Paraphilia
SpecialtyPsychiatry

Paraphilias are sexual interests in objects, situations, or individuals that are atypical. The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM), draws a distinction between paraphilias (which it describes as atypical sexual interests) and paraphilic disorders (which additionally require the experience of distress, impairment in functioning, and/or the desire to act on them with a nonconsenting person).[1][2] Some paraphilias have more than one term to describe them, and some terms overlap with others. Paraphilias without DSM codes listed come under DSM 302.9, "Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)".

In his 2008 book on sexual pathologies, Anil Aggrawal compiled a list of 547 terms describing paraphilic sexual interests. He cautioned, however, that "not all these paraphilias have necessarily been seen in clinical setups. This may not be because they do not exist, but because they are so innocuous they are never brought to the notice of clinicians or dismissed by them. Like allergies, sexual arousal may occur from anything under the sun, including the sun."[3]

Most of the following names for paraphilias, constructed in the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries from Greek and Latin roots (see List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes), are used in medical contexts only.

Paraphilias

A

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Abasiophilia People with impaired mobility.[4]
Acrotomophilia People with amputations.[5][6]
Adipophilia Overweight or obese people.
Agalmatophilia Statues, mannequins and immobility.[7]
Ailurophilia Cats[8]
Algolagnia Pain, particularly involving an erogenous zone; differs from masochism as there is a biologically different interpretation of the intense sensation rather than a subjective interpretation.[9]
Amaurophilia Being unable to see.[10][11][12]
Amokoscisia To slash and mutilate women.[13]
Andromimetophilia Trans men.[4][14]
Anililagnia Attraction by young men to older women.[15]
Anthropophagolagnia Raping and then cannibalizing another person.[16]
Anthropophagy Ingesting human flesh.[16]
Apotemnophilia Being an amputee.[5][17]
Aquaphilia A sexual fetish that involves people swimming, posing, or even drowning in water.
Asphyxiophilia Being asphyxiated or strangled.[5]
Attraction to disability People with one or more physical disabilities.[18]
Autagonistophilia Being on stage or on camera.[19][20]
Autassassinophilia Being in life-threatening situations.[5]
Autoandrophilia Sexual arousal of a female in response to the image of herself as male.[21]
Autoerotic asphyxiation Self-induced asphyxiation, sometimes to the point of near unconsciousness.[20]
Autogynephilia Sexual arousal of a male in response to the image of himself as female.[21]
Autohemofetishism Making oneself bleed, a type of hematolagnia.[22]
Autonepiophilia The image of oneself in the form of an infant.[19]
Autopedophilia The image of oneself in the form of a child.[23]
Autoplushophilia The image of oneself in the form of a plush.[23]
Autovampirism/Vampirism The image of oneself in the form of a vampire.[24][25][26] Involves ingesting or seeing one's own blood.[22]
Autozoophilia The image of oneself in the form of an animal.[27][28]

B

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Belly fetish/Alvinolagnia The midriff or belly.
Biastophilia/Raptophilia Raping a person, possibly consensual rape fantasy.[5][19]

C

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Candaulism Exposing one's partner or images of their partner to others.
Canophilia Dogs[29]
Capnolagnia Smoking.[30]
Cheirophilia Hands.
Chremastistophilia Being robbed or held up.[19]
Chronophilia Partners of a widely differing chronological age.[19]
Coprophilia Feces; also known as scat, scatophilia or fecophilia.[2][31]
Crurophilia Legs.[32]
Cuckolding fetish Infidelity.[33]

D

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Dacryphilia Tears or crying.[34]
Diaper fetishism Diapers; considerable overlap with paraphilic infantilism.[35]
Dendrophilia Trees.[5]
Dormaphilia/Somnophilia Being asleep, or pretending to sleep.[36]

E

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Emetophilia Vomit.[4]
Eproctophilia Flatulence.[3]
Erotic asphyxiation Asphyxia of oneself or others.[37]
Erotophonophilia/Dacnolagnomania Murder, often of strangers.[16]
Exhibitionism Exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting and nonconsenting others.[2]
Exophilia Extraterrestrials[38]

F

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Feederism Eating, feeding, and weight gain.[39]
Fictophilia Fictional characters.[40]
Formicophilia Being crawled on by insects.[19][41]
Forniphilia Turning a human being into a piece of furniture.
Frotteurism Rubbing against a non-consenting person.[2]

G

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Gerontophilia Elderly people.[42]
Gynandromorphophilia, Gynemimetophilia Transgender women.[4][43]
Galactophilia Breastfeeding or sucking on a woman's breasts.[44]
Gynephilia Females or femininity, regardless of one's own sex or gender identity[45]

H

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Hematolagnia Drinking or looking at blood.[46]
Heterophilia Idealization of heterosexuality and/or people who are "straight-acting", especially by non-heterosexual people.[47][48][49]
Hierophilia Religious/sacred objects.[12]
Hoplophilia Firearms, guns.[50]
Hybristophilia Criminals, particularly those who committed cruel or outrageous crimes.[19][51]

I

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Infantophilia Pedophilia with a focus on children less than five years old; a recently suggested term that is not in general use.[52]

K

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Kleptophilia Stealing; also known as kleptolagnia.[4]
Klismaphilia Enemas, arousal and enjoyment in receiving, administering, or both.[4][53]

L

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Lactophilia Breast milk.[54]
Liquidophilia Immersing genitals in liquids.[54]

M

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Macrophilia Giant beings; imagined growth of beings.[54]
Maschalagnia Armpits.[3]
Mazophilia Female breasts.
Masochism Suffering or humiliation; being beaten, bound, or otherwise abused.[2]
Maiesiophilia Pregnant women.[55]
Mechanophilia Cars or other machines; also "mechaphilia".[56][57][58]
Melolagnia Music.[59]
Menophilia Menstruation.[54]
Metrophilia Poetry.[59]
Microphilia Shrunken beings; imagined shrinking of beings.[54]
Morphophilia Particular body shapes or sizes.[20]
Mucophilia Mucus.[54]
Mysophilia Dirtiness, soiled or decaying things.[4]

N

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Narratophilia Obscene words.[4]
Nasophilia Noses.[54]
Navel fetishism Navel.
Nebulophilia Fog or smoke.[60]
Necrophilia Corpses.[2][4][61]

O

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Objectophilia Specific inanimate objects.[2]
Oculolinctus The act of licking the eyes of another person for the purpose of gratification.
Odaxelagnia Biting or being bitten.
Olfactophilia/Bromidrophilia Smells and odors (particularly foul ones) emanating from the body, especially the sexual areas and/or from the opposite sex (as from bad breath, urine, feces, flatulence, etc.).[4][19]
Omorashi Arousal from having a full bladder and/or wetting oneself, or from seeing someone else experiencing a full bladder and/or wetting themself.

P

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Paraphilic infantilism Dressing or being treated like a baby, also known as autonepiophilia[19] or "adult baby syndrome";[62] considerable overlap with diaper fetishism.[35]
Partialism Specific, non-genital body parts.[2][4]
Pedophilia Prepubescent children; also spelled paedophilia.[2][63]
Peodeiktophilia Exposing one's penis.[5]
Pedovestism Dressing like a child.[64]
Podophilia Feet.[65]
Pictophilia Pornography or erotic art, particularly pictures.[4][19]
Piquerism Piercing the flesh of another person, most commonly by stabbing or cutting the body with sharp objects.[66]
Plushophilia Stuffed toys ("plushies").[67]
Pygophilia Buttocks.[68]
Pyrophilia Fire.[69]

R

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Robophilia Humanoid robots.

S

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Salirophilia Soiling or dirtying others.[4]
Sexual fetishism Nonliving objects.[2]
Sexual sadism Inflicting pain on others.[2]
Shoe fetishism Shoes, especially high heels.
Somnophilia Sleeping or unconscious people.[4][19]
Sophophilia Learning.[70]
Sthenolagnia Muscles and displays of strength.[54]
Stigmatophilia Body piercings and tattoos.[5][54]
Symphorophilia Witnessing or staging disasters such as car accidents.[5]
Telephone scatologia Obscene phone calls, particularly to strangers; also known as telephonicophilia[2][19] and scatophilia.[71]

T

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Teratophilia Deformed or monstrous people.[3] The term is also sometimes used in a more literal sense (from ancient Greek τέρας, teras, meaning monster) for attraction to monstrous mythical and fictional creatures such as werewolves.
Toucherism Touching an unsuspecting, non-consenting person with the hand.[72]
Toxophilia Archery.[59]
Transvestic fetishism Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing which causes clinically significant distress or impairment.[73]
Transvestophilia A cross-dressing sexual partner.[19]
Trichophilia Hair.[54]
Troilism Observing one's partner engaged in sexual activities with another person.[4][20]
Timophilia Gold, wealth, or social status.[74]

U

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Urolagnia Urination, particularly in public, on others, and/or being urinated on. Also referred to as "water sports".[2][4][19][20]

V

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Vorarephilia The idea of one person or creature eating or being eaten by another; usually swallowed whole, in one piece; also known as vore.[75]
Voyeurism Watching others while naked or having sex, generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia.[2][20]

W

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Wet and messy fetishism Messy situations, including, but not limited to, being pied, slimed or covered in mud.

X

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Xenophilia an attraction to foreign peoples, cultures, or customs[76]

Z

Paraphilia Focus of erotic interest
Zoophilia Attraction to non-human animals.[2][4][19]
Zoosadism Inflicting pain on animals, or seeing animals in pain.[77]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Moran, Mark (May 3, 2013). "DSM to Distinguish Paraphilias From Paraphilic Disorders". Psychiatric News. American Psychiatric Association. 48 (9): 10–261. doi:10.1176/appi.pn.2013.5a19. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Aggrawal, Anil (2008). "Appendix 1". Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. CRC Press. pp. 369–382. ISBN 978-1-4200-4308-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Milner, JS; Dopke CA (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory". In Laws DR & O'Donohue WT (ed.). Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 384–418. ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Money, J (1984). "Paraphilias: Phenomenology and classification". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 38 (2): 164–78. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1984.38.2.164. PMID 6234812.
  6. ↑ Money, J; Simcoe KW (1986). "Acrotomophilia, sex, and disability: New concepts and case report". Sexuality and Disability. 7 (1/2): 43–50. doi:10.1007/BF01101829. S2CID 145239837.
  7. ↑ Scobie, A; Taylor J (1975). "Perversions ancient and modern: I. Agalmatophilia, the statue syndrome". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 11 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197501)11:1<49::AID-JHBS2300110112>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 11609831.
  8. ↑ "Understanding Ailurophilia: The Love of Cats".
  9. ↑ Kelley, K; Byrne D (1986). Alternative Approaches to the Study of Sexual Behavior. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 13–38. ISBN 978-0-89859-677-9.
  10. ↑ "Amaurophilia Kinkdictionary".
  11. ↑ "Blindness Fetishes Explained".
  12. 1 2 Fedoroff, J. Paul (October 2019). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorders". The Paraphilias. pp. 217–C10.P205. doi:10.1093/med/9780190466329.003.0010. ISBN 978-0-19-046632-9.
  13. ↑ "Amokoscisia Kink dictionary".
  14. ↑ Money, J; Lamacz, M (1984). "Gynemimesis and gynemimetophilia: Individual and cross-cultural manifestations of a gender-coping strategy hitherto unnamed". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 25 (4): 392–403. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(84)90074-9. PMID 6467919.
  15. ↑ Theroux, Alexander (2008). Laura Warholic. Fantagraphics Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-56097-798-8.
  16. 1 2 3 Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  17. ↑ Money, J; Jobaris, Russell; Furth, Gregg (1977). "Apotemnophilia: Two cases of self-demand amputation as a paraphilia". The Journal of Sex Research. 13 (2): 115–125. doi:10.1080/00224497709550967. JSTOR 3811894.
  18. ↑ Smith, R. C. (2004). "Amputee identity disorder and related paraphilias". Psychiatry. 3 (8): 27–30. doi:10.1383/psyt.3.8.27.43394.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Money, John (1988). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-456-3.
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  21. 1 2 Cantor, J. M., & Sutton, K. S. (2014). Paraphilia, gender dysphoria, and hypersexuality. In P. H. Blaney & T. Millon (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.) (pp. 589–614). New York: Oxford University Press.
  22. 1 2 Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6.
  23. 1 2 Lawrence, A. A. (2009). "Erotic target location errors: An underappreciated paraphilic dimension". The Journal of Sex Research. 46 (2–3): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224490902747727. PMID 19308843. S2CID 10105602.
  24. ↑ McCully, R. S. (1964). "Vampirism: Historical perspective and underlying process in relation to a case of auto-vampirism". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 139 (5): 440–451. doi:10.1097/00005053-196411000-00004. PMID 14227491. S2CID 27907404.
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  35. 1 2 Taormino, T (2002-08-13). "Still in Diapers". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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  39. ↑ Terry, L. L.; Suschinsky, K. D.; Lalumiere, M. L.; Vasey, P. L. (2012). "Feederism: An exaggeration of a normative mate selection preference?". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41 (1): 249–260. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9925-7. PMID 22392517. S2CID 44663597.
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  44. ↑ "Galactophilia", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2023-08-16
  45. ↑ Laube, J. S.; Auer, M. K.; Biedermann, S. V.; Schröder, J.; Hildebrandt, T.; Nieder, T. O.; Briken, P.; Fuss, J. (2020). "Sexual Behavior, Desire, and Psychosexual Experience in Gynephilic and Androphilic Trans Women: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 17 (6): 1182–1194. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.030. PMID 32147311.
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  47. ↑ Schwartz, David (1993). "Heterophilia—the love that dare not speak its aim commentary on trop and Stolorow's 'defense analysis in self psychology: A developmental view'". Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 3 (4): 643–652. doi:10.1080/10481889309539000.
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