Egyptian-Greek relations
Map indicating locations of Egypt and Greece

Egypt
Greece

Egypt–Greece relations refer to bilateral relations between Egypt and Greece. Due to the strong cultural and historical ties between the two nations,[1] Egypt and Greece today enjoy friendly relations. Modern diplomatic relations between the two countries were established after Greece gained its independence in 1830, and are today regarded as cordial.[2] Both countries are members and partners in several international organizations such as UN, IMF, OSCE, and the Union for the Mediterranean.

History

Alexander the Great as Pharaoh praying to the Egyptian god Amun

Due to the strong cultural and historical ties between the two nations, from ancient to modern times, especially since the creation of the city of Alexandria by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great, on the Eastern Mediterranean Sea's coast and the rich heritage further strengthened the bonds between the two nations, in addition to the Ptolemaic dynasty which ruled Egypt for 275 years, Egypt and Greece today enjoy warm diplomatic relations and consider each other on friendly terms.[3] Egypt had also a Greek community, mostly centered in Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria.

In 1825, during the Greek War of Independence, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt came in assistance of the Ottomans and it was the Battle of Navarino and the Morea expedition that forced him to retreat. After 1830, the relations between the two countries improved. During the rise of Pan-Arab nationalism and the subsequent nationalisation of many industries in 1961 and 1963 by Gamal Abdel Nasser, most of the Greek community emigrated from Egypt for other countries, such as the United States, Canada, South Africa and Australia.

Relations now are described as strategic[4] and are developing on all fronts, with several trade, tourism, economic and defense cooperation agreements signed by the governments and heads of states in their regular meetings.[3] Greece is, today, Egypt's 6th largest foreign investor.[5][6]

In 2019, archaeologists reported that in two large tombs at Pylos, they found items, including a golden pendant depicting the head of the Egyptian goddess Hathor, which show that Pylos, had trading connections, previously unknown, with Egypt and the Near East around 1500 BC.[7]

Cooperation

The two states cooperate in the fields of trade, maritime, energy, culture and tourism, with Greece being the 4th largest European investor in Egypt, with over 208 Greek companies being active in the Egyptian market, while Egypt is Greece's 6th biggest trading partner.[8]

Tripartite summits

Greece and Egypt hold tripartite summits on an annual basis along with Cyprus, within the framework of tripartite cooperation mechanism that was agreed between the three Mediterranean countries in 2014. These summits aim at enhancing cooperation between the three countries in politics, military, security, trade, economy, energy, gas, electricity, tourism, transport, agriculture and environment, and follow up on projects being implemented within the cooperation mechanism framework. It, also, seeks to enhance the distinguished relations among the three countries. As of 2021, 9 such tripartite summits were held with the latest being at Athens.[9]

Notable summits

First tripartite summit in Cairo

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Cypriot President Nicos Anastasiades, and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras held a tripartite summit in Cairo at 8 November 2014, where the leaders of the three countries tackled the ongoing issues in the region of Middle East and the East Mediterranean Sea, and the three heads of governments agreed to intensify the cooperation between the three countries in economy, security, tourism and energy, as well as defining the common maritime borders and the EEZ in the Mediterranean Sea.[10]

In the Cairo Summit, the governments of Greece and Cyprus condemned the terrorist attacks in Egyptian territory and the Mount Sinai, expressed political support to the Egyptian government, and agreed on mutual support between the three countries in international organizations and forums, with Greece and Cyprus advocating Egypt's positions in the European Union.

El-Sisi, Anastasiades and Samaras agreed to further encourage the foreign investments to the Egyptian economy and infrastructure, which suffered by the uprisings of Arab Spring, and to participate in the 2015 Cairo Economic Conference.[11]

Second tripartite summit in Nicosia

In less than half a year since the first tripartite Summit, a new high-level Summit was held at Nicosia, at 29 April 2015, between the heads of the governments of Cyprus, Egypt and Greece. In the Nicosia Summit, the Cypriot president Nicos Anastasiades, the Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and the Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras, confirmed the will for bolstering further the cooperation between the three countries, and agreed on further cooperation in matters concerning the international organizations, as well as between the three countries. Among the matters discussed are the development of hydrocarbon reserves in Eastern Mediterranean, along the maritime border between both countries in their Exclusive Economic Zones.[12][13][14]

High level visits

Greek Vice-President and Minister of Foreign Affairs Evangelos Venizelos paid an official visit to Egypt on 5 September 2014, in an effort to bolster the relations between the two countries. In Cairo, Venizelos met with the government officials and discussed various matters of mutual interests, such as foreign investments to the country, trade, and shared opinions about the political situation in the Middle East, which concerns and affects both (Mediterranean) countries, as well tackling matters of mutual interest such as defining the EEZ boundaries between the two countries, and boosting further the cooperation between the two governments in international organizations and forums.[15]

The president of Greece, Prokopis Pavlopoulos, paid an official visit to Egypt on 24 April 2015, in a bid for strengthening Greek-Egyptian relations, and intensifying the cooperation between the governments of the two countries, and tackle matters of mutual interest, such as the political situation in the Middle East and the illegal immigration which concerns both (Mediterranean) countries, as well as defining the maritime boundaries between the two countries.[16][17]

Resident diplomatic missions

Embassy of Egypt in Athens

2020 maritime agreement

On 6 August 2020, Egypt and Greece signed an agreement on the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the two countries. The main reason for the countries' decision to sign the agreement was to cancel the internationally and heavily criticized Libya (GNA)–Turkey maritime deal but to also ease tensions in the Eastern Medditerenean. Turkey rapidly responded to the bilateral agreement, by calling it 'non-existent' because it goes against the agreement signed between Turkey and Libya's GNA. The agreement strengthened Egypt's and Greece's relation, something that both prime ministers mentioned.[19][20] On 27 August, the Hellenic Parliament ratified the maritime accord with Egypt.[21] Later on, the UN's Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea published the agreement.[22]

2021 military cooperation program

In April 2021, Greece, Cyprus and Egypt have signed a trilateral military cooperation program, in order to improve and upgrade military cooperation between these countries.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Egypt - Solidarity to Greece for the difficult conditions due to wildfires (original: Αίγυπτος – Αλληλεγγύη στην Ελλάδα για τις δύσκολες συνθήκες με τις πυρκαγιές)". in.gr. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed Hafez said in a statement that Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry reaffirmed the strong and historic ties between the two peoples and their everlasting solidarity.
  2. ↑ "Egypt, Cyprus, Greece leaders talk EU, Turkey, Palestine". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Egypt, Greece, Cyprus: Model for successful international cooperation". Egypt Today. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  4. ↑ "FMs of Egypt, Greece, Cyprus, France hail deep relations between their countries". Egypt Today. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  5. ↑ "News Analysis: Egypt, Cyprus and Greece vow to expand cooperation at summit - Xinhua - English.news.cn". Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  6. ↑ Saturday 08-11-2014 11:57 AM. "Aswat Masriya - Sisi meets Greek PM ahead of Cairo tripartite summit". En.aswatmasriya.com. Retrieved 2016-10-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (December 17, 2019). "Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ Kerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi (3 August 2016). "Greece's Ambassador to Egypt: 'Greece Is the Fourth Largest European Investor in Egypt' | News from Greeks in Africa, Asia, and South America". World.greekreporter.com. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  9. ↑ "The 9th Tripartite Summit between Egypt, Greece and Cyprus in Athens". sis.gov.eg. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  10. ↑ "Greece, Cyprus to represent Egypt's interests in EU". dailynewsegypt.com. November 8, 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  11. ↑ "Egypt, Greece, Greek Cyprus pledge to boost cooperation - Cyprus - Worldbulletin News". World Bulletin. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  12. ↑ "Sisi, Greek, Cypriot leaders to hold tripartite summit in Nicosia". Cairo Post. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  13. ↑ Wednesday 29-04-2015 01:03 PM (2015-04-29). "Aswat Masriya - Sisi holds summit with Cypriot counterpart in Nicosia". En.aswatmasriya.com. Retrieved 2016-10-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "CyprusNewsReport.Com". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  15. ↑ TO BHMA International (5 September 2013). "Venizelos to visit Egypt". TO BHMA International. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  16. ↑ A. Makris (24 April 2015). "President Pavlopoulos meets Egyptian counterpart - GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "Greek President praises cooperation between Greece, Egypt and Cyprus - ABNA-SE - the Association of the Balkan News Agencies – Southeast Europe". Archived from the original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
  18. ↑ Embassy of Greece in Cairo
  19. ↑ "Egypt and Greece sign agreement on exclusive economic zone, Egyptian FM says | Kathimerini". www.ekathimerini.com.
  20. ↑ "Τουρκικό ΥΠΕΞ: Ανύπαρκτη η συμφωνία Ελλάδας-Αιγύπτου". August 6, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Greek parliament ratifies maritime accord with Egypt". Reuters. 27 August 2020.
  22. ↑ "Agreement between the Government of the Hellenic Republic and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between the two countries" (PDF). un.org. 24 December 2020.
  23. ↑ "Greece, Cyprus and Egypt Sign Trilateral Military Cooperation Program for 2021". The National Herald. 7 April 2021.

Sources

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