The East StratCom Task Force (ESCTF) is a part of the European External Action Service, focused on "effective communication" and promotion of European Union activities in Eastern Europe (including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine)[1][2] and beyond[3] (Russia itself).[1] The task force's flagship project is EUvsDisinfo, a database of articles and media which the organization considers as providing false, distorted or partial information.[4]

History and mission

The ESCTF was created as a conclusion of the European Council meeting on 19 and 20 March 2015, citing the "need to challenge Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns".[5] Initially, it relied on donations from European countries and consisted of ten people, of whom only one (a former Czech journalist) worked full time. Funding from the EU budget began in 2018.[6]

The East Stratcom Task Force is intended to communicate about issues where EU strategic communication needs to be improved, or the EU is subject to disinformation campaigns. Such products will be put at the disposal of the EU's political leadership, press services, EU delegations and EU member states and are intended for the general public.[7] The group is designated to develop communication campaigns, targeting key audiences and focused on specific issues of relevance to those audiences, including local issues. The actions of the ESTF are built on existing work and coherent with wider EU communication efforts, including activities of the EU institutions and EU member states.[3]

The ESTF is one of several organizations with the purpose of opposing propaganda that attempts to undermine the norms and collective identity of the European Union, particularly propaganda from Russia. Its motto "Question even more" is a response to RT's "Question more".[8]

Products and activity

The team's communications products are mainly focused on the countries of the Eastern Neighbourhood and produced in the local languages of those countries. They are disseminated via the social media channels of the EU Delegations in the region, and are also carried on television and via other media and public events.[9] In addition, the Task Force, in cooperation with the European Commission, led the EU's six-month Eastern Partnership communications campaign culminating in the November 2017 Eastern Partnership Summit in Brussels.[10]

The team's main product to raise awareness of disinformation is the weekly Disinformation Review (in English and Russian languages), launched in November 2015. The goal is to provide data for analysts, journalists and officials dealing with this issue. The Disinformation Review also brings the latest news and analyses of what the task force labels as "pro-Kremlin disinformation".[9] The full record of the Task Force's work on disinformation is available on its website EUvsDisinfo.eu, available in English, Russian, and German languages. The team also runs the European External Action Service's Russian language website, as well as Twitter and Facebook accounts. This communicates primarily about the EU's foreign policy by publishing information about EU activities, as well as EU statements and press releases with relevance to the Eastern Neighbourhood in particular.[9] Most of the organization's efforts are distributed on providing information support on issues related to the Russo-Ukrainian War.[11] One of the ESTF's main challenges has been described as distinguishing disinformation from legitimate dissent.[12]

ESCTF has documented numerous examples of propaganda and disinformation published by Russian media.[13][14] Between 2015 and 2016 EUvsDisinfo registered 1,992 confirmed disinformation cases with 36 each week on average.[15] Between November 2015 and August 2019, the project identified more than 6,000 cases of disinformation. Among the most common topics was the topic of migration.[16] As of June 2020, 570 cases of disinformation were related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[17]

Reception

EU Member State Governments have strongly supported the Task Force since its inception and provide the majority of its staff.

The European Parliament has consistently supported the Task Force and called for adequate staffing and resourcing. An EP preparatory action for 2018 – "StratCom Plus" - has allocated €1.1m for the team to focus on how to counter disinformation on the EU more systematically.[18]

  • Pavel Telička, Vice-President of the European Parliament: "I place great value in the fact that Europe has experts who address Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns (…). The quality and the substance of their work is outstanding. Their work is valuable as it indicated the alarming nature of our European security".[19]
  • Keir Giles from Chatham House about East StratCom Task Force: "a critically important capability, ESTF has quite a high credit among experts".[20]
  • European Security Union Commissioner Julian King noted that East Stratcom Task Force "gathered more than 3,500 examples of pro-Kremlin disinformation contradicting publicly available facts repeated on many languages on many occasions";[21] "It also launched a Russian language service from Brussels, providing updates and fact-based background information about the Union for RU language journalists. The aim is to increase visibility and more accurate representation of EU policies in the Russian language media. It produces a weekly Disinformation review. Their Twitter account ensures that the Task Force's products reach up to 2 million people per month, in addition to their regular briefings. This work is very important".[22]
  • Rebecca Harms, Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany and member of the Greens group: "It's important to have this Stratcom, but its interaction with national bodies is not strong enough".[22]
  • Former Danish Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen said that: "They provide an excellent instrument. We would of course not be able to do it in other ways".[23]
  • Former Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka: "This team is capable of generating quality results".[24]
  • Edward Lucas, vice president at Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA), said that the East StratCom's Disinformation Review is "the best weekly bulletin on Russian propaganda in the West" next after Ukrainian similar project, StopFake, which he considers to be "the gold standard".[25]
  • According to The New York Times, East Stratcom serves as "Europe's front line against this onslaught of fake news".[26]
  • Canadian Maclean's magazine: "As for who first noticed that Moscow was gunning for Freeland, that's something that has yet to show up in any banner Canadian headlines. It was the European Union's East StratCom Task Force, a unit of the External Action Service (the EU's foreign ministry and diplomatic branch). The Task Force was set up in March 2015 as a kind of early warning system to detect incoming Kremlin disinformation campaigns".[27]
  • East StratCom Task Force in EUobserver: "Eight member states have urged the EU's foreign service to significantly expand its work on countering Russian propaganda. They said in a letter to EU head of foreign affairs Federica Mogherini that "in the face of unabated third party disinformation campaigns … we see an urgent need to further enhance the EU's StratCom capabilities (…) East StratCom circulates online notes that debunk Russian disinformation and has attracted 30,000 followers to its Twitter account. It also promotes positive coverage of the EU in former Soviet states".[28] More in EUobserver: "Its Disinformation Review, a weekly newsletter, and its daily tweets and infographics, should be in the laptops and phones of all MEPs and senior EU officials".[29]
  • Lawfare, blog about the team: "The task force has made some meaningful contributions to the efforts to counter disinformation warfare. Over the course of its operation, East StratCom has identified over 3,500 disinformation cases (…) These statistics highlight the global nature of the problem, and the benefit of having a body working on disinformation beyond a single country's borders. East StratCom's supranational view also allows it to provide valuable insights into the broader strategy and goals of pro-Kremlin disinformation operations because it can see them as a cohesive whole, rather than isolated incidents in individual countries.[30]

Criticism

The ESTF has been described as "possibly the most widely recognised, and criticised, anti-disinformation unit set up to handle Russian disinformation."[8] In 2020, The New York Times wrote that the ESTF "is unique because its biggest supporters — countries in Central and Eastern Europe with a history of Communist influence — are also among its loudest critics. They say the task force has been underfunded and undersupported and should be more ambitious."[31]

Danish newspaper Politiken criticized East StratCom for writing[32] that Russian-backed militants were fighting in Ukraine at the Battle of Avdiivka. They said that ESTF only used Ukrainian sources in their review, and claimed that one of the sources (the Ukrainian website Inform Napalm) was linked to the "controversial and secretive" Ukrainian website Myrotvorets.[33]

In 2018, it was found that the ESTF's database of news articles that contain disinformation had incorrectly included three articles from Dutch news outlets, in part due to a translation error.[12][34] The outlets (GeenStijl, The Post Online and De Gelderlander) sued the EU for libel.[35][36][37] On 6 March, the Dutch Parliament passed a motion to advocate that the EU remove the ESTF's funding.[12][38] In response, the ESTF removed the articles from their database and changed the language it uses when describing outlets that it identifies as publishing disinformation.[12][39] On 9 March, Dutch Minister of the Interior, who had previously[40] opposed closing EUvsDisinfo, said that the government would make a case for closing it in the European Union.[41][42] Professor Wouter Hins from Leiden University admitted that EUvsDisinfo made a mistake, but argued that it should not be closed: "The idea that the government should then shut up is rather unworldly".[43] On 13 March the three Dutch media withdrew their case.[44]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Jozwiak, Rikard (25 June 2015). "EU to counter Russian propaganda by promoting 'European values'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  2. ↑ Jozwiak, Rikard (24 June 2015). "EU Plans To Step Up Fight Against Russian Propaganda". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Action Plan on Strategic Communication" (PDF). Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum. 22 June 2015. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  4. ↑ Serrato, Raymond; Wallis, Jacob (1 October 2020). "Covid-19 Disinformation and Social Media Manipulation: Covid-19 and the Reach of Pro-Kremlin Messaging". Homeland Security Digital Library. Retrieved 16 December 2020 – via Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
  5. ↑ European Council (20 March 2015). "European Council meeting (19 and 20 March 2015) - Conclusions" (PDF). Brussels. Paragraph 13. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Karásek, Tomáš (2018). "Modes of Strategic Adaptation". Obrana a Strategie. 18 (2): 53. doi:10.3849/1802-7199.18.2018.02.043-056. ISSN 1214-6463. S2CID 150893060.
  7. ↑ "Questions and Answers about the East StratCom Task Force - EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission". EEAS - European External Action Service. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  8. 1 2 Hansen F (1 January 2017). "Cognitive Reslience, from Russian Hybrid Warfare: A study of disinformation". Danish Institute for International Studies. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 "Questions and Answers about the East StratCom Task Force". EEAS - European External Action Service. Material has been copied from this source. Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.
  10. ↑ "Eastern Partnership summit, 24/11/2017 - EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission". EEAS - European External Action Service. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  11. ↑ Zakirova, Svitlana. "Роль Мiжнародних Организацiй У Постконфлiктному Миробудiвництвi: Комунiкацiйний Вимiр" [The Role Of International Organizations In Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: The Communication Dimension] (PDF). Social Communications Research Center (in Ukrainian). p. 331. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Birnbaum M (25 April 2018). "Europe wants to crack down on fake news. But one person's fake news is another's democratic dissent". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  13. ↑ Echols, William (11 December 2020). "No Evidence Russia Spread COVID-19 Disinfo? Think Again". Polygraph.info. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  14. ↑ "GEC Special Report: Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem" (PDF). United States Department of State. 2020.
  15. ↑ Volkova, Svitlana; Jang, Jin Yea (2018). "Misleading or Falsification". Companion of the Web Conference 2018 on the Web Conference 2018 - WWW '18. WWW '18. Lyon, France: ACM Press. p. 577. doi:10.1145/3184558.3188728. ISBN 978-1-4503-5640-4. S2CID 13806087.
  16. ↑ Crișan, Magdalena (2019). "Migration In The Kremlin's Disinformation War". Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University (3): 8. ISSN 2284-936X – via Central and Eastern European Online Library.
  17. ↑ Pamment, James (2020). "Lessons From the Coronavirus". The EU's Role in Fighting Disinformation:: Taking Back the Initiative. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 12. JSTOR resrep25788 – via JSTOR.
  18. ↑ Rankin, Jennifer (25 November 2017). "EU anti-propaganda unit gets €1m a year to counter Russian fake news". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "Pavel Telička píše F. Mogheriniové. Oceňuje práci East StratCom Task Force" [Pavel Telička writes to F. Mogherini. He commends the work of the East StratCom Task Force]. telicka.eu (in Czech). 2 February 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  20. ↑ "Register of Commission expert groups and other similar entities". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  21. ↑ "MEPs call for boosting EU resilience to Russian propaganda". New Europe. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  22. 1 2 "Plenary video: Russia - the influence of propaganda on EU countries | Multimedia centre | European Parliament". Multimedia centre | European Parliament. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  23. ↑ Skovgaard, Morten (30 January 2017). "Truslen fra øst eller: Hvordan jeg holdt op med at bekymre mig og lærte at elske sandheden - POV". POV (in Danish). Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  24. ↑ Sobotka, Bohuslav (18 May 2017). "Premiér Bohuslav Sobotka se zúčastnil Stratcom Summitu 2017" [Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka attended the Stratcom Summit 2017]. Government of the Czech Republic (in Czech). Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  25. ↑ Lecture by Edward Lucas, retrieved 19 March 2018
  26. ↑ Scott, Mark; Eddy, Melissa (20 February 2017). "Europe Combats a New Foe of Political Stability: Fake News". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  27. ↑ "How Russia's attack on Freeland got traction in Canada - Macleans.ca". Macleans.ca. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  28. ↑ "Mogherini urged to do more on Russian propaganda". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  29. ↑ "[Opinion] No joke: Russian propaganda poses EU threat". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  30. ↑ "The European Union Steps Up its Fight Against Fake News". lawfareblog.com. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  31. ↑ Apuzzo M (30 April 2020). "Top E.U. Diplomat Says Disinformation Report Was Not Watered Down for China". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "Avdiivka". EU vs DISINFORMATION. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  33. ↑ "EU er fanget i propaganda-krigens tåger". Politiken. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  34. ↑ Peel M, Khan M (2 April 2018). "EU attack on pro-Kremlin 'fake news' takes a hit". ft.com. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  35. ↑ "Court subpoena in English" (PDF). Kenny Van der Laan lawfirm. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  36. ↑ "Dutch media outlets take EU to court over disinformation claims". Dutch News. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  37. ↑ "Three publications are suing the EU over fake news allegations". Poynter. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  38. ↑ "Gewijzigde motie van de leden Kwint en Yesilgöz-Zegerius over het opheffen van EU versus Disinfo (t.v.v. 21501-34-286) (Proposal to close East StratCom)". Tweede Kamer. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  39. ↑ "Removal of three cases further to complaints by Dutch media". EU vs Disinformation. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  40. ↑ "Kabinet trotseert Kamer over nepnieuwswaakhond (Cabinet defies Chamber about fake news watchdog)". Reformatorisch Dagblad. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  41. ↑ "Ook Ollongren wil nu af van Europese waakhond nepnieuws (Ollongren now also wants to get rid of European watchdog fake news)". NOS. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  42. ↑ "Minister Kajsa Ollongren nu toch tegen anti-nepnieuwsbureau (Minister Kajsa Ollongren now against anti-fake news agency)". The Post Online (TPO). 9 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  43. ↑ Hins, Wouter (2018). "EU vs Disinfo". Mediaforum. ISSN 0924-5057. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  44. ↑ "Media trekken kort geding tegen EU om nepnieuws in" [Media take summary proceedings against the EU for fake news]. NOS Journaal (in Dutch). 13 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
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