Pre-Dyke March assembly (2019) in New York City.

Dyke is a slang term, used as a noun meaning lesbian. It originated as a homophobic slur for masculine, butch, or androgynous girls or women. Pejorative use of the word still exists, but the term dyke has been reappropriated by many lesbians to imply assertiveness and toughness.[1]

Origins and historical usage

The origin of the term dyke is obscure and many theories have been proposed.[2][3][4] Most etymologies assert that dyke is derived from bulldyke, which has a similar meaning.[2] The term first appears in an August 1921 article in the journal Medical Review of Reviews titled "The 'Fairy' and the Lady Lover". In this article, Perry M. Lichtenstein, a prison physician in New York City, reports on the case of a female prisoner he examined: "She stated that she had indulged in the practice of 'bull diking,' as she termed it. She was a prisoner in one of the reformatories, and there a certain young woman fell in love with her."[5] The forms bulldyker and bulldyking also appear later on in the Harlem Renaissance novels of the late 1920s, including Eric D. Walrond's 1926 Tropic Death, Carl van Vechten's 1926 Nigger Heaven, and Claude McKay's 1928 Home to Harlem.[2][6] The Oxford English Dictionary notes the first attestation as Berrey and Van den Bark's 1942 American Thesaurus of Slang, which lists bulldiker as a synonym for lesbian.[7]

The etymology of bulldyke is also obscure. It may be related to the late-19th-century slang use of dike ("ditch") for the vulva.[8] Bull ("male cattle") being used in the sense of "masculine" and "aggressive" (e.g., in bullish), a bulldyke would have implied (with similar levels of offensiveness) a "masculine cunt". Other theories include that bulldyke derived from morphodite, a variant of hermaphrodite;[1] that it was a term for stud bulls and originally applied to sexually successful men;[9] or that it was a dialectical corruption of the name of the rebel Celtic queen Boadicea.[1][3]

From the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, dike had been American slang for a well-dressed man, with "diked out" and "out on a dike" indicating a young man was in his best clothes and ready for a night on the town. The etymology of that term is also obscure, but may have originated as a Virginian variant of deck and decked out.[10]

In the 1950s, the word dyke was used as a derogatory term for lesbians by straight people, but was also used by lesbians of higher social status to identify crude, rough-bar lesbians.[11]

In a 1970 study, Julia Stanley theorized that the source of these varying definitions stems from gender-determined sub-dialects.[12] Homosexuality in America is a "subculture with its own language."[12] As such, a special vocabulary is developed by its members. Previously, gay men defined dyke as lesbian without derogation. A bull dyke was also defined as a lesbian without further distinction. For lesbians of the community, however, a dyke is an extremely masculine, easily identified lesbian, given to indiscretion. Bull dyke is an extension of this term, with the addition of this person described as nasty, obnoxiously aggressive, and overly demonstrative of her hatred of men.[12]

In 1995, Susan Krantz discussed the etymology of bulldyke, with derivations of the Middle English "falsehood" for bull and dick for dyke (Farmer and Henley 1891).[1] Therefore, a possible origin for a masculine lesbian comes from bulldicker that could specifically mean "fake penis", denoting a "false man".[1] Further speculation talks of the synonymous term bulldagger. Here, dagger also alludes to the male genitalia and bull referring to "false" rather than "man".[1]

Increasing acceptance

Boston Dyke March (2008), Massachusetts, USA.
Dykes on Bikes banner (2006). Melbourne Gay Pride, Australia.

In 1969, people in the gay community began to march in the streets to demand civil rights. Terms such as dyke and faggot were used to identify people as political activists for the gay community. During this time, dyke referred to a woman committed to revolution, the most radical position. A surge of feminism in the lesbian community led to "dyke separatism", which emphasized that lesbian women should consider themselves to be separate from men, their ideas and movements.[13]

In 1971, the poem The Psychoanalysis of Edward the Dyke by Judy Grahn was published by the Women's Press Collective.[14][15] This use of dyke empowered the lesbian community because heretofore it had only been employed as a condemnation. Because of the exposure of the word to the public, the term dyke was reclaimed by the lesbian community in the 1970s.[16]

The meaning of dyke has positively changed over time. Most members of the community have dropped bull from the term to use it as a positive identifier of one who displays toughness, or as a simple, generic term for all lesbians. This abbreviation does not carry the negative connotations of the full phrase as it previously did.[1] Scholar Paula Blank, in a 2011 article on lesbian etymology, called for taking ownership of lesbian and similar words.[17]

In the late 20th and early 21st century, the term dyke was claimed by many lesbians as a term of pride and empowerment.[18][19] Alison Bechdel, author of comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For (1983–2008),[20] said use of the term was "linguistic activism".[19] The strip depicts the lives of a lesbian community and is one of the earliest representations of lesbians in popular culture.[21] It has been described "as important to new generations of lesbians as landmark novels like Rita Mae Brown's Rubyfruit Jungle (1973) and Lisa Alther's Kinflicks (1976) were to an earlier one."[22]

In her 2011 article The Only Dykey One, Lucy Jones argues that consideration of lesbian culture is core to an understanding of lesbian identity construction.[23] Matters came to a head when the United States Patent and Trademark Office denied the lesbian motorcycle group Dykes on Bikes a trademark for its name, on the grounds dyke was offensive, derogatory and disparaging to lesbians. However, the office reversed itself and permitted the group to register its name after attorneys appealed and submitted hundreds of pages to show the slang word does not disparage lesbians in the way it once did.[24] On December 8, 2005, Dykes on Bikes won the trademark case,[25] and the organization has since gained international recognition for leading gay pride parades from San Francisco to Sydney.

Facebook controversy

In June 2017, Facebook censored the use of the word "dyke" on its website as "abusive content".[26][27][28] This decision resulted in a Change.org protest petition created by the Listening 2 Lesbians collective that was signed by 7,247 supporters.[29]

Dyke March

Dyke March (2018), Oldenburg, Germany.

Dyke Marches have become popular gay pride events nationwide in the United States and Canada. They are generally non-commercial, in sharp contrast to corporate-sponsored pride events, and some are participated in by bisexual and trans women. The stated mission of the Boston Dyke March, for example, is "to provide a dynamic and welcoming space for participants of all sexualities, genders, races, ages, ethnicities, sizes, economic backgrounds, and physical abilities."[30] Marches also take place in several European cities. The United Kingdom's first Dyke March was held in London in 2012.[31] In Germany, the annual Dyke March Berlin was established in 2013.[32][33] In Mexico, the Marcha Lésbica (Lesbian March) was founded in March 2003 and is held biannually in Mexico City.[34][35][36]

Dyke bar

A dyke bar is any bar or club frequented by lesbians, and is considered as slang in the vocabulary of the LGBT community. The existence of official dyke bars, or lesbian bars, in the United States has decreased tremendously in the past 40 years. In the 1980s there were around 202 lesbian bars, in 2021 the number is thought to be at 16. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the closing of dyke bars, with the lack of business preventing bar owners from paying rent, exacerbating an already existing decline in lesbian spaces.[37] While gay bars and gender inclusive LGBT bars exist across the United States, spaces specifically for lesbians/sapphics are much less common, and their presence is steadily decreasing.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Krantz, Susan E. (1995). "Reconsidering the Etymology of Bulldike". American Speech. 70 (2): 217–221. doi:10.2307/455819. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 455819.
  2. 1 2 3 Spears, Richard A. (1985). "On the Etymology of Dike". American Speech. 60 (4): 318–327. doi:10.2307/454909. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 454909. OCLC 913655475. JSTOR.
  3. 1 2 Grahn, Judy (1984). "Butches, Bulldags, and the Queen of Bulldikery". Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds (1990 Expanded ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. pp. 133–161. ISBN 0-8070-7911-1.
  4. ↑ Dynes, Wayne R., ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume 1 (A–L) (1st ed.). New York, New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 335–336. ISBN 0-8240-6544-1.
  5. ↑ Lichtenstein, Perry M. (August 1921). "The 'Fairy' and the Lady Lover". Medical Review of Reviews. 27 (8): 369–374.
  6. ↑ McKay, Claude (1928). Home to Harlem (1987 ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. p. 129. ISBN 1555530230.
  7. ↑ "dyke, n.³", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  8. ↑ "dyke", Online Etymology Dictionary.
  9. ↑ Herbst, Phillip (2001). Wimmim, Wimps, & Wallflowers: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Gender and Sexual Orientation Bias. Intercultural Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-877864-80-3..
  10. ↑ "dyke, n.²", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989 [1933].
  11. ↑ Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D. (2014). Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold (20th anniversary ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 9781138785854.
  12. 1 2 3 Stanley, Julia P. (1970). "Homosexual Slang". American Speech. 45 (1/2): 45–59. doi:10.2307/455061. JSTOR 455061.
  13. ↑ Stanley, Julia P. (1974). "When We Say "Out of the Closets!"". College English. 36 (3): 385–391. doi:10.2307/374858. JSTOR 374858.
  14. ↑ "Edward the Dyke: and Other Poems". Barnard Center for Research on Women (BCRW) Archives. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  15. ↑ Moore, Lisa L. (August 23, 2013). "It Is An Apple: An Interview With Judy Grahn". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  16. ↑ Garber, Linda (2001). "Putting the Word Dyke on the Map: Judy Grahn". Identity Poetics: Race, Class, and the Lesbian-Feminist Roots of Queer Theory (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 31–62. ISBN 0-231-11032-4.
  17. ↑ Blank, Paula (2011). "The Proverbial "Lesbian": Queering Etymology in Contemporary Critical Practice". Modern Philology. 109 (1): 108–134. doi:10.1086/661977. JSTOR 10.1086/661977. S2CID 161151721.
  18. ↑ Dalzell, Tom (2010). Damn the Man!: Slang of the Oppressed in America. Mineola, New York: Dove Publications. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0486475912.
  19. 1 2 Raab, Barbara (June 23, 2006). "Sticks & Stones and Dykes". In These Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  20. ↑ Bechdel, Alison (2018). "Dykes to Watch Out For". dykestowatchoutfor.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  21. ↑ Bolonik, Kera (November 23, 2008). "Alison Bechdel Retires Her Infamous "Dykes"". New York. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  22. ↑ Garner, Dwight (December 2, 2008). "The Days of Their Lives: Lesbians Star in Funny Pages". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  23. ↑ Jones, Lucy (2011). "'The only dykey one': constructions of (in)authenticity in a lesbian community of practice". Journal of Homosexuality. 58 (6–7): 719–41. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.581917. PMID 21740207. S2CID 33286479.
  24. ↑ Anten, Todd (2006), "Self-Disparaging Trademarks and Social Change: Factoring the Reappropriation of Slurs into Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act" (PDF), Columbia Law Review, 106 (2): 388–434, ISSN 0010-1958, JSTOR 4099495, archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2006, retrieved 12 July 2007
  25. ↑ Guthrie, Julian (December 9, 2005). "Trademark office OKs 'Dykes on Bikes' / Motorcycle group's name on its way to becoming registered". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  26. ↑ Murphy, Meghan (June 26, 2017). "Why is Facebook banning lesbians for using the word 'dyke'". Feminist Current. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  27. ↑ Thompson, Annabel (July 12, 2017). "The controversy around Facebook banning lesbians from using the word 'dyke'". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  28. ↑ Sharpe, Kenny (July 27, 2017). "Users face consequences as Facebook struggles to filter hate speech". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  29. ↑ Facebook: Stop Discriminating Against Lesbians. Change.org. July 2, 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2019. @ https://www.change.org/p/facebook-stop-discriminating-against-lesbians. (The URL for Change.org is blocked due to spamming and cannot be linked with a citation template.)
  30. ↑ "About". Boston Dyke March. 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  31. ↑ petit fours (February 26, 2012). "Dyke March London: what is it? and why do we need one?". The Most Cake. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  32. ↑ "Dyke March Berlin". dykemarchberlin.com (in German). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  33. ↑ "Dyke March Berlin". Berlin Pride Guide. 2018. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  34. ↑ "Marcha Lésbica". marchalesbica.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  35. ↑ Martínez, Martha (21 March 2003). "Realizan en México la primera marcha lésbica de América Latina". Cimacnoticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  36. ↑ Sanchez, Mayela (March 20, 2013). "Mexico's young LGBT women take a stand at lesbian march". United Press International (UPI). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  37. ↑ Compton, Julie (April 4, 2021). "A year into pandemic, America's remaining lesbian bars are barely hanging on". NBC News. Retrieved June 16, 2021.

Further reading

Books and journals
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