Predecessors

Pet Sounds, the Beach Boys' 1966 album, is sometimes considered the first emo album. According to music writer Luke Britton, such assertions are perhaps stated "wryly", and wrote that "it's generally accepted that the genre's pioneers" came later in the 1980s.^[14] During the decade, many hardcore punk and post-hardcore bands formed in Washington, D.C. Post-hardcore, an experimental offshoot of hardcore punk, was inspired by post-punk.^[15] Hardcore punk bands and post-hardcore bands who influenced early emo bands include Minor Threat,^[16] Black Flag and Hüsker Dü.^[17]

1984–1991: Origins

Emo, which began as a post-hardcore subgenre,^[3] was part of the 1980s hardcore punk^[1] scene in Washington, D.C. as something different from the violent part of the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene.^[11][18][19] Minor Threat fan Guy Picciotto formed Rites of Spring in 1984, using the musical style of hardcore punk and combining the musical style with melodic guitars, varied rhythms, and personal, emotional lyrics.^[16] Many of the band's themes, including nostalgia, romantic bitterness and poetic desperation, became familiar tropes of later emo music.^[20] Its performances were public, emotional purges where audience members sometimes wept.^[21] Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat became a Rites of Spring fan (recording their only album and being their roadie) and formed the emo band Embrace, which explored similar themes of self-searching and emotional release.^[22] Similar bands followed in connection with the "Revolution Summer” of 1985, an attempt by members of the Washington scene to break from the usual characteristics of hardcore punk to a hardcore punk style with different characteristics.^[19] Bands such as Gray Matter, Beefeater, Fire Party, Dag Nasty, and Soulside were associated with the movement.^[22][19]

Although the origins of the word "emo" are uncertain, evidence shows that the word "emo" was coined in the mid-1980s, specifically 1985. According to Andy Greenwald, author of Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo, "The origins of the term 'emo' are shrouded in mystery ... but it first came into common practice in 1985. If Minor Threat was hardcore, then Rites of Spring, with its altered focus, was emotional hardcore or emocore."^[22] Michael Azerrad, author of Our Band Could Be Your Life, also traces the word's origins to the mid-1980s: "The style was soon dubbed 'emo-core,' a term everyone involved bitterly detested".^[23] MacKaye traces it to 1985, attributing it to an article in Thrasher magazine referring to Embrace and other Washington, D.C. bands as "emo-core" (which he called "the stupidest fucking thing I've ever heard in my entire life").^[24] Other accounts attribute the word to an audience member at an Embrace show, who shouted as an insult that the band was "emocore".^[25][26] Others have said that MacKaye coined the word when he used it self-mockingly in a magazine, or that it originated with Rites of Spring.^[26] The "emocore" label quickly spread through the DC punk scene, and was associated with many bands associated with Ian MacKaye's Dischord Records.^[25] Although many of the bands rejected the term, it stayed. Jenny Toomey recalled, "The only people who used it at first were the ones that were jealous over how big and fanatical a scene it was. [Rites of Spring] existed well before the term did and they hated it. But there was this weird moment, like when people started calling music 'grunge,' where you were using the term even though you hated it."^[27] The Washington, D.C. emo scene lasted only a few years, and by 1986, most of emo's major bands (including Rites of Spring, Embrace, Gray Matter and Beefeater) had broken up.^[28] However, its ideas and aesthetics spread quickly across the country through a network of homemade zines, vinyl records and hearsay.^[29] According to Greenwald, the Washington, D.C. scene laid the groundwork for emo's subsequent incarnations:

What had happened in D.C. in the mid-eighties—the shift from anger to action, from extroverted rage to internal turmoil, from an individualized mass to a mass of individuals—was in many ways a test case for the transformation of the national punk scene over the next two decades. The imagery, the power of the music, the way people responded to it, and the way the bands burned out instead of fading away—all have their origins in those first few performances by Rites of Spring. The roots of emo were laid, however unintentionally, by fifty or so people in the nation's capital. And in some ways, it was never as good and surely never as pure again. Certainly, the Washington scene was the only time "emocore" had any consensus definition as a genre.^[30]

1991–1994: Reinvention

As the Washington, D.C. emo movement spread across the United States, local bands began to emulate its style.^[31] Emo combined the fatalism, theatricality and isolation of The Smiths with hardcore punk's uncompromising, dramatic worldview.^[31] Despite the number of bands and the variety of locales, emocore's late-1980s aesthetics remained more-or-less the same: "over-the-top lyrics about feelings wedded to dramatic but decidedly punk music."^[31] During the early–mid 1990s, several new bands reinvented emo,^[32] making emo expand by becoming a subgenre of genres like indie rock and pop punk.^[1] Chief among them were Jawbreaker and Sunny Day Real Estate, who inspired cult followings, redefined emo and brought it a step closer to the mainstream.^[32] In the wake of the 1991 success of Nirvana's Nevermind, underground music and subcultures were widely noticed in the United States. New distribution networks emerged, touring routes were codified, and regional and independent acts accessed the national stage.^[32] Young people across the country became fans of independent music, and punk culture became mainstream.^[32]

Sunny Day Real Estate performing in 2010

Emerging from the late 1980s and early 1990s San Francisco punk rock scene and forming in New York City, Jawbreaker combined pop punk with emotional and personal lyrics.^[34][35][36] Singer-guitarist Blake Schwarzenbach focused his lyrics on personal, immediate topics often taken from his journal.^[34] Often obscure and cloaked in metaphors, their relationship to Schwarzenbach's concerns gave his words a bitterness and frustration which made them universal and attractive to audiences.^[37] Schwarzenbach became emo's first idol, as listeners related to the singer even more than to his songs.^[37] Jawbreaker's 1994 album, 24 Hour Revenge Therapy, was popular with fans and is a touchstone of mid-1990s emo.^[38] Although Jawbreaker signed with Geffen Records and toured with mainstream bands Nirvana and Green Day, Jawbreaker's 1995 album Dear You did not achieve mainstream success. Jawbreaker broke up soon afterwards, with Schwarzenbach forming emo band Jets to Brazil.^[39]

Sunny Day Real Estate formed in Seattle at the height of the early 1990s grunge boom.^[40] The music video for "Seven", lead track of the band's debut album Diary (1994), was played on MTV, giving the band more attention.^[41] Another band often considered to be emo which emerged at the same time was California's Weezer.^[42] Nonetheless, it is debated whether Weezer is emo. For example, Alternative Press argues that the emo label has been misapplied to the band,^[43] and author Andy Greenwald also states that the band is not emo.^[44] Jimmy Eat World, an Arizona emo band, also emerged at this time. Influenced by pop punk bands such as the Mr. T Experience and Horace Pinker,^[45] Jimmy Eat World released its self-titled debut album in 1994.^[46]

1994–1997: Underground popularity

The American punk and indie rock movements, which had been largely underground since the early 1980s, became part of mainstream culture during the mid-1990s. With Nirvana's success, major record labels capitalized on the popularity of alternative rock and other underground music by signing and promoting independent bands.^[47] In 1994, the same year that Jawbreaker's 24 Hour Revenge Therapy and Sunny Day Real Estate's Diary were released, punk rock bands Green Day and the Offspring broke into the mainstream with diamond album Dookie^[48] and multi-platinum album Smash,^[49] respectively. After underground music went mainstream, emo retreated and reformed as a national subculture over the next few years.^[47] Inspired by Jawbreaker, Drive Like Jehu and Fugazi, 1990s emo was abandoned the elements of hardcore punk and used elements of indie rock, with punk rock's do-it-yourself work ethic but smoother songs and emotional vocals.^[50]

Cap'n Jazz live in 2010

Many 1990s emo bands, such as Cap'n Jazz, Braid, Christie Front Drive, Mineral, Jimmy Eat World, the Get Up Kids and the Promise Ring, originated in the central U.S.^[51] Many of the bands had a distinct vocal style and guitar melodies, which was later called Midwest emo.^[52] According to Andy Greenwald, "this was the period when emo earned many, if not all, of the stereotypes that have lasted to this day: boy-driven, glasses-wearing, overly sensitive, overly brainy, chiming-guitar-driven college music."^[50] Emo band Texas Is the Reason bridged the gap between indie rock and emo in their three-year lifespan on the East Coast, melding Sunny Day Real Estate's melodies and punk musicianship and singing directly to the listener.^[53] In New Jersey, the band Lifetime played shows in fans' basements.^[54] Lifetime's 1995 album, Hello Bastards on Jade Tree Records, fused hardcore punk with emo and eschewed cynicism and irony in favor of love songs.^[54] The album sold tens of thousands of copies,^[55] and Lifetime paved the way for New Jersey and Long Island emo bands Brand New, Midtown,^[56] The Movielife, My Chemical Romance,^[56] Saves the Day,^[56][57] Senses Fail,^[56] Taking Back Sunday^[55][56] and Thursday.^[56][58]

The band Weezer (pictured) released the album Pinkerton, an album that was originally a critical and commercial failure. Nonetheless, Pinkerton is considered one of the most important 1990s emo albums.^[59]

The Promise Ring's music took a slower, smoother, pop punk approach to riffs, blending them with singer Davey von Bohlen's imagist lyrics delivered in a froggy croon and pronounced lisp and playing shows in basements and VFW halls.^[60] Jade Tree released their debut album, 30° Everywhere, in 1996; it sold tens of thousands of copies and was successful by independent standards.^[61] Greenwald describes the album as "like being hit in the head with cotton candy."^[62] Other bands, such as Karate, the Van Pelt, Joan of Arc and the Shyness Clinic, played emo music with post-rock and noise rock influences.^[63] Their common lyrical thread was "applying big questions to small scenarios."^[63] A cornerstone of mid-1990s emo was Weezer's 1996 album, Pinkerton.^[64] After the mainstream success of Weezer's self-titled debut album, Pinkerton showed a more dark and abrasive style.^[65][66] Frontman Rivers Cuomo's songs focused on messy, manipulative sex and his insecurity about dealing with celebrity.^[66] A critical and commercial failure,^[66][67] Rolling Stone called it the third-worst album of the year.^[68] Cuomo retreated from the public eye,^[66] later referring to the album as "hideous" and "a hugely painful mistake".^[69] However, Pinkerton found enduring appeal with young people who were discovering alternative rock and identified with its confessional lyrics and theme of rejection.^[59] Sales grew steadily due to word of mouth, online message boards and Napster.^[59] "Although no one was paying attention", writes Greenwald, "perhaps because no one was paying attention—Pinkerton became the most important emo album of the decade."^[59] In 2004, James Montgomery of MTV described Weezer as "the most important band of the last 10 years".^[70] Pinkerton's success grew very gradually, being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2001 and eventually being certified platinum by the RIAA in September 2016.^[71]

Mid-1990s emo was embodied by Mineral, whose The Power of Failing (1997) and EndSerenading (1998) encapsulated emo tropes: somber music, accompanied by a shy narrator singing seriously about mundane problems.^[72] Greenwald calls "If I Could" "the ultimate expression" of 1990s emo, writing that "the song's short synopsis—she is beautiful, I am weak, dumb, and shy; I am alone but am surprisingly poetic when left alone — sums up everything that emo's adherents admired and its detractors detested."^[72] Another significant band was Braid, whose 1998 album Frame and Canvas and B-side song "Forever Got Shorter" blurred the line between band and listener; the group mirrored their audience in passion and sentiment, and sang in their fans' voice.^[73]

Although mid-1990s emo had thousands of young fans, it did not enter the national consciousness.^[75] A few bands were offered contracts with major record labels, but most broke up before they could capitalize on the opportunity.^[76] Jimmy Eat World signed to Capitol Records in 1995 and developed a following with their album, Static Prevails, but did not break into the mainstream yet.^[77] The Promise Ring were the most commercially successful emo band of the time, with sales of their 1997 album Nothing Feels Good reaching the mid-five figures.^[75] Greenwald calls the album "the pinnacle of its generation of emo: a convergence of pop and punk, of resignation and celebration, of the lure of girlfriends and the pull of friends, bandmates, and the road";^[78] mid-1990s emo was "the last subculture made of vinyl and paper instead of plastic and megabytes."^[79]

1997–2002: Independent success

Emo's popularity grew during the late 1990s, laying the foundation for mainstream success. Deep Elm Records released a series of eleven compilation albums, The Emo Diaries, from 1997 to 2007.^[80] Emphasizing unreleased music from many bands, the series included Jimmy Eat World, Further Seems Forever, Samiam and the Movielife.^[80] Jimmy Eat World's 1999 album, Clarity, was a touchstone for later emo bands.^[81] In 2003, Andy Greenwald called Clarity "one of the most fiercely beloved rock 'n' roll records of the last decade."^[81] Despite a warm critical reception and the promotion of "Lucky Denver Mint" in the Drew Barrymore comedy Never Been Kissed, Clarity was commercially unsuccessful.^[82] Nevertheless, the album had steady word-of-mouth popularity and eventually sold over 70,000 copies.^[83] Jimmy Eat World self-financed their next album, Bleed American (2001), before signing with DreamWorks Records. The album sold 30,000 copies in its first week, went gold shortly afterwards and went platinum in 2002, making emo become mainstream.^[84] Drive-Thru Records developed a roster of primarily pop punk bands with emo characteristics, including Midtown, the Starting Line, the Movielife and Something Corporate.^[85] Drive-Thru's partnership with MCA Records enabled its brand of emo-inflected pop to reach a wider audience.^[86] Drive-Thru's unabashedly populist, capitalist approach to music allowed its bands' albums and merchandise to sell in stores such as Hot Topic.^[87]

Saves the Day was one of the more successful emo bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when emo was still primarily underground.

Independent label Vagrant Records signed several successful late-1990s and early-2000s emo bands. The Get Up Kids had sold over 15,000 copies of their debut album, Four Minute Mile (1997), before signing with Vagrant. The label promoted them aggressively, sending them on tours opening for Green Day and Weezer.^[88] Their 1999 album, Something to Write Home About, reaching number 31 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.^[89] Vagrant signed and recorded a number of other emo-related bands over the next two years, including the Anniversary, Reggie and the Full Effect, the New Amsterdams, Alkaline Trio, Saves the Day, Dashboard Confessional, Hey Mercedes and Hot Rod Circuit.^[90] Saves the Day had developed a substantial East Coast following and sold almost 50,000 copies of their second album, Through Being Cool (1999),^[57] before signing with Vagrant and releasing Stay What You Are (2001). Stay What You Are sold 15,000 copies in its first week,^[91] reached number 100 on the Billboard 200^[92] and sold at least 120,000 copies in the United States.^[93] Vagrant organized a national tour with every band on its label, sponsored by corporations including Microsoft and Coca-Cola, during the summer of 2001. Its populist approach and use of the internet as a marketing tool made it one of the country's most-successful independent labels and helped popularize the word "emo".^[94] According to Greenwald, "More than any other event, it was Vagrant America that defined emo to masses—mainly because it had the gumption to hit the road and bring it to them."^[91]

2002–2010: Mainstream success

The typical 2000s emo hairstyle

Emo broke into the mainstream media during the summer of 2002.^[95] During this time, many fans of emo music had an appearance of short, dyed black hair with bangs cut high on the forehead, glasses with thick and black frames, and thrift store clothes. This fashion then became a huge part of emo's identity.^[97] Jimmy Eat World's Bleed American album went platinum on the strength of "The Middle", which topped Billboard's Alternative Songs chart.^[95][96][98] The mainstream success achieved by Jimmy Eat World paved the way for emo pop music that would appear during the rest of the 2000s,^[99] with emo pop becoming a very common style of emo music during the 2000s.^[100] The band Dashboard Confessional broke into the mainstream. Started by the band's guitarist and lead vocalist Chris Carrabba, Dashboard Confessional are known for sometimes creating acoustic songs.^[101] Dashboard Confessional originally was a side project, as Carrabba was also a member of the emo band Further Seems Forever,^[101] and Vacant Andys, a punk rock band Carraba helped start in 1995.^[102] Dashboard Confessional's album The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most peaked at number 5 on the Independent Albums chart.^[103] Dashboard Confessional was the first non-platinum-selling artist to record an episode of MTV Unplugged.^[95] The 2002 resulting live album and video long-form was certified platinum by the RIAA on May 22, 2003, topped the Independent Albums chart, and, as of October 19, 2007, sold 316,000 copies.^{[103][101][104]} With Dashboard Confessional's mainstream success, Carrabba appeared on a cover of the magazine Spin and according to Jim DeRogatis, "has become the 'face of emo' the way that Moby was deemed the prime exponent of techno or Kurt Cobain became the unwilling crown prince of grunge."^[105] Three of Dashboard Confessional's studio albums, The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most (2001), A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar (2003), and Dusk and Summer (2006), all were certified gold by the RIAA during the mid-2000s.^[104] As of October 19, 2007, The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most has sold 599,000 copies.^[106] As of October 19, 2007, Dusk and Summer and A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar have sold 512,000 copies and 901,000 copies in the United States, respectively.^[106] As of October 19, 2007, Dashboard Confessional's 2000 debut album The Swiss Army Romance sold 338,000 copies.^[106] On August 10, 2003, The New York Times reported how, "from the three-chord laments of Alkaline Trio to the folky rants of Bright Eyes, from the erudite pop-punk of Brand New" to the entropic anthems of Thursday, much of the most exciting rock music" was appearing from the emo genre.^[107]

Saves the Day toured with Green Day, Blink-182 and Weezer, playing in large arenas such as Madison Square Garden.^[108] Saves the Day performed on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, appeared on the cover of Alternative Press and had music videos for "At Your Funeral" and "Freakish" in rotation on MTV2.^[91][109] Taking Back Sunday released their debut album, Tell All Your Friends, on Victory Records in 2002. The album gave the band a taste of success in the emo scene with singles such as "Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team)" and "You're So Last Summer". Tell All Your Friends was eventually certified gold by the RIAA in 2005^[110] and is considered one of emo's most-influential albums. As of May 8, 2009, Tell All Your Friends sold 790,000 copies.^[111] Articles on Vagrant Records appeared in Time and Newsweek,^[112] and the word "emo" became a catchall term for non-mainstream pop music.^[113]

Taking Back Sunday performing on August 24, 2007

In the wake of this success, many emo bands were signed to major record labels and the genre became marketable.^[114] According to DreamWorks Records senior A&R representative Luke Wood, "The industry really does look at emo as the new rap rock, or the new grunge. I don't think that anyone is listening to the music that's being made—they're thinking of how they're going to take advantage of the sound's popularity at retail."^[115] Emo's apolitical nature, catchy music and accessible themes had broad appeal for a young, mainstream audience. Emo bands that emerged or broke into the mainstream during this time were rejected by many fans of older emo music.^[100] As emo continued to be mainstream, it became quite common for emo bands to have black hair and wear eyeliner.^[100] Taking Back Sunday had continued success in the next few years, with their 2004 album Where You Want To Be both reaching number three on the Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2005.^[116] The album, as of February 17, 2006, sold more than 700,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.^[117] The band's 2006 album, Louder Now, reached number two on the Billboard 200, was certified gold by the RIAA a little less than two months after its release date,^[118] and, as of May 8, 2009, sold 674,000 copies.^[111]

The emo band Thursday performing live in 2006

A darker, more aggressive style of emo was also becoming popular. New Jersey–based Thursday signed a multimillion-dollar, multi-album contract with Island Def Jam after their 2001 album, Full Collapse, reached umber 178 on the Billboard 200.^[119] Their music was more political and lacked pop hooks and anthems, influenced instead by the Smiths, Joy Division, and The Cure However, the band's accessibility, basement-show roots and touring with Saves the Day made them part of the emo movement.^[120] Thursday's 2003 album, War All the Time, reached number seven on the Billboard 200.^[121] Hawthorne Heights, Story of the Year, Underoath, and Alexisonfire, four bands frequently featured on MTV, have popularized screamo.^[122] Other screamo bands include Silverstein,^[123] Senses Fail^[124][125] and Vendetta Red.^[122] Underoath's albums They're Only Chasing Safety (2004)^[126] and Define the Great Line (2006)^[127] both were certified gold by the RIAA. The Used's self-titled album (2002) was certified gold by the RIAA on July 21, 2003.^[128] The Used's self-titled album, as of August 22, 2009, has sold 841,000 copies.^[129] The Used's album In Love and Death (2004) was certified gold by the RIAA on March 21, 2005.^[130] In Love and Death, as of January 2, 2007, sold 689,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.^[131] Four Alexisonfire albums were certified gold or platinum in Canada.^{[132][133][134][135]}

My Chemical Romance is known for their use of eyeliner and black clothing associated with emo fashion.

Emo pop, a pop punk-oriented subgenre of emo with pop-influenced hooks, became the main emo style during the mid-late 2000s, with many of these bands being signed by Fueled by Ramen Records and some adopting a goth-inspired look.^[99] My Chemical Romance broke into the mainstream with their 2004 album Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. My Chemical Romance is known for their goth-influenced emo appearance and creation of concept albums and rock operas.^[136][137] Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2005.^[138] The band's success continued with its third album, The Black Parade, which sold 240,000 copies in its first week of release^[139] and was certified platinum by the RIAA in less than a year.^[140] Fall Out Boy's album, From Under the Cork Tree, sold 2,700,000 copies in the United States.^[141] The band's album, Infinity on High, topped the Billboard 200, sold 260,000 copies in its first week of release^[142] and sold 1,400,000 copies in the United States.^[141] Multiple Fall Out Boy songs reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100.^[143] Panic! at the Disco's album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was certified double platinum by the RIAA^[144] and its single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.^[145] Panic! at the Disco are known for combining emo with electronics^[146] and their album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is an emo album^[147] with elements of dance-punk^[148] and baroque pop.^[149] The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus' "Face Down" peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100^[150] and its album, Don't You Fake It, sold 852,000 copies in the United States.^[151] AFI's albums Sing the Sorrow and Decemberunderground both were certified platinum by the RIAA,^[152][153] with Decemberunderground peaking at number 1 on the Billboard 200.^[154] Paramore's 2007 album Riot! was certified double platinum by the RIAA^[155] and several Paramore songs appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 in the late 2000s, including "Misery Business", "Decode", "Crushcrushcrush", "That's What You Get", and "Ignorance".^[156]

2010–present: Decline and emo revival

By 2010, emo's popularity began to wane. Many bands lost popularity or moved away from their emo roots;^[157] My Chemical Romance's album, Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys, had its traditional pop punk style.^[158] Paramore and Fall Out Boy both abandoned the emo genre with their 2013 albums, Paramore and Save Rock and Roll, respectively.^{[159][160][161]} Paramore moved to a new wave-influenced style.^[162] Panic! at the Disco moved away from their emo pop roots to a synth-pop style on Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!.^[163] Many bands (including My Chemical Romance,^[164] Alexisonfire,^[165] and Thursday)^[166] broke up, raising concerns about the genre's viability.^[167]

During the latter 2010s, a mainly underground emo revival emerged,^{[168][169][170]} drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo. Artists associated with this movement include Modern Baseball,^[171] the World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die,^{[168][170][172]} A Great Big Pile of Leaves,^[168] Pianos Become the Teeth,^[170] Empire! Empire! (I Was a Lonely Estate),^[168] Touché Amoré,^[168][172] Into It. Over It.,^[168][172] and the Hotelier.^[173] While many 2010s emo bands draw on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo, hardcore punk elements are consistently used by 2010s emo bands such as Title Fight^[174] and Small Brown Bike.^[175]

In the 2020s, emo's impact on mainstream music of the 2010s, as well as a revival of the genre itself, was noted in media outlets.^[176][177] The BBC observed in 2018 "beyond guitar-based bands, the influence of emo can be seen in much of modern music, both in style and lyrical content" and "addressing mental health issues has become increasingly more common in pop".^[14]

Subgenres

Screamo

Main article: Screamo

Screamo band Orchid performing in Bloomington, Indiana in 2000

The term "screamo" was initially applied to an aggressive offshoot of emo which developed in San Diego in 1991 and used short songs grafting "spastic intensity to willfully experimental dissonance and dynamics."^[178] Screamo is a dissonant form of emo influenced by hardcore punk,^[122] with typical rock instrumentation and noted for short songs, chaotic execution and screaming vocals.

The Used's self-titled album was called "one of the masterworks of the screamo movement" by The Kansas City Star.^[179]

The genre is "generally based in the aggressive side of the overarching punk-revival scene."^[122] It began at the Ché Café^[180] with groups such as Heroin, Antioch Arrow,^[181] Angel Hair, Mohinder, Swing Kids, and Portraits of Past.^[182] They were influenced by Washington, D.C. post-hardcore (particularly Fugazi and Nation of Ulysses),^[178] straight edge, the Chicago group Articles of Faith, the hardcore-punk band Die Kreuzen^[183] and the post-punk and gothic rock bands like Bauhaus.^[178] I Hate Myself is a band described as "a cornerstone of the 'screamo' genre" by author Matt Walker:^[184] "Musically, I Hate Myself relied on being very slow and deliberate, with sharp contrasts between quiet, almost meditative segments that rip into loud and heavy portions driven by Jim Marburger's tidal wave scream."^[185] Other early screamo bands include Pg. 99, Saetia, and Orchid.^[186]

The Used, Thursday, Thrice and Hawthorne Heights, who all formed in the United States during the late 1990s and early 2000s and remained active throughout the 2000s, helped popularize screamo.^[122] Post-hardcore bands such as Refused and At the Drive-In paved the way for these bands.^[122] Screamo bands from the Canadian emo scene such as Silverstein^[187] and Alexisonfire^[188] also emerged at this time. By the mid-2000s, the saturation of the screamo scene caused many bands to expand beyond the genre and incorporate more-experimental elements. Non-screamo bands used the genre's characteristic guttural vocal style.^[122] Some screamo bands during this time period were inspired by genres like pop punk and heavy metal.^[122]

Jeff Mitchell of the Iowa State Daily wrote, "There is no set definition of what screamo sounds like but screaming over once deafeningly loud rocking noise and suddenly quiet, melodic guitar lines is a theme commonly affiliated with the genre."^[189]

Sass

Sass (also known as sassy screamo, sasscore, white belt hardcore,^[190] white belt, sassgrind or dancey screamo)^[191] is a style that emerged from the late-1990s and early-2000s screamo scene.^[192] The genre incorporates elements of post-punk, new wave, disco, electronic, dance-punk,^[192] grindcore, noise rock, metalcore, mathcore and beatdown hardcore. The genre is characterized by often incorporating overtly flamboyant mannerisms, erotic lyrical content, synthesizers, dance beats and a lisping vocal style.^[193] Sass bands include the Blood Brothers, An Albatross, The Number Twelve Looks Like You, the Plot to Blow Up the Eiffel Tower, Daughters's early music, Orchid's later music^[194][195] and SeeYouSpaceCowboy.^[196]

Fusion genres

Emo pop

Main article: Emo pop

Emo pop (or emo pop punk) is a subgenre of emo known for its pop music influences, more concise songs and hook-filled choruses.^[99] AllMusic describes emo pop as blending "youthful angst" with "slick production" and mainstream appeal, using "high-pitched melodies, rhythmic guitars, and lyrics concerning adolescence, relationships, and heartbreak."^[99] The Guardian described emo pop as a cross between "saccharine boy-band pop" and emo.^[197]

The Get Up Kids at the Bowery Ballroom in 2000

Fall Out Boy performing in 2006

Emo pop developed during the 1990s. Bands like Jawbreaker and Samiam are known for formulating the emo pop punk style.^[198] According to Nicole Keiper of CMJ New Music Monthly, Sense Field's Building (1996) pushed the band "into the emo-pop camp with the likes of the Get Up Kids and Jejune".^[199] As emo became commercially successful in the early 2000s, emo pop became popular with Jimmy Eat World's 2001 album Bleed American and the success of its single "The Middle".^[99] Jimmy Eat World,^[99] the Get Up Kids^[200] and the Promise Ring^[201] also are early emo pop bands. The emo pop style of Jimmy Eat World's album, Clarity^[202] influenced later emo.^[203] The emo band Braid's 1998 album Frame & Canvas has been described as emo pop by Blake Butler of AllMusic, who gave the Braid album four out of five stars and wrote that Frame & Canvas "proves to be one of Braid's best efforts".^[204] Emo pop became successful during the late 1990s, with its popularity increasing in the early 2000s. The Get Up Kids sold over 15,000 copies of their debut album, Four Minute Mile (1997), before signing with Vagrant Records. The label promoted them, sending them on tours to open for Green Day and Weezer.^[88] Their 1999 album, Something to Write Home About, reached number 31 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.^[89] As of May 2, 2002, Something to Write Home About sold 134,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

As emo pop coalesced, the Fueled by Ramen label became a center of the movement and signed Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, and Paramore (all of whom had been successful).^[99] Two regional scenes developed. The Florida scene was created by Fueled by Ramen; midwest emo-pop was promoted by Pete Wentz, whose Fall Out Boy rose to the forefront of the style during the mid-2000s.^{[99][205][206]} Cash Cash released Take It to the Floor (2008); according to AllMusic, it could be "the definitive statement of airheaded, glittery, and content-free emo-pop^[207] ... the transformation of emo from the expression of intensely felt, ripped-from-the-throat feelings played by bands directly influenced by post-punk and hardcore to mall-friendly Day-Glo pop played by kids who look about as authentic as the "punks" on an old episode of Quincy did back in the '70s was made pretty much complete".^[207] You Me at Six released their 2008 debut album, Take Off Your Colours, described by AllMusic's Jon O'Brien as "follow[ing] the 'emo-pop for dummies' handbook word-for-word."^[208] The album was certified gold in the UK.^[209]

XXXTentacion (pictured) was influenced by a number of emo and alternative rock artists.^[210]

Origins

The beginning of emo as a subculture rather than just a style of music dates back to the mid-1990s San Diego screamo scene. The scene's bands, such as Heroin, Antioch Arrow and Swing Kids, and participants in this scene were often called "spock rock", in reference to their black-dyed hair with straight fringes.^[190] As the vocalist of Swing Kids, Justin Pearson had choppy spikes protruding from the back of his head alongside straight fringes, which was a prototype for the emo haircut.^[190] During this time, emo fashion was clean-cut and tended towards geek chic,^[223] with clothing items like thick-rimmed glasses resembling 1950s musician Buddy Holly, button-down shirts, t-shirts, sweater vests, tight jeans, converse shoes, and cardigans being common.^[9] After the 1998 release of the music video for "New Noise" by Swedish hardcore punk band Refused, straight, black hair with long, swooped bangs spread as a common fashion in hardcore punk. Refused adopted this haircut alongside black clothing and nail polish.^[190] In January 2002, the Honolulu Advertiser described emo people as "intentionally unshowy": "these guys often ride bicycles, keep diaries, write poetry and hang out at coffee shops. They prefer art films to Hollywood blockbusters and frequent independent music stores. They are usually shy and introspective."^[223]

Although not an emo band, Eighteen Visions' "fashioncore" look was a prototype for 2000s emo fashion.

Subsequent development

Metalcore band Eighteen Visions was the band that expanded the prototype of later emo fashion. As many hardcore bands in the 1990s had a hypermasculine image characterized by shaved heads, baseball caps and tattoos, Eighteen Visions wanted to rebel against this image. Inspired by the look of bands like Orgy and Unbroken, Eighteen Visions dressed in effeminate fashion, including skinny jeans, straightened hair, swooped bangs, black clothes and eyeliner. This emphasise on the band's presentation lead to them being derogatorily labeled "fashioncore".^[190][224] Fashioncore became a popular trend in hardcore and metalcore in the early 2000s, and other bands labeled as fashioncore included Avenged Sevenfold, Bleeding Through and Atreyu.^{[225][226][227]} Influenced by the members of Eighteen Visions, emos in the early 2000s became increasingly experimental with their hair, making use of layers, asymmetrical fringes and cutting hair using razorblades. Haircuts such as the Bob and the A-Line cut were also popular.^[190] Around 2002, the term "scene queen" began to be used as a pejorative against attractive, popular women perceived by older hardcore musicians as only being involved in hardcore for the subculture. Through this term, people who participated in the fashioncore-influenced style of emo dress began to be termed scene, which would eventually develop into its own subculture of emo.^[190] Moreover, early-mid 2000s emo and pop punk bands like My Chemical Romance, AFI, and Good Charlotte wore black clothes and eyeliner.^{[228][229][230]} These bands were often inspired by other bands that adopted a goth look, such as the Misfits and the Cure.^{[231][229][232]}

Two emo teens

Mainstream prevalence

Emo fashion in the mid-to-late 2000s included skinny jeans, tight T-shirts (usually short-sleeved, and often with the names of emo bands), studded belts, Converse sneakers, Vans and black wristbands.^[233][234] Thick, horn-rimmed glasses remained in style to an extent,^[233] and eye liner and black fingernails became common during the mid-2000s.^[235][236] The best-known facet of emo fashion is its hairstyle: flat, straight, usually jet-black hair with long bangs covering much of the face,^[234] which has been called a fad.^[234] Emo fashion has been confused with goth^[237] and scene fashion.^[238]

As emo became a subculture, people who dressed in emo fashion and associated themselves with its music were known as "emo kids" or "emos".^[234] My Chemical Romance,^[234][236] Hawthorne Heights,^[234] AFI,^[234] Dashboard Confessional,^[239] Taking Back Sunday,^[240] Good Charlotte,^[241] Brand New, From First to Last,^[242] Bullet for My Valentine,^[243] Story of the Year,^[244] Funeral for a Friend,^[245] Silverstein,^[246] Simple Plan,^[247] Aiden,^[235] Fall Out Boy,^[234][248] The Used,^[235] Finch,^[235] Panic! at the Disco,^[247] Paramore,^[247] Twenty One Pilots,^[249] The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus^[250] and The All-American Rejects^[251] are all bands that emos are commonly known for listening to.

Stereotypes

Emo has been associated with a stereotype of emotion, sensitivity, shyness, introversion or angst.^{[12][252][253]} More controversially, stereotypes surrounding the genre included depression, self-harm and suicide,^[234][254] in part stoked by depictions of emo fans as a "cult" by British tabloid Daily Mail.^[255] Emos and goths were often distinguished by the stereotype that "emos hate themselves, while goths hate everyone."^[256] In 2020, The Independent wrote on such stereotypes, that "emo was singled out for the destructive behaviour of teenagers who'd found a home in a subculture that offered them community and a vehicle for self-expression."^[176]

Suicide and self harm

Main article: Suicide in music subcultures

Further information: My Chemical Romance § Daily Mail controversy

In 2008, emo music was blamed for the suicide by hanging of British teenager Hannah Bond by the coroner at her inquest and her mother, Heather Bond, who suggested that the music and fandom glamorised suicide. They suggested Hannah's apparent obsession with My Chemical Romance was linked to her death. It was said at the inquest that she was part of an Internet "emo cult", and an image of an emo girl with bloody wrists was on her Bebo page.^[257] Hannah reportedly told her parents that her self-harm was an "emo initiation ceremony".^[257] Heather Bond criticised emo culture: "There are 'emo' websites that show pink teddies hanging themselves."^[257] The coroner's statements were featured in a series of articles in the Daily Mail.^[255] After they were reported in NME, fans of emo music contacted the magazine to deny that it promoted self-harm and suicide.^[258] My Chemical Romance reacted online: "We have recently learned of the suicide and tragic loss of Hannah Bond. We'd like to send our condolences to her family during this time of mourning. Our hearts and thoughts are with them".^[259] The band also posted that they "are and always have been vocally anti-violence and anti-suicide".^[259]

The Guardian later described the purported link and subsequent backlash against emo in the 2000s as a "moral panic",^[260] while Kerrang! compared it to historic controversies involving Judas Priest and Ozzy Osbourne, unduly demonising the subculture, and poorly examining mental health issues of young people.^[255]

"Fuck emo" graffiti in Mexico

Backlash

Emo received a lot of backlash during the 2000s. Warped Tour founder Kevin Lyman said that there was a "real backlash" by bands on the tour against emo groups, but he dismissed the hostility as "juvenile".^[261] The backlash intensified, with anti-emo groups attacking teenagers in Mexico City, Querétaro, and Tijuana in 2008.^[262][263] Legislation was proposed in Russia's Duma regulating emo websites and banning emo attire in schools and government buildings, with the subculture perceived as a "dangerous teen trend" promoting anti-social behaviour, depression, social withdrawal and suicide.^[264][265] The BBC reported that in March 2012, Shia militias in Iraq shot or beat to death as many as 58 young Iraqi emos.^[266] Metalheads and punks often were known for hating emos and criticizing the emo subculture.^[267]

Terminology

The term "emo" has been the subject of controversy amongst artists, critics, and fans alike. Some find the label to be loosely defined^[268] with the term at times being used to describe any music that expresses emotion.^[177] The mainstream success of emo and its related subculture caused the term to be conflated with other genres.^[269]

Many bands labeled as emo rejected the emo label. My Chemical Romance singer Gerard Way said in 2007 that emo is "a pile of shit":

"I think there are bands that we get lumped in with that are considered emo and, by default, that starts to make us emo. All I can say is that anyone actually listening to the records, putting the records next to each other and listening to them, [would know there are] actually no similarities."^[270]

Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco said : "It's ignorant! The stereotype is guys that are weak and have failing relationships write about how sad they are. If you listen to our songs, not one of them has that tone."^[271] Adam Lazzara of Taking Back Sunday said he always considered his band rock and roll instead of emo.^[272] Guitarist of the Get Up Kids, Jim Suptic, noted the differences between the 2000s mainstream acts when compared to the emo bands of the 1990s, saying, “The punk scene we came out of and the punk scene now are completely different. It's like glam rock now. We played the Bamboozle fests this year and we felt really out of place... If this is the world we helped create, then I apologise.”^[273] Vocalist of AFI, Davey Havok, described emo as “such a strange and meaningless word.”^[274] Early emo musicians also have rejected the label. Guy Picciotto, the vocalist of Rites of Spring, said he considers the emo label "retarded" and always considered Rites of Spring a punk rock band: "The reason I think it's so stupid is that - what, like the Bad Brains weren't emotional? What - they were robots or something? It just doesn't make any sense to me."^[275] Sunny Day Real Estate's members said they consider themselves simply a rock band, and said that back in the early days, the word "emocore" was an insult: "While I don't disrespect anyone for using the term emo-core, or rock, or anything, but back in the day, emo-core was just about the worst dis that you could throw on a band."^[276]

The term “mall emo” has been used to separate mainstream bands like Paramore, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Panic! at the Disco, and Fall Out Boy from the less commercially viable bands that proceeded and succeeded them.^{[277][278][279]} The term "mall emo" dates back to around 2002, when many emo fans did not like the change emo was going through at the time when the genre became mainstream.^[97]

Citations

Bibliography