Ergenekon (Turkish: [ˌæɾɟeneˈkon]) was the name given to an alleged clandestine, secular ultra-nationalist[1] organization in Turkey with possible ties to members of the country's military and security forces.[2] The would-be group, named after Ergenekon, a mythical place located in the inaccessible valleys of the Altay Mountains, was accused of terrorism in Turkey.[3]

Some believed Ergenekon was part of the "deep state".[4] The existence of the "deep state" was affirmed in Turkish opinion after the Susurluk scandal in 1996.[5] Alleged members had been indicted on charges of plotting to foment unrest, among other things by assassinating intellectuals, politicians, judges, military staff, and religious leaders, with the ultimate goal of toppling the incumbent government.[6][7]

Ergenekon's modus operandi had been compared to Operation Gladio's Turkish branch, the Counter-Guerrilla.[8][9] By April 2011, over 500 people had been taken into custody and nearly 300 formally charged with membership in what prosecutors described as "the Ergenekon terrorist organization", which they claimed had been responsible for virtually every act of political violence—and controlled every militant group—in Turkey over the last 30 years.[10]

As of 2015 most of those accused of such crimes have been acquitted, forensic experts concluded the documents for supposed plots were fake[11] and some of the executors of trials proved to be linked to the Gülen Movement and were charged with plotting against the Turkish Army.[12]

Overview

An organization named "Ergenekon" has been talked about since the Susurluk scandal, which exposed a similar gang. However, it is said that Ergenekon has undergone serious changes since then. The first person to publicly talk about the organization was retired naval officer Erol Mütercimler, who spoke of such an organization in 1997.[13][14] Mütercimler said he heard of the original organization's existence from retired general Memduh Ünlütürk, who was involved in the anti-communist Ziverbey interrogations following the 1971 coup.[15] Major general Ünlütürk told Mütercimler that Ergenekon was founded with the support of the CIA and the Pentagon.[16] Mütercimler was detained during the Ergenekon investigation for questioning before being released.[13]

Mütercimler and others, however, draw a distinction between the Ergenekon of today and the original one, which they equate with the Counter-Guerrilla; Operation Gladio's Turkish branch.[17] Today's Ergenekon is said to be a "splinter" off the old one.[18][19] The person whose testimony contributed most to the indictment, Tuncay Güney, described Ergenekon as a junta related to the Turkish Resistance Organization (Turkish: Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı, TMT) operating in North Cyprus; the TMT was established by founding members of the Counter-Guerrilla.[20] Former North Cyprus President Rauf Denktaş denied any connection of the TMT to Ergenekon.[21]

Another position is that while some of the suspects may be guilty of something, there is no organization to which they are all party, and that the only thing they have in common is opposition to the AKP.[22] There is evidence to suggest that some – but only some – of the defendants named in the indictments have been engaged in illegal activity and that others – again far from all – hold eccentric or distasteful political opinions and worldviews.[23] There are also allegations that Ergenekon's agenda is in line with the policies of the National Security Council, elaborated in the top-secret "Red Book" (the National Security Policy Document).[24]

Based on documents prepared by one of the prosecutors, an article in Sabah says that the alleged organization consists of six cells with the following personnel:[25][26]

Of those, the structure of only the "Theory" department had been revealed as of September 2008.[26][27]

Some have called Veli Küçük the leader in the organization.[28] Şamil Tayyar of the Star daily says that Küçük is not "even among the top ten".[29] Turkey's National Intelligence Organization (MİT) reportedly informed the prosecutor about the identity of the "number one" in the organization, but this will not be made public.[30]

In most cases the name is shown as having derived from the Ergenekon myth; a place in Eurasia of mythological significance, esp. among nationalists (see Agartha).[31] The legend was vigorously promulgated during the early years of the Turkish Republic as Atatürk sought to create a nation state in which national consciousness rather than religion served as the primary determinant of identity.[23] With the growing number of detentions and subsequent court cases (see: Ergenekon (trials)) not many people still really understand what is happening.[32] (also see chapter: Debate on Ergenekon)

Discovery

Although the investigation was officially launched in 2007, the existence of the organization was known beforehand. The files on Ergenekon were said to be discovered after a spy called Tuncay Güney was detained in March 2001 for petty fraud. Some say the crime was a ploy to set the investigation in motion. A police search of his house turned up the six sacks of evidence on which the indictment is based.

One month later, a columnist on good terms with the government, Fehmi Koru, was the first to break the news,[33] under his usual pen name, Taha Kıvanç.[34] His article was based on a key Ergenekon report dated 29 October 1999, and titled "Ergenekon: Analysis, Structuring, Management, and Development Project".[35][36]

Tuncay Güney's testimony (2001)

The person whose statements to the police in 2001 formed "the backbone of the indictment"[37] was a spy named Tuncay Güney, alias "İpek". Güney is believed to be subordinate to Mehmet Eymür, formerly of the National Intelligence Organization (MİT)'s Counterterrorism Department. Eymür was discharged and his department disbanded in 1997. Güney's relationship to the MİT has been a matter of confusion; his boss was once a MİT employee, while the MİT says Güney was not (specifically, he was not a "registered informant") and that the MİT considered him a suspicious person.[38][39][40][41]

He had allegedly been tasked with infiltrating the gendarmerie's intelligence agency (JITEM) and Ergenekon in 1992.[42] Güney was apprehended in 2001 for issuing fake licenses and plates for luxury cars. He is still sentenced in absentia for this offense.[43] No charges have been brought against him in the frame of the Ergenekon investigation, some say as a result of a bargain struck with the authorities.[44] However, he is currently under investigation,[45] and State Prosecutor Ziya Hurşit Karayurt has proposed that he be subpoenaed.[46] The court is deliberating whether to consolidate his earlier case with the Ergenekon one.[47] In addition, legal proceedings have been initiated to obtain his testimony from abroad using Interpol.[48] Prosecutor Öz has prepared a list of 37 questions for Güney, who says he will cooperate if the questioning is done by the Canadian police.[49]

Güney has been said to conflate fact and fiction,[50][51] casting doubt over the indictment, which names him a "fugitive suspect" (Turkish: firari şüpheli).[52] Güney is seen as such an important figure that rival press groups have exchanged columns accusing one another of attempting to influence public opinion by questioning his credibility.[53][54][55] It is alleged that one the parties, Aydın Doğan, was asked not to publish material about Ergenekon, by Veli Küçük through Doğu Perinçek.[56] In December 2008, Güney said that a Hürriyet reporter offered him a bribe not to talk about the newspaper, one of whose senior members is allegedly in Ergenekon.[57] Hürriyet denied the allegations.[58][59]

Weapons found

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The first hearing was held on 20 October 2008. Retired public prosecutor Mete Göktürk estimated that they would last at least one year.[60] Most of the cases related to Ergenekon are handled by Istanbul Heavy Penal Court 12 and 13 (formerly Istanbul State Security Court 4 and 5).[61] The original three prosecutors were Zekeriya Öz (prosecutor-in-chief), Mehmet Ali Pekgüzel and Nihat Taşkın.[62] The judge was Köksal Şengün.[63] Most trials are held at a prison complex in Istanbul's Silivri neighborhood.

The investigation drew alleged links between an armed attack on the Turkish Council of State in 2006 that left a judge dead,[64] a bombing of a secularist newspaper,[64] threats and attacks against people accused of being unpatriotic and the 1996 Susurluk incident, as well as links to the plans of some groups in the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) to overthrow the present government. According to the investigation, Ergenekon had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink, a prominent journalist of Armenian descent[7][65] Italian priest Father Andrea Santoro in February 2006 and the brutal murders of three Christians, one a German national, killed in the province of Malatya in April 2007.[66] Furthermore, files about JİTEM related the assassination of former JİTEM commander Cem Ersever, killed in November 1993, to Ergenekon.[66] A former JİTEM member, Abdülkadir Aygan, said that JİTEM is the military wing of Ergenekon.[67]

The indictment also suggests questionable connections between Ergenekon and the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C), raising some suspicions that Ergenekon might have played a role in inciting ethnic hatred between Turks and Kurds and increasing sectarian tensions between Sunnis and Alevis.[68] The Gülen movement-affiliated Zaman newspaper quoted a senior intelligence officer, Bülent Orakoğlu, as having said that the PKK, Dev Sol, Hezbollah, and Hizb ut-Tahrir are artificial organizations set up by the network, and that Abdullah Öcalan himself was an Ergenekon member.[69] However, Zaman's claims have been disputed,[70] and the role of the broader Gülen movement in the trials has come under scrutiny.

Turkish Chief of General Staff Gen. İlker Başbuğ with U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates. Başbuğ was sentenced to life imprisonment as part of the Ergenekon trials.

Öcalan dismissed allegations made by intelligence officer Bülent Orakoğlu concerning himself, but he did say that a group inside the PKK, which he called the Zaza Group, had links with Ergenekon. He said that this group was led by Sait Çürükkaya and tried to seize control of the PKK, adding "Particularly in the Diyarbakır-Muş-Bingöl triangle, they have staged intensive and bloody attacks".[71] The brother of Sait Çürükkaya, Selim Çürükkaya had earlier written a book "When secrets get decoded" (tr: Sırlar Çözülürken) accusing Abdullah Öcalan of being a member of Ergenekon.[72]

Responding to allegations in Taraf, DHKP/C issued a press release ridiculing claims of its connection to Ergenekon.[73]

By May 2009, 142 people had been formally charged with membership of the "Ergenekon armed terrorist organization" in two massive indictments totalling 2,455 and 1,909 pages respectively.[23] Further trials followed and in March 2011 the state-owned Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) presented the following figures:

  • So far 176 hearing in the first trial. After the case was merged with the case related to an armed attack on the Turkish Council of State in 2006 the number of defendants increased to 96
  • So far 107 hearings in the second trial
  • Investigation under the titles of "cage action plan" (tr: Kafes Eylem Planı), "planned assassination of admirals" (tr: Amirallare Suikast) and "Poyrazköy" (village in Beykoz district of Istanbul) were merged as the Poyrazköy case. There are 69 defendants, seven of them in pre-trial detention
  • An indictment as part of the Ergenekon investigations carries the title: "Plans to intervene in democracy" (tr: Demokrasiye Müdahale Planı)
  • Another court case around the Association for Support of Contemporary Life (tr: Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Derneği ÇYDD) and the Foundation for Contemporary Education (tr: Çağdaş Eğitim Vakfı ÇEV) was to start on 18 March 2011, with eight board members on trial
  • Arms found in Şile on 28 July 2008, resulted in a trial with four defendants, two of them in pre-trial detention
  • A trial has been ongoing following several raids of the offices of OdaTV and the homes of many of its personnel in 2011.[74] In the case, fourteen journalists are charged with conspiring with Ergenekon[75]

Debate on Ergenekon

In August 2008, 300 intellectuals from Turkey declared their support for the investigation and called upon all civil and military institutions to deepen the investigation in order to reveal the rest of the people tied to Ergenekon.[76] This initial wave of optimism has since waned, and there is a growing mass of intellectuals and policy analysts who dismiss the possibility of Ergenekon carrying out the deeds attributed to it by the public prosecution as laid out in the indictment and trial proceedings.[77] Many people have criticized the manner in which the Ergenekon investigation is being conducted, citing in particular the length of the indictment,[78] wiretapping in breach of privacy laws,[79][80] and illegal collection of evidence.[81]

Some commentators have suggested the trials are being used to suppress opponents and critics of the AKP government, particularly in the Odatv case.[82] Commenting on the arrest of former chief of staff İlker Başbuğ in January 2012, former United States Ambassador to Turkey Eric S. Edelman said the Ergenekon arrests "underscore the serious questions about Turkey's continued commitment to press freedom and the rule of law".[83]

Alleged involvement of Gülen Movement

Gülen movement's possible involvement in Ergenekon plot has always been an issue of debate,[84] which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.[85] In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including Ahmet Şık, who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (The Imam's Army),[86] which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şık was taken into police custody, he shouted, "Whoever touches it [the movement] gets burned!".[87] Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şık has also been charged with being part of the alleged Ergenekon plot, despite being an investigator of the plot before his arrest.[88]

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from the Gülen movement newspaper Today's Zaman, accused Ahmet Şık of not being "an investigative journalist" conducting "independent research," but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself."[89]

According to Gareth H. Jenkins, a Senior Fellow of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center at Johns Hopkins University:

From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as Zaman, Today's Zaman and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of "evidence" collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations.
There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen's supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen's supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On 28 September 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. He remains in jail. On 14 March 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.[84]

The Gülen movement has also been implicated in what both Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as well as the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) have said were illegal court decisions against members of the Turkish military, including many during the Ergenekon investigation.[90]

See also

Further reading

  • Alex Macdonald (30 August 2019). "Ergenekon: The bizarre case that shaped modern Turkey".

References

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  2. ↑ Acar, Erkan (6 September 2008). "Ergenekon had links to security and judiciary bodies". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  3. ↑ "Is Turkey a Democracy?". Terrorism. About. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  4. ↑ Freely, Maureen (May 2007). "Why they killed Hrant Dink". Index on Censorship. 36 (2): 15–29. doi:10.1080/03064220701334477. S2CID 145049618. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2008. The deep state is Turkish shorthand for a faceless clique inside the Turkish state that has, some claim, held the reins of real power throughout the republic's 92-year history. There are some who see it on a continuum with the shady networks that 'took care of business' (including, some believe, the Armenian business) in the last years of the Ottoman Empire. The deep state is held to be based in the army, but closely linked with MIT (the national intelligence service), the judiciary, and (since the 1960s) the mafia.
  5. ↑ "Ergenekon-linked generals renowned for hawkish stance". Today's Zaman. 9 January 2009. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009. Susurluk
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    İşkencecilerin başında General Memduh Ünlütürk bulunmaktadır.
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  44. ↑ Ocak, Serkan (7 November 2008). "'Güney'in ifadesinden 42 sayfa eksik'". Türkiye. Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2008. Bu kişiden çıkan belgelerden dolayı birçok sanık huzurdadır. Ancak bu kişi hakkında dava açılmıyor. Bunu engelleyen nedir? Savcıyla bu kişi arasında bir anlaşmamı vardır.
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  50. ↑ Önal, Ayşe (24 July 2008). "Veli Küçük beni işten kovdurttu". Gündem. Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2008. Tuncay doğruları, içine inanılmaz senaryolar ekleyerek anlatıyor.
  51. ↑ Semin Gümüşel; Sibel Düler; Adem Demir (4 November 2008). "Tuncay Güney kimdir?". Newsweek Türkiye (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008. Avukatı olarak bana doğru söylemiyorsa kimseye söylemiyordur. Hakkındaki bilgi kirliliğine Tuncay bizzat sebep oluyor, popüler olmayı ve gündemde olmayı seviyor. İddialarının yüzde 90'nı kendi yarattığı dünyaya has.
  52. ↑ "Kilit haham iddianamede yok". Hürriyet. Dogan News Agency. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2008. Ceza Muhakemesi Kanununda iddianamenin iadesi için 15 günlük inceleme süresi içerisinde soruşturma dosyasındaki kısıt kararına rağmen tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla, Tuncay Güney'in ne sanık olarak ne de itirafçı olarak iddianamede ifadesinin alınmadığını öğrenmiş bulunmaktayız. İddianamenin iadesini düzenleyen maddede suçun sübûtuna etki edeceği mutlak sayılan mevcut bir delil toplanmadan düzenlenen iddianamenin iade edileceği hususu düzenlenmiştir. Bu çerçevede, güya Ergenekon Örgütünün kuruluş metinlerini yazdığını kendi ağzıyla ifade eden Tuncay Güney'in iddianamede ifadesinin yer almaması esaslı bir eksikliktir. Yani Tuncay Güney de var ise Ergenekon Örgütünün mensubu ve suçlusudur. Bu halde olsa olsa Tuncay Güney itirafçı olabilecektir. Ancak bunun içinde Tuncay Güney'in ifadesine başvurulmuş olması gerekmektedir.
  53. ↑ Altintas, E Baris (3 December 2008). "Ergenekon critics use Güney as ploy". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  54. ↑ Ergin, Sedat (2 December 2008). "Tuncay Güney ve Zaman gazetesi". Siyaset. Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
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  61. ↑ See for instance http://tr.wikisource.org/wiki/1._Ergenekon_%C4%B0ddianamesi Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  63. ↑ Erdogan, Eyup (25 July 2008). "Ergenekon düğümünü o çözecek". Türkiye. Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  64. 1 2 "Turkey charges 86 for 'coup plot'". Europe. BBC News. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
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  66. 1 2 Ergenekon indictment reopens gendarmerie major’s murder case Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Today's Zaman, 13 August 2008.
  67. ↑ Kuseyri, Murat (4 October 2008). "JİTEM Ergenekon'un askeri kanadıdır". Evrensel (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
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  70. ↑ Jenkins, Gareth (22 September 2008). "Fact, Fantasy, And Farce As More Are Detained in Ergenekon Probe". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 5 (181). Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2008. Nevertheless, the pro-AKP media continue to claim that virtually every act of terrorism in Turkey attributed to Islamist militants over the last 20 years was actually a "false flag" operation by Ergenekon, including those that occurred before the organization was even formed.
  71. ↑ Senior general knew about lieutenants’ Ergenekon contacts Archived 24 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Today's Zaman, 24 September 2008
  72. ↑ Publishing House DOZ, March 2007, ISBN 978-975-6876-95-4
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  81. ↑ "Judiciary gears up for close look at Ergenekon". Hurriyet Daily News. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2009. The code of Criminal Procedure obliges the presence of a prosecutor during all house searches, confiscations, detentions and arrests. We have seen that every search and detention has been conducted solely by police. If not conducted with a prosecutor, the evidence seized is considered illegal.
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  83. ↑ Coup-plotting allegations in Turkey: Bugged Out Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Economist 6 January 2012
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  85. ↑ Cagaptay, Soner. "Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt". Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  86. ↑ Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication Archived 6 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011
  87. ↑ Arsu, Şebnem (3 March 2011). "7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey". The New York Times.
  88. ↑ Details can be found in English on the site of the Democratic Turkey Forum Archived 5 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.
  89. ↑ The alleged terrorist network is the Ergenekon organization, see Article of 29 March 2011 Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 5 April 2011
  90. ↑ Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). "Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014. In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Mr. Edelman recounted, he gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.
Turkish Wikisource has original text related to this article:
These charts were originally drawn by Tuncay Güney; see "Savcının sansürlediği şema 236. klasörde sansürsüz". Yargı / GÜNCEL. Gazeteport (in Turkish). 16 August 2008. They are also included in the indictment's annex: folder 236, p.196-7
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