araucanía and Los Lagos Regions.

The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organization consists of extended families, under the direction of a lonko or chief. In times of war, the Mapuche would unite in larger groupings and elect a toki (meaning "axe" or "axe-bearer") to lead them. Mapuche material culture is known for its textiles and silverwork.

Toba

The Toba, also known as the Qom, are an ethnic group of the Pampido people who live in the Central Chaco. Around the 16th century, they began to inhabit a large part of northern Argentina in what are now the provinces of Salta, Chaco, Santiago del Estero and Formosa.

Guarani

Guarani People are distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guarani language. The traditional area of distribution of the Guaraní people is found in several countries (Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina), within Argentina they mostly inhabit the Misiones and Corrientes Provinces of Argentina.[52] In the Corrientes Province, Guaraní is a co-official language.

The Guarani had a great impact on Argentine culture, for example mate was consumed by the Guarani and Tupi peoples in pre-colonial times. Other influences could be in the famous Argentine expression "che", which could come from the Guarani language, where "che irú" means "my companion".[53]

Matero, a statue of a man preparing to drink yerba mate infusion, in Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
Ava Guarani

Ava guaraní is the denomination currently adopted for a mixogenized indigenous culture guaraní-arahuaca formerly better known as chiriguana', which is settled mainly in southern Bolivia, from where it expanded into western Paraguay and northwestern Argentina.

Mbyá Guaraní

The Mbyá Guaraní, are a branch of the Guaraní people who live in Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.[54] In the Argentine region of Misiones, Mbyá coexist, in the same familial communities, with members of the Xiripá Guaraní and Pai Tavytera groups. There are 120 such communities, known as tekoás, in the region, and there are approximately 11,000 Mbyá in Argentina as a whole. Two large communities in Misiones near Iguazu Falls, Fortin Mborore and Yriapú, are home to more than 2,000 people.

Diaguita

The Diaguita are a group of South American Indians from Chile's Norte Chico and northwestern Argentina. According to the 2010 census there are 67,410 self-identified Diaguita descendants in Argentina.[55]

Qulla

They are a people who live in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. In Argentina they are mostly located in the Corrientes, Jujuy and Catamarca provinces.

Quechua

The Quechua people have historically inhabited from Ecuador to Argentina. The Quechua languages have and had a great impact on the Spanish dialects of the region. Words like "Cancha" (Stadium) or "Palta" (avocado) have their origin in Quechuan languages. According to the 2010 census, the Quecha People would be composed of 55,493 people only in Argentina. The 2010 National Population Census in Argentina also revealed that there are self-identified Quechua people all over the country.

Wichí

They are a people who have historically inhabited Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. In Argentina approximately fifty thousand people have identified themselves as Whichís.

Comechingón

Comechingón is the common name for a group of people indigenous to the Argentine provinces of Córdoba and San Luis. They were thoroughly displaced or exterminated by the Spanish conquistadores by the end of the 17th century. According to the 2010 census there are 34,546 self-identified Comechingón descendants in Argentina.[56]

Tehuelche

The Aónikenk people, also referred to by the exonym Tehuelche, are an indigenous people from Patagonia in South America, with existing members of the group currently residing in the southern Argentina-Chile borders. The 2010 National Population Census in Argentina revealed the existence of 27,813 people who considered themselves Tehuelche throughout the country, 7924 in the Chubut Province, 4570 in the interior of the Buenos Aires Province, 2615 in the Santa Cruz Province, 2269 in the Río Negro Province, 1702 in the city of Buenos Aires, 844 in the Mendoza Province, 738 in the Neuquén Province and 625 in the La Pampa Province.

Tehuelche's flag.

Mocoví

The Mocoví are an indigenous tribe of the Gran Chaco region of South America. They speak the Mocoví language and are one of the ethnic groups belonging to the Guaycuru peoples. In the 2010 Argentine census, 22,439 people self-identified as Mocoví.[57]

Aymara

In the 2010 Argentine census, 20,822 people self-identified as Aymara.[58]

The Aymara people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina. Their ancestors lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century.

Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of South America (present-day Argentina) in Spanish and Aymara

Beginning with Spanish missionary efforts, there have been many attempts to create a writing system for Aymara. The colonial sources employed a variety of writing systems heavily influenced by Spanish, the most widespread one being that of Bertonio.

Querandí

According to the 2010 census there are 3,658 self-identified Querandí in Argentina.

Mbayá

According to the 2010 census there are 7,379 self-identified Mbayá in Argentina.

Rankülche

The Ranquel or Rankülche are an indigenous tribe from the northern part of La Pampa Province, Argentina, in South America.[59] According to the 2010 census there are 14,860 self-identified Ranquel in Argentina.

Selk'nam

The Selk'nam, also known as the Onawo or Ona people, are an indigenous people in the Patagonian region of southern Argentina and Chile. They were one of the last native groups in South America to be encountered by Europeans in the late 19th century. In the mid-19th century, there were about 4000 Selk'nam; by 1919 there were 297, and by 1930 just over 100.[60]

The exploration of gold and the introduction of farming in the region of Tierra del Fuego led to genocide of the Selk'nam perpetrated by the regimes of both states (Argentina and Chile). Joubert Yanten Gomez, a Chilean mestizo, has taught himself the language and is considered the only speaker; he uses the name Keyuk.[61]

According to Argentina's 2010 census, 696 people recognise themselves as descendants of the Selk'nam people, but they are mestizos and do not speak the Selk'nam language.

Selk'nam family 1915

Charrúa

The Charrúa were an Indigenous Southern Cone people in present-day Argentina (Entre Ríos), Uruguay[62] and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).[63][64] They were a semi-nomadic people who sustained themselves mainly through hunting and gathering. Since resources were not permanent in every region, they would constantly be on the move.[65] Rain, drought, and other environmental factors determined their movement. For this reason they are often classified as seasonal nomads.[65]

In Argentina 14,649 people identify themselves as Charrúa.

Toconoté

The Tonocotés or Tonokotés are an aboriginal people inhabiting the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Tucumán in Argentina.

The Spaniards called the tonocotés and other peoples of the former Tucumán as Juríes, deformation of the Quechua word xuri that means Rhea, because of the kind of loincloth feathers of this bird that the natives wore and that they moved into real flocks. In 1574 the name of tonocoté appears on a document and eventually supplanted the earlier denomination.

Current tonocotés are known as suritas. They are partially mestizos descended from the ancient tonocotés and speak their own dialect derived from Santiago del Estero's quichua. They are distributed in 19 rural communities with about 6,000 residents in the departments of San Martín, Figueroa and Avellaneda from Santiago del Estero.[66] (According to the 2010 national census, the tonocotés village had 4,853 inhabitants)[67]

Atacama

The Atacama people, also called Atacameño, are indigenous people from the Atacama Desert and altiplano region in the north of Chile and Argentina and southern Bolivia. According to the Argentine Census in 2010, 13,936 people identified as first-generation Atacameño in Argentina. In the past they spoke a language known as Kunza, to day the Kunza language is an isolate extinct language once spoken Chile, Argentina and Bolivia who have since shifted to Spanish and Quechua, to a lesser extent. The last speaker was documented in 1949. However, there are elderly people who can remember the meaning of many words and a dictionary has been created with the intention of recovering them. Julio Vilte, a native of Toconao, was able to compile a vocabulary and publish a dictionary in 2004.

Huarpes

Huarpe Canoe.

The Huarpes or Warpes are an indigenous people of Argentina, living in the Cuyo region. According to the 2010 Argentine census, 34,279 people identified themselves as Huarpes. They were divided into four large groups, each corresponding to their geographic location and also to differences in language:

  • Huarpes Allentiac (San Juan)
  • Huarpes Millcayac (North of the province of Mendoza)
  • Huarpes Chiquillanes (South of the province of Mendoza)
  • Huarpes Guanacaches (Northeast of Mendoza, North of San Luis and in the southeast of San Juan)

Africans

Monument to Sgt. Juan Bautista Cabral in Corrientes, Argentina. Cabral was a zambo (of mixed black and indigenous descent).
María Fernanda Silva, Argentina's first black ambassador.

Since the 15th century, groups of African slaves were exported to Argentina. From the 16th century, most Africans brought to Argentina belonged to ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, coming from the territories now comprising the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola and Mozambique. Many slaves of these countries were bought in Brasil, a country where most of the slaves were from these countries, especially from Angola.[68] In 1680–1777 came at least 40,000 slaves in the region, while among the latter date and 1812, when traffic was halted, some 70,000 were landed in Buenos Aires and Montevideo (that figure must be added another, unknown, admitted slave overland from Rio Grande do Sul).

Afro-Argentines were up to a third of the population during colonial times, most of them slaves brought from Africa to work for the criollos. The 1813 Assembly decreed the Freedom of Wombs Law of 1813, which automatically freed slaves' children at birth, forty years later, in 1853, the abolition of slavery became law. Many Afro-Argentines contributed to the independence of Argentina such as María Remedios del Valle who is known as "La Madre de la Patria" (mother of the fatherland in English) and Sgt. Juan Bautista Cabral. Also there is a debate, among the historians, as to whether or not Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, was of African descent.[69]

A number of myths have surged to explain the apparent disappearance of Argentina's black population. One popular myth claims that during the Paraguayan War, thousands of black citizens were forcibly conscripted and used as front-line soldiers, leading to large casualties that decreased the number of Afro-Argentines. Historian George Reid Andrews retorts that composition of the Argentine Army in 1853 meant that only two battalions of blacks served in the war, and thus this could not have been the cause of the reduction of the Afro-Argentine population.[70] Recent historical studies suggest that that state-led blanqueamiento policies and miscegenation with an increasignly white population and with indigenous people could be the real causes of this reduction in the Afro-Argentine population. Censuses were used as a way of making black populations invisible, for example by creating new categories.[71]

Of the population of 40,117,096 in the 2010 national census, 149,493 (0.37%) self-identified as Afro-Argentine. According to genetic studies, Sub-Saharan African admixture in Argentines is around 4%.[18][72] World Bank and Argentine government estimates have suggested the Argentine population with some African ancestry could number over 2 million. Since the 2000s, African immigrants, for example from Senegal,[73] have been attracted by Argentina's flexible migration policies.

November 8 has been celebrated as the National Day of Afro-Argentines and African Culture. The date was chosen to commemorate the recorded date for the death of María Remedios del Valle.[74][75][76]

Asians

Lunar New Year celebration party in Buenos Aires Chinatown.

The first Asian Argentines were of Japanese descent, arriving in the 1900s. For most of the 20th century they were the only Asians in Argentina. Japanese immigrants were primarily from the island of Okinawa; the majority of dry cleaning establishments in Buenos Aires were, by the mid-20th century, Japanese businesses. During the 1970s the main Asian influx was from South Korea, and during the 1990s from Taiwan and Laos. Unlike most immigrants who arrived earlier in the century, they tended to remain in close social circles and not mix with other local ethnicities. This excluded the Japanese who were the first to arrive and therefore the first to produce a native generation of mixed race Japanese-Argentines, thus integrating more so than the other Asian groups.

Japanese

The Japanese-Argentine population assimilated well into Argentine society, and nearly 78% of the fourth generation of Japanese-Argentines (Yonsei) are of mixed European and Japanese descent, mostly intermixed with immigrants from Italy and Spain, and in lesser number from the United Kingdom, France (mainly Occitania), Germany and Switzerland. The use of Japanese language has declined in Argentina and the Japanese-Argentine citizens speak the nation's national language, Spanish, although a minority of them only speak Japanese when living with a Japanese-born relative at home, but when they are living with Argentine-born relatives they only speak Spanish.

Intermarriage in the Japanese-Argentine community. Proportion of mixed-race in each generation (%):

  • Issei (immigrants): 0%
  • Nisei (children): 9%
  • Sansei (grandchildren): 66%
  • Yonsei (great-grandchildren): 78%

Koreans

Argentine Koreans are the second-largest Korean diaspora community in South America and the 16th largest in the world, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Their population declined by more than 50% between 1997 and 2003. Despite the small rebound in their numbers since then, they have been surpassed in size by the rapidly growing Chinese Argentine community (which since the 1990s has been increasing non-stop and is expected to become one of the biggest immigrant groups in Argentina, together with Paraguayan, Bolivian and Peruvian immigrants). In the 2010s decade, the Korean community in Argentina has fallen behind Korean communities in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, Brazil, Canada, Singapore, The United Arab Emirates and Southeast Asia.[77][78]

Chinese

Chinese Argentines are Argentine citizens of Chinese ancestry or Chinese-born immigrants. The Chinese Argentine community is one of the fastest-growing communities in Argentina. As of 2018, the community was made up of 200,000 people, the 0.45% of the Argentine population.[79][4]

Indians

Also there is a small community of Indians in Argentina who are mainly immigrants or descendant of immigrants from India and form the Caribbean with Indo-Caribbean influence (i.e. Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname). Most of them live in the provinces of Salta, the city of Buenos Aires, the province of the same name, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán. In recent years there has been an increase in immigration from India, but still in small numbers.

Laotian

Argentina is also home to the largest Lao community in South America, with almost 2,000 people. This group emigrated due to the consequences of the Pathet Lao victory in the Lao Civil War. They arrived in Argentina thanks to the fact that after an International Conference in Geneva convened by the United Nations in mid-1979, the de facto President Jorge Rafael Videla decided to collaborate by "opening the country's doors", with the aim of improving the international image of his regime in terms of human rights. Approximately 300 families were received between 1979 and 1981.[80] [81] [82]

Estimated Argentine ancestry

Ancestry[83]Number of descendants[40]Percentage[40]References date
AmerindianMaybe more than 20 millionMaybe more than 55%2005[84][85]
2021[86]
Spanish and ItalianPossibly more than 20 millionPossibly more than 50%[83]
Italian15—30 million30—70%1996[87]
2010[27]
2011[88]
2020[89]
2023[90]
French6 million 2006[29]
Middle Eastern Arab3.5 million or little more 2011[91]
2015[92]
Volga German and German2.5 million Volga German and 600 thousand—1 million German

[28][93][94][95] [96]
Sub-Saharan AfricanAround 2 million[97] 2014[98]
2018[97]
2021[99]
Irish600 thousand—1 million 2005[100]
2017[101]
PolishAt least 500 thousand[102][103] 2004[104]
Ukrainian250—450 thousand 2008[105]
2012[106]
2022[39]
Russian100—350 thousand 2010[107][108]
2019[109][110]
Croatian250 thousand 2013[111]
2022[112]
Jewish250—330 thousand[113][114]
Chinese60—200 thousand 2005[115]
2010[115]
2019[116]
Armenian80—135 thousand 2018[43][45]
British100 thousand 1985[117]
SwissPossibly 100 thousand 2019[118][119]
Welsh50—70 thousand 2008[120]
2015[121]
Austrian and Hungarian40—60 thousand 2010[122][123]
2016[124][125]
Japanese17—50 thousand 2003[126]
2011[127]
GreekAt least 30 thousand 2018[128][129]
Korean20—25 thousand 2010[130]
2022[131][132]
Romanian10 thousand 2014[133]
NordicMore than 10 thousand[134][135]

Immigration from neighbouring countries

Among the most numerous immigrants from neighbouring countries are Paraguayans (the biggest foreign community), Bolivians, Peruvians, and in lesser number Ecuadorians and Brazilians. There have been reports of discrimination to these groups, as well as exploitation; Buenos Aires Police have released Bolivian citizens working in textile factories, some run by South Korean immigrants, others by Argentine businessmen and women. The former first lady, Mauricio Macri's wife Juliana Awada, was involved with illegal sweat shops, where Bolivian immigrants were treated as slaves.[136][137][138]

Uruguayans represent a special case; many have crossed the Río de la Plata to live in Argentina, mainly in Buenos Aires, searching for opportunities in the bigger country. Given their cultural resemblances with the porteños, they are rarely discriminated against.

Genetic studies

Autosomal NRY DNA (patrilineal) mtDNA (matrilineal)
  European contribution (78.6%)
  Amerindian contribution (17.3%)
  African contribution (4.1%)
  European contribution (94.1%)
  Amerindian contribution (4.9%)
  African contribution (1%)
  Amerindian contribution (53.7%)
  European contribution (44.3%)
  African contribution (2%)
Autosomal, patrilineal and matrilineal ancestry of Argentines (Corach et al., 2009)[72]
Genetic admixture in Argentina and Chile according to Parolin et al. (2019)[139]
  • In the work of Corach et al., 2009, the authors say that "Argentines carried a large fraction of European genetic heritage in their Y-chromosomal (94.1%) and autosomal (78.5%) DNA, but their mitochondrial gene pool is mostly of Native American ancestry (53.7%); instead, African heritage was small in all three genetic systems (<4%)".[72]
  • According to Caputo et al., 2021, X-DIPs studies show that the matrilineal genetic contribution is 52.9% European, 39.6% indigenous, and 7.5% African.[9]
  • Homburguer et al., 2015, PLOS One Genetics: 67,3% European, 27,7% Amerindian, 3,6% African and 1,4% Asian.[140]
  • Di Fabbio Rocca et al., 2016.[141]
    • Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area: 79,9% European and 21,1% others.
    • Rosario: 81,1% European and 18,9% others.
    • Buenos Aires Province (Bahía Blanca): 76,9% European and 23,1% others.
    • Puerto Madryn (Chubut Province): 67,2% European and 32,8% others.
    • Salta Province: 41,2% European and 58,8% others.
  • Avena et al., 2012, PLOS One Genetics: 65% European, 31% Amerindian, and 4% African.[142]
    • Buenos Aires Province: 76% European and 24% others.
    • South Zone (Chubut Province): 54% European and 46% others.
    • Northeast Zone (Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco & Formosa provinces): 54% European and 46% others.
    • Northwest Zone (Salta Province): 33% European and 67% others.
  • Parolin et al., (2019), found admixture in Argentine Patagonia was 62.1% European, 35.8% Amerindian and 2.1% African. Individuals with four grandparents from Central region had 85% of European admixture. Individuals with four grandparents from South and North regions had 71% and 61.9% of Amerindian admixture, respectively.[139]
  • According to the study by María Laura Catelli et al., 2011, the matrilineal Native American component observed in the urban populations was 66%, 41%, and 70% in South, Central, and North Argentina, respectively.[143]
  • According to Norma Pérez Martín, 2007, at least 56% of Argentines would have indigenous ancestry.[7]
  • Oliveira, 2008, on Universidade de Brasília: 60% European, 31% Amerindian and 9% African.[144]
Center
(Buenos Aires Province)		 South
(Chubut Province)		 Northeast
(Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco and Formosa provinces)		 Northwest
(Salta Province)
  European contribution (76%)
  Amerindian and other contributions (24%)
  European contribution (54%)
  Amerindian and other contributions (46%)
  European contribution (54%)
  Amerindian and other contributions (46%)
  Amerindian and other contributions (67%)
  European contribution (33%)
Genetic admixture across Argentine regions (Avena et al., 2012)[142]

See also

References

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  8. ↑ "Motivos por los que no hay negros en Argentina" (in Spanish). 19 July 2014.
  9. 1 2 Caputo, M.; Amador, M. A.; Sala, A.; Riveiro Dos Santos, A.; Santos, S.; Corach, D. (2021). "Ancestral genetic legacy of the extant population of Argentina as predicted by autosomal and X-chromosomal DIPs". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (3): 581–590. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01755-w. PMID 33580820. S2CID 231911367. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
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  28. 1 2 Embassy in Germany:
    Hechos y personajes (in Spanish)
    Ereignisse / Personen (in German)
    Website: ealem.cancilleria.gob.ar
    Information published in 2020s (apparently 2021) according to the Wayback Machine.

    According to the German embassy, more than 7% of Argentines have German ancestry. The population of Argentina in 2022s is more than 46,000,000. % of 46 million is 3.2 million.
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    In October 2006, the Canal Académies website published that 17% of Argentines have French ancestry. The population of Argentina in 2006 was 38,971,000. 17% of 38 million is 6 million.
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    Rionegro.com.ar: La mayoría de los argentinos tiene sangre indígena. 17 January, 2005.
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  89. ↑ "Inmigrantes italianos en Argentina". Ciudadaniaitaliana.com.ar (in Spanish). April 26, 2020.
  90. ↑ "Herencia italiana en Argentina, ¿por qué somos como somos?". 900 novecento web Ciudadanía Italiana (in Spanish). 2023.
  91. ↑ "Inquietud en la comunidad sirio-libanesa de la Argentina". Clarin.com (in Spanish). March 26, 2011.
  92. ↑ "Los árabes en Argentina – Inmigración Iberoamericana nº5". Iberoamericasocial.com (in Spanish). April 9, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-23. 23/5/2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  93. ↑ "Día del alemán del Volga en la Argentina: Más de 2,5 millones de personas de esta descendencia celebran hoy su día". Paralelo.com.ar (in Spanish). April 15, 2017.
  94. ↑ "Alemanes del Volga. Dejaron Rusia y en Entre Ríos fundaron varias aldeas donde celebran sus tradiciones". Lanacion.com.ar (in Spanish). December 12, 2021.
  95. ↑ German Hospital of Argentina (2008): Años de trabajo y crecimiento. Hospital registers a million descendants of Germans.
  96. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100213071340/http://www.embajada-alemana.org.ar/culturas/becas1.htm
  97. 1 2 "El origen afro de la Argentina", Cultura.gob.ar (in Spanish), July 18, 2018.
  98. ↑ "Motivos por los que no hay negros en Argentina". ABC.es (in Spanish). 2014.
  99. ↑ "La comunidad invisibilizada de 2 millones de personas". Redaccion.com.ar (in Spanish). March 10, 2021.
  100. ↑ Peter Berresford: An Irish Argentine in the Easter Rising. Irish Abroad.
  101. ↑ "Sin cerveza, los irlandeses festejan San Patricio en Buenos Aires". Clarin.com (in Spanish). March 17, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-03-18.
  102. ↑ "Copia archivada". Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  103. ↑ Baxcolectividades.buenosaires.gob.ar: Colectividad polaca (in Spanish)
  104. ↑ "La ampliación de la Unión Europea habilita a 600 mil argentinos para ser comunitarios". Clarin.com (in Spanish). April 27, 2004.
  105. ↑ "Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Date Posted: 3/2/2008
  106. ↑ "Relations with countries of the American region". MFA.gov.ua. © 2012 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. All rights reserved.
  107. ↑ "Biblioteca Virtual Universal - Colectividad rusa" (PDF). Culturaargentina.org.ar (in Spanish). 2010.
  108. ↑ "Colectividad rusa. Un poco de historia" Observatorio de Colectividades - 2010 - Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
  109. ↑ "¿Por qué hay tantos rusos en la Argentina y tan pocos argentinos en Rusia?". lanacion.com.ar (in Spanish). 2019.
  110. ↑ Baxcolectividades.buenosaires.gob.ar: Colectividad rusa (in Spanish)
  111. ↑ "Status of Croatian immigrants and their descendants abroad". Zagreb: Republic of Croatia: State Office for Croats Abroad. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013.
  112. ↑ Billiken.lat: La historia de la inmigración croata en Argentina (12 December, 2022).
  113. ↑ "Colectividad judía". BA Colectividades (gob.ar) (in Spanish).
  114. ↑ DellaPergola, Sergio (2019), "World Jewish Population, 2018", in Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.), American Jewish Year Book 2018, vol. 118, Springer International Publishing, pp. 361–449, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_8, ISBN 9783030039066, S2CID 146549764
  115. 1 2 "La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años". Clarin.com. 2010.
  116. ↑ "¿Cómo vive un ciudadano chino en Argentina? | Asia | AméricaEconomía". Archived from the original on 2019-02-01.
  117. ↑ Chavez, Lydia (23 June 1985). "Fare of the country: A bit of Britain in Argentina". The New York Times.
  118. ↑ Swissinfo.ch: "Suizos "de sangre" en Argentina" (10 July, 2019).
  119. ↑ Swissinfo.ch: "Algunos cientos de miles de argentinos con raíces suizas" (24 July, 2019).
  120. ↑ "Wales and Argentina". Wales.com website. Welsh Assembly Government. 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
  121. ↑ "150th anniversary of Welsh voyage to Patagonia". ITV. 30 May 2015. The community still exists in Argentina today, with a population of more than 70,000.
  122. ↑ "Colectividad húngara. Un poco de historia" Observatorio de Colectividades - 2010 - Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
  123. ↑ "Colectividad austríaca. Un poco de historia" Observatorio de Colectividades - 2010 - Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
  124. ↑ Santillán Rafaniello website. estuduosr.com (in Spanish). 2016.
  125. ↑ Baxcolectividades.buenosaires.gob.ar: Colectividad austríaca (in Spanish).
  126. ↑ "Japan-Argentine Relations". MOFA.gob.jp. May 2003. Archived from the original on 2005-02-24.
  127. ↑ "La colectividad japonesa en Argentina". Academia.edu (in Spanish). 2011.
  128. ↑ "Argentina ha sido, es y será un socio y amigo importante para Grecia". Ambitointernacional.com (in Spanish). 2018.
  129. ↑ Baxcolectividades.buenosaires.gob.ar: Colectividad griega (in Spanish).
  130. ↑ "Colectividad coreana. Un poco de historia" Observatorio de Colectividades - 2010 - Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
  131. ↑ "Comunidad coreana en Argentina". KOREA.net (in Spanish). September 16, 2022.
  132. ↑ Baxcolectividades.buenosaires.gob.ar: Colectividad coreana (in Spanish).
  133. ↑ "Entrevista de la jefa de misión otorgada a la revista Dilema Veche". Buenosaires.mae.ro (in Spanish). May 20, 2014. by Iuliana Alexa.
  134. ↑ Map of the Norwegian Diaspora in the World
    Map of the Swedish Diaspora in the World
    Map of the Danish Diaspora in the World
  135. ↑ BA Colectividades: Sueca, Danesa & Noruega gob.ar (in Spanish)
  136. ↑ "Aca Seca Trío - Pasarero (con Pedro Aznar)" – via www.youtube.com.
  137. ↑ "PROCESAN POR TRATA DE PERSONAS AL DUEÑO DEL TALLER CLANDESTINO DE FLORESTA DONDE MURIERON DOS CHICOS POR UN INCENDIO | UTE".
  138. ↑ "Denuncian a la nueva novia de Macri por utilizar trabajo esclavo . Sur Capitalino". Sur Capitalino.
  139. 1 2 Parolin, María Laura; Toscanini, Ulises F.; Velázquez, Irina F.; Llull, Cintia; Berardi, Gabriela L.; Holley, Alfredo; Tamburrini, Camila; Avena, Sergio; Carnese, Francisco R.; Lanata, José L.; Sánchez Carnero, Noela; Arce, Lucas F.; Basso, Néstor G.; Pereira, Rui; Gusmão, Leonor (2019). "Genetic admixture patterns in Argentinian Patagonia". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0214830. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1414830P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214830. PMC 6576754. PMID 31206551.
  140. ↑ Homburger; et al. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  141. ↑ "O Historia poblacional y análisis antropogenético de la ciudad de Salta". researchgate.net. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  142. 1 2 Avena; et al. (2012). "Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e34695. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734695A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034695. PMC 3323559. PMID 22506044.
  143. ↑ Catelli, María; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Mosquera-Miguel, Ana; Romanini, Carola; Borosky, Alicia; Amigo, Jorge; Carracedo, Ángel; Vullo, Carlos; Salas, Antonio (2011). "The impact of modern migrations on present-day multi-ethnic Argentina as recorded on the mitochondrial DNA genome". BMC Genetics. 12: 77. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-12-77. PMC 3176197. PMID 21878127.
  144. ↑ "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas" (PDF). Repositorio.unb.br. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
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