Apalɨ
Emerum
Munga
Native toPapua New Guinea
RegionMadang Province
Native speakers
980 (2003)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ena
Glottologapal1256

Apalɨ (Apal), or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other.[2]

Phonology

Vowels

Apalɨ vowels[3]
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e o
Open a

Evolution

Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012).[2]

Sources abbreviations
  • (W) = Wade (n.d.), Akɨ dialect[4]
  • (Z) = Z’graggen (1980), Acɨ dialect[5]
proto-Trans-New GuineaApalɨ
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’maŋgɨ ‘egg’
*mapVn ‘liver’mapɨn
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’mɨka
*mVkVm ‘jaw’mukum
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’(Osum and Paynamar mira, Moresada merak)
*kumV- ‘die’kɨm-
*k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’(sa)kum ‘nape’
*iman ‘louse’iman
*na- ‘eat’n
pMadang *na ‘2SG free pronoun’nama (cf. also na- ‘2SG POSS’)
pMadang *nu ‘3SG free pronoun’numbu (cf. also nu- ‘3SG POSS’)
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’iŋg- (some other S Adelbert languages have niŋg-)
*kambena ‘arm’human
*kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’(?) hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’
*[w]ani ‘who?’ani
*(s,nd)umu(n,t)[V] ‘hair’(?) mɨnɨ
*mapVn ‘liver’maßɨn
*iman ‘louse’iman
*takVn[V] ‘moon’(Acɨ dial.) takun (Z), (Akɨ dial.) lakun (W)
*sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’kasɨŋ (Z)
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’tɨpi (metath.) (Z)
*imbi ‘name’imbi (W)
*[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’tɨmbɨ (W)
*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’sɨmbu ‘spit’
*simbil[VC] ‘navel’(Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm ‘placenta, navel, umbilical cord’ (W)
*si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’susum ‘lower buttocks’
*kambena ‘arm, forearm’human (W)
*mapVn ‘liver’maβɨn (W)
*apa ‘father’iaβaŋ (W)
*apus[i]‘grandparent’aβe ‘grandmother’
*apa(pa)ta ‘butterfly’(?) afafaŋ (Z)
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’hinji (W)
*kindil ‘root’hɨnjɨlɨ (W)
*[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’tɨmbɨ (W, Z)
*takVn[V] ‘moon’(Acɨ dial.) takun (Z)
*takVn[V] ‘moon’lakun (W)
*kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’lɨmbɨ(lami) ‘to thunder’
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’tɨpi (metath.) (Z)
*kit(i,u) ‘leg’gɨtɨ (Z)
*kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’(Akɨ) hutaŋ (W), (Acɨ) kutes (Z)
*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’sɨmbu ‘spit’
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’mɨka (W)
*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’sɨmbu ‘spit’
*simb(i,u) ‘guts’su ‘faeces’
*simbil[VC] ‘navel’(Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm (both W)
*si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’susum (W)
*sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’kasɨŋ (Z)
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’maŋgɨ ‘egg’
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’i ŋg- ‘see’
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’mɨka (W)
*kumV- ‘die’kɨm- ‘die’
*k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’(sa)kum ‘nape’
*kambena ‘arm’human (W)
*kindil ‘root’hɨnjɨlɨ (W) (cf. gɨndrɨ ‘root’
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’hɨnji (W)
*kin(i,u)- ‘sleep, lie down’hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’
*kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’hutaŋ (W)
*kumV- ‘die’hɨmi- (W)
*kit(i,u) ‘leg’gɨtɨ (Z)
*mVkVm ‘cheek’(Acɨ) mukum (W), Akɨ mɨhum (W)
*takVn[V] ‘moon’lakun (W)
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’hɨnji (W)
*tumuk ‘to thunder’(?) lɨmbɨ(lami) (W)
*kindil ‘root’hɨndɨlɨ (W) (Z. gives gundru)

References

  1. ↑ Apalɨ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I): 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
  3. ↑ Daniels, Don Roger (June 2015). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram". Alexandria Digital Research Library: 84–85.
  4. ↑ Wade, Martha. n.d. Dictionary of the Apalɨ language. Printout. Madang: Pioneer Bible Translators.
  5. ↑ Z’graggen, John A. 1980. A comparative word list of the Southern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
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