Eredivisie
Organising bodyKNVB
Founded1956 (1956)
CountryNetherlands
ConfederationUEFA
Number of teams18 (since 1966–67)
Level on pyramid1
Relegation toEerste Divisie
Domestic cup(s)
International cup(s)
Current championsFeyenoord (16th title)
(2022–23)
Most championshipsAjax (36 titles)
Most appearancesPim Doesburg (687)
Top goalscorerWilly van der Kuijlen (311)
TV partnersList of broadcasters
Websiteeredivisie.eu
Current: 2023–24 Eredivisie

The Eredivisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːrədivizi]; "Honour Division" or "Premier Division") is the highest level of professional football in the Netherlands. The league was founded in 1956, two years after the start of professional football in the Netherlands. As of the 2023–24 season, it is ranked the 6th-best league in Europe by UEFA.[1]

The Eredivisie consists of 18 clubs. Each club meets every other club twice during the season, once at home and once away. At the end of each season, the two clubs at the bottom are relegated to the second level of the Dutch league system, the Eerste Divisie (First Division), while the champion and runner-up of the Eerste Divisie are automatically promoted to the Eredivisie. The club finishing third from the bottom of the Eredivisie goes to separate promotion/relegation play-offs with six high-placed clubs from the Eerste Divisie.[2]

The winner of the Eredivisie claims the Dutch national championship. Ajax have won the most titles with 36. PSV Eindhoven are next with 24, and Feyenoord follow with 16. Since 1965, these three clubs have won all but three Eredivisie titles (the 1981 and 2009 titles went to AZ and FC Twente won in 2010). Ajax, PSV, and Feyenoord are known as the "Big Three" or "Traditional Top Three" of Dutch football. They are the only clubs in their current form to have never been relegated out of the Eredivisie. A fourth club, FC Utrecht, is the product of a 1970 merger between three of that city's clubs, one of which, VV DOS, had also never been relegated out of the Eredivisie.

From 1990 to 1999, the official name of the league was PTT Telecompetitie (after the sponsor, PTT Telecom), which was changed to KPN Telecompetitie (because PTT Telecom changed its name to KPN Telecom) in 1999 and to KPN Eredivisie in 2000. From 2002 to 2005, the league was called the Holland Casino Eredivisie. Since the 2005–06 season, the league has been sponsored by the Vriendenloterij (lottery), but for legal reasons its name could not be attached to the league (the Dutch government was against the name, because the Eredivisie would, after Holland Casino's sponsorship, yet again be sponsored by a company providing games of chance).

In August 2012, it was made public that tycoon Rupert Murdoch had secured the rights to the Eredivisie for 12 years at the expense of one billion euros, beginning in the 2013–14 season.[3] Within this deal, the five largest Eredivisie clubs were to receive five million euros per year.[4] In 2020, the Eredivisie was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History

From the foundation of the Dutch national football championship in 1898 until 1954, the title was decided through play-offs by a handful of clubs who had previously won their regional league.[5] The competition was purely an amateur one; the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) rejected any form of payment and suspended players who were caught receiving salary or transfer fees.[6] The call for professional football grew in the early fifties after many national team members left to play abroad in search for financial benefits.[7] The KNVB would usually suspend these players, preventing them from appearing for the Dutch national team. After the North Sea flood of 1953, the Dutch players abroad (mainly playing in the French league) organised a charity match against the France national team in Paris. The match was boycotted by the KNVB, but after the assembled Dutch players defeated the French (2–1), the Dutch public witnessed the heights that could be achieved through professional football.[8] To serve the growing interest, a dissident professional football association (the NBVB) and league were founded for the 1954–55 season.[9] On 3 July 1954, the KNVB met with a group of concerned amateur club chairmen, who feared the best players would join the professional teams. The meeting, dubbed the slaapkamerconferentie ('bedroom conference'), led to the Association reluctantly accepting semi-professionalism.[6]

Meanwhile, both the KNVB and the NBVB started their separate competition. The first professional football match was contested between Alkmaar and Venlo.[6] The leagues went on for eleven rounds, before a merger was negotiated between the two federations in November. Both leagues were cancelled and a new, combined competition emerged immediately. De Graafschap, Amsterdam, Alkmaar and Fortuna '54 from the NBVB were accepted to the new league. Other clubs merged, which led to new names like Rapid J.C., Holland Sport and Roda Sport. The first (semi-)professional league was won by Willem II.[10] For the 1956–57 season, the KNVB abandoned the regional league system. The Eredivisie was founded, in which the eighteen best clubs nationwide directly played for the league title without play-offs. The inaugural members of the Eredivisie in 1956 were Ajax, BVC, BVV, DOS, EVV, Elinkwijk, SC Enschede, Feijenoord, Fortuna '54, GVAV, MVV, NAC, NOAD, PSV, Rapid J.C., Sparta, VVV '03 and Willem II.[11] Ajax was the first team to claim the title that season.[11] Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history;

  • 18 clubs: 1956–1962
  • 16 clubs: 1962–1966
  • 18 clubs: 1966–present

Current teams (2023–24)

Club
 City Capacity Position
in 2022–23		 1st season
in Eredivisie		 No. of seasons
in Eredivisie		 1st season of
current spell		 No. of seasons
of current spell		 Eredivisie titles National titles Last title
Ajaxa bAmsterdam55,8653rd1956–57681956–576826362022
Almere CityAlmere4,501promoted*2023–2412023–24100-
AZAlkmaar19,5004th1968–69461998–9923222009
ExcelsiorRotterdam4,50015th1970–71242022–23200-
Feyenoorda bRotterdam51,1371st1956–57681956–576810162023
Fortuna SittardSittard12,50013th1968–69252018–19600-
Go Ahead EaglesDeventer10,00011th1963–64342021–223041933
SC HeerenveenHeerenveen27,2248th1990–91321993–943100-
Heracles AlmeloAlmelo12,080promoted*1962–63232023–241221941
NECNijmegen12,50012th1967–68432021–22300-
PEC ZwolleZwolle13,250promoted*1978-79232023–24100-
PSVa bEindhoven36,5002nd1956–57681956–576821242018
RKC WaalwijkWaalwijk7,5089th1988–89282019–20500-
Sparta RotterdamaRotterdam11,0266th1956–57582019–205161959
FC TwentecEnschede30,2055th1956–57652019–205112010
FC Utrechtb dUtrecht23,7507th1970–71541970–715400-
VitesseArnhem21,24810th1971–72391989–903500-
FC VolendamVolendam7,38414th1959–60272022–23200-

* Heracles Almelo finished first and PEC Zwolle finished second in the 2022–23 Eerste Divisie. Almere City finished 3rd and defeated FC Emmen in the playoff final.

a Founding member of the Eredivisie
b Never been relegated from the Eredivisie
c Founding member of the Eredivisie (as Sportclub Enschede)
d Founding member of the Eredivisie (as VV DOS and USV Elinkwijk)

Maps

Champions

Please note that the table below is incorrect. The Eredivisie was only founded in 1956 so many of these teams did not win de Eredivisie title.

Club Winner Runner-up Winning years
Ajax 36
231917–18, 1918–19, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1933–34, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1946–47, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22
PSV Eindhoven 24
161928–29, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1962–63, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
Feyenoord 16
211923–24, 1927–28, 1935–36, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964–65, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1973–74, 1983–84, 1992–93, 1998–99, 2016–17, 2022–23
HVV Den Haag 10
11890–91, 1895–96, 1899–1900, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1902–03, 1904–05, 1906–07, 1909–10, 1913–14
Sparta Rotterdam6–1908–09, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1914–15, 1958–59
RAP531891–92, 1893–94, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1898–99
Go Ahead Eagles451916–17, 1921–22, 1929–30, 1932–33
Koninklijke HFC331889–90, 1892–93, 1894–95
Willem II311915–16, 1951–52, 1954–55
HBS Craeyenhout3–1903–04, 1905–06, 1924–25
AZ231980–81, 2008–09
Heracles Almelo211926–27, 1940–41
ADO Den Haag2–1941–42, 1942–43
RCH2–1922–23, 1952–53
NAC Breda141920–21
FC Twente132009–10
DWS131963–64
Roda JC Kerkrade*121955–56
Be Quick121919–20
FC Eindhoven121953–54
SC Enschede111925–26
DOS111957–58
FC Den Bosch111947–48
De Volewijckers1–1943–44
HFC Haarlem1–1945–46
Limburgia1–1949–50
SVV1–1948–49
Quick Den Haag1–1907–08
VV Concordia1–1888–89

* As Rapid JC.

Playoffs

European competition

Position Playoff Qualification to
1st –Champions League group stage
2nd –Champions League third qualifying round of the League Path.
3rd –Europa League play-off round
4th –Europa Conference League third qualifying round
5th–8th/6th-9thEuropean competition play-offs4th vs 7th and 5th vs 6th or 5th vs 8th and 6th vs 7th; the two winners play each other to qualify for:
Europa Conference League second qualifying round
KNVB Cup winners –Europa League play-off round (group stage if the Europa Conference League winners have already qualified for the UCL through their domestic league)

Relegation

Position Playoff What happens next
16thNacompetitieThe 3rd to 8th placed teams in the Keuken Kampioen Divisie compete against each other for a spot in the semi finals. The remaining 3 teams and the 16th placed team from the Eredivisie then face off in a double legged knock out system for the final place in the Eredivisie.
17th-18th–Direct relegation to the Keuken Kampioen Divisie

Attendance

2018–19 Attendance
Club Attendance
Ajax 52,987
Feyenoord 42,065
PSV 34,071
FC Utrecht 18,846
SC Heerenveen 18,743
NAC Breda 18,262
FC Groningen 18,025
Vitesse 15,422
AZ 15,027
PEC Zwolle 13,478
Willem II 12,998
ADO Den Haag 12,561
De Graafschap 12,321
Heracles Almelo 10,993
Fortuna Sittard 9,100
FC Emmen 8,238
VVV Venlo 6,828
Excelsior 4,223
Average 18,010

Since the beginning of the league, there have been three clubs with an attendance much higher than the others: Ajax, PSV and Feyenoord. Clubs like Heerenveen, FC Utrecht and FC Groningen also have fairly large fanbases. The regular season average league attendance was just over 7,000 in 1990, but this figure has risen sharply over the years thanks to the opening of new stadiums and the expansion of existing ones nationwide. Average attendance for the 2018–19 season was 18,010, with Ajax having the largest (52,987) and Excelsior having the smallest (4,223). Ajax's figures however differ from those provided by the Johan Cruyff Arena since the club counts all tickets sold instead of the number of people going through the turnstiles.

All-time ranking (since 1956)

Last updated following the 2018–19 season
Playing in the Eredivisie
Playing in the Eerste Divisie
Playing in the amateur leagues
Club has been disestablished or merged into another club
Rank Club Seasons Played Won Drawn Lost Points Avg.
Points		 Goals
for		 Goals
against		 Goal
difference
1.Ajax632126141338132946202,1753862167+3219
2.PSV632126129845337543472,0449122234+2678
3.Feyenoord632126120848942941131,9345402440+2100
4.FC Twente52176477147551827881,5828062247+559
5.Sparta Rotterdam53176461949866923551,3226762801-125
6.FC Utrecht49166661842762122811,3723852505-120
7.AZ41139459834645021401,5423301917+413
8.Roda JC Kerkrade44149656339154220801,3922602208+52
9.NAC Breda50168852944071920271,2022392812-573
10.ADO Den Haag45151450138762618901,2521722486-314
11.FC Groningen40136046437552117671,3019252098-173
12.Vitesse34115644532938216641,4417571605+152
13.Willem II43145544333168016601,1420272608-581
14.NEC40136037938259915191,1215652132-567
15.MVV Maastricht36120835035650214061,1615271992-465
16.SC Heerenveen2791837323331213521,4715461429+117
17.Go Ahead Eagles31104232526844912431,1913991701-302
18.RKC Waalwijk237822401973459171,1710141269-255
19.FC Volendam258422282153998991,079941513-519
20.VVV-Venlo227482071973448181,099681367-399
21.Fortuna Sittard206801882002927641,128061085-279
22.Heracles Almelo196301931432947221,158601173-313
23.PEC Zwolle196461801752917151,118251124-299
24.HFC Haarlem186121721782626941,13695978-283
25.Excelsior227481681863946900,928301399-569
26.De Graafschap217141571753826460,907731373-600
27.DOS144601681091836131,33790848-58
28.AFC DWS134301471171665581,30588644-56
29.Fortuna '5412392141991525221,33635700-65
30.Telstar144681181402104941,06530754-224
31.GVAV133921231151544841,23533595-62
32.FC Den Bosch124421141232054651,05491756-265
33.SC Enschede929412177964401,50565490+75
34.Rapid JC62047347842661,30307350-43
35.USV Elinkwijk723465501192451,05306483-177
36.FC Amsterdam62046156872391,17263321-58
37.Blauw-Wit61966542892371,21334401-67
38.SC Cambuur723849641252110,89258437-179
39.Holland Sport41363734651451,07168279-111
40.FC Dordrecht620431461271390,68208463-255
41.RBC Roosendaal517035261091310,77164358-194
42.TSV NOAD41363330731290,95187311-124
43.Sittardia41323229711250,95148256-108
44.Xerxes/DHC268261725951,409295-3
45.EVV3102232554940,92107209-102
46.BVC Amsterdam268202028801,18103130-27
47.BVV268181040640,94126172-46
48.SC Veendam268122333590,8774127-53
49.FC Wageningen268131837570,8472137-65
50.De Volewijckers264151039550,8699189-90
51.Helmond Sport268121838540,7993162-69
52.SVV268131342520,7662142-80
53.Emmen13410816381,124172-31
54.Alkmaar '5413461216300,883961-22

Player records

Appearances

Rank Name Games Playing position First match Last match
1 Netherlands Pim Doesburg687Goalkeeper1962–631986–87
2 Netherlands Jan Jongbloed684Goalkeeper1959–601985–86
3 Netherlands Piet Schrijvers576Goalkeeper1963–641984–85

Goals

Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal
1 Netherlands Willy van der Kuijlen3115450.57Forward1964–651981–82
2 Netherlands Ruud Geels2663920.68Forward1964–651983–84
3 Netherlands Johan Cruijff2163090.70Forward1964–651983–84
4 Netherlands Kees Kist2123720.60Forward1972–731983–84
5 Netherlands Tonny van der Linden208--Forward1956–571966–67

Top scorers

Last updated following the 2022–23 season.[12]
Season Top Scorer(s) Goals Club(s)
1956–57 Netherlands Coen Dillen 43 PSV
1957–58 Netherlands Leo Canjels 32 NAC
1958–59 Netherlands Leo Canjels (2) 34 NAC
1959–60 Netherlands Henk Groot[13] 37 Ajax
1960–61 Netherlands Henk Groot (2) 41 Ajax
1961–62 Netherlands Dick Tol 27 FC Volendam
1962–63 Netherlands Pierre Kerkhofs 22 PSV
1963–64 Netherlands Frans Geurtsen 28 DWS
1964–65 Netherlands Frans Geurtsen (2) 23 DWS
1965–66 Netherlands Willy van der Kuijlen
Netherlands Piet Kruiver		 23 PSV
Feyenoord
1966–67 Netherlands Johan Cruyff 33 Ajax
1967–68 Sweden Ove Kindvall 28 Feyenoord
1968–69 Netherlands Dick van Dijk
Sweden Ove Kindvall (2)		 30 FC Twente
Feyenoord
1969–70 Netherlands Willy van der Kuijlen (2) 26 PSV
1970–71 Sweden Ove Kindvall (3) 24 Feyenoord
1971–72 Netherlands Johan Cruyff (2) 25 Ajax
1972–73 Netherlands Cas Janssens
Netherlands Willy Brokamp		 18 NEC
MVV
1973–74 Netherlands Willy van der Kuijlen (3) 27 PSV
1974–75 Netherlands Ruud Geels 30 Ajax
1975–76 Netherlands Ruud Geels (2) 29 Ajax
1976–77 Netherlands Ruud Geels (3) 34 Ajax
1977–78 Netherlands Ruud Geels (4) 30 Ajax
1978–79 Netherlands Kees Kist 34 AZ Alkmaar
1979–80 Netherlands Kees Kist (2) 27 AZ Alkmaar
1980–81 Netherlands Ruud Geels (5) 22 Sparta
1981–82 Netherlands Wim Kieft 32 Ajax
1982–83 Netherlands Peter Houtman 30 Feyenoord
1983–84 Netherlands Marco van Basten 28 Ajax
1984–85 Netherlands Marco van Basten (2) 22 Ajax
1985–86 Netherlands Marco van Basten (3) 37 Ajax
1986–87 Netherlands Marco van Basten (4) 31 Ajax
1987–88 Netherlands Wim Kieft (2) 29 PSV
1988–89 Brazil Romário 19 PSV
1989–90 Brazil Romário (2) 23 PSV
1990–91 Brazil Romário (3)[14]
Netherlands Dennis Bergkamp[14]		 25 PSV
Ajax
1991–92 Netherlands Dennis Bergkamp (2)[15] 24 Ajax
1992–93 Netherlands Dennis Bergkamp (3)[16] 26 Ajax
1993–94 Finland Jari Litmanen 26 Ajax
1994–95 Brazil Ronaldo 30 PSV
1995–96 Belgium Luc Nilis 21 PSV
1996–97 Belgium Luc Nilis (2) 21 PSV
1997–98 Greece Nikos Machlas 34 Vitesse
1998–99 Netherlands Ruud van Nistelrooy 31 PSV
1999–2000 Netherlands Ruud van Nistelrooy (2) 29 PSV
2000–01 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Mateja Kežman 24 PSV
2001–02 Netherlands Pierre van Hooijdonk 24 Feyenoord
2002–03 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Mateja Kežman (2) 35 PSV
2003–04 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Mateja Kežman (3) 31 PSV
2004–05 Netherlands Dirk Kuyt 29 Feyenoord
2005–06 Netherlands Klaas-Jan Huntelaar 33 SC Heerenveen/Ajax
2006–07 Brazil Afonso Alves 34 SC Heerenveen
2007–08 Netherlands Klaas-Jan Huntelaar (2) 33 Ajax
2008–09 Morocco Mounir El Hamdaoui 23 AZ
2009–10 Uruguay Luis Suárez 35 Ajax
2010–11 Belgium Björn Vleminckx 23 NEC
2011–12 Netherlands Bas Dost 32 SC Heerenveen
2012–13 Ivory Coast Wilfried Bony 31 Vitesse
2013–14 Iceland Alfreð Finnbogason 29 SC Heerenveen
2014–15 Netherlands Memphis Depay 22 PSV
2015–16 Netherlands Vincent Janssen 27 AZ
2016–17 Denmark Nicolai Jørgensen 21 Feyenoord
2017–18 Iran Alireza Jahanbakhsh 21 AZ
2018–19 Netherlands Luuk de Jong
Serbia Dušan Tadić		 28 PSV
Ajax
2019–20 Netherlands Steven Berghuis
Belgium Cyriel Dessers		 15 Feyenoord
Heracles Almelo
2020–21 Greece Giorgos Giakoumakis 26 VVV-Venlo
2021–22 Ivory Coast Sébastien Haller 21 Ajax
2022–23 Greece Anastasios Douvikas
Netherlands Xavi Simons		 19 FC Utrecht
PSV

Media coverage

Country Network Details
Netherlands ESPN; NOS ESPN airs all matches live and the NOS broadcasts match summaries on the open channels NPO 1 and 3
Azerbaijan CBC Sport Live Eredivisie matches
Belgium Play Sports
VOOSport World		 Two matches per week, since 2015
Indian subcontinent Dream11 and Eurosport Two–three matches per week on Eurosport and FanCode
Italy Mola TV
Albania DigitAlb / SuperSport Two matches per week and highlights
Poland Polsat Sport
Polsat Sport Extra
Polsat Sport News		 2–5 matches (1–4 live) every week and highlights, since the 2002–03 season.
Turkey Tivibu Live Eredivisie matches
Russia Telekanal Futbol Live matches every week, two or three times
Balkans Sport Klub Live matches every week, two or three times
Portugal Sport TV Two or three live matches every week
Slovakia Arena Sport Two or three live matches every week
Austria, Germany Sportdigital.tv, DAZN Up to three matches per week, and highlights (mostly Ajax, PSV and Feyenoord matches)
South Korea tvN Live PSV matches
United Kingdom and Ireland Mola TV Live Eredivisie matches
Norway Viasat Fotball One match live on Sunday 11.30 CET
Lithuania Sport1 Up to two matches per week and highlights
Bulgaria Max Sport Two or three live matches every week
Sub-Saharan Africa ESPN Three live matches every week, sometimes four
Latin America ESPN Two matches every week are broadcast live, one only on ESPN Play (WatchESPN in Brazil).
Indonesia Mola TV Up to four matches per week live and on demand, from 2020 to 2021.[17]
Timor Leste
Malaysia Astro SuperSport Up to three live matches every week.
Philippines Tap DMV Up to three live matches every week.
Singapore Singtel TV Up to three live matches every week.
MENA Abu Dhabi Sports Up to three live matches every week.
Vietnam VTVCab, HTV 1990-2002, HTV broadcasting all matches.

2019-present, Up to three live matches every week.

Canada OneSoccer Up to three live matches every week.[18]

Eredivisie teams and major UEFA and FIFA competitions

The following sixteen international tournaments were won by Eredivisie teams:

The UEFA Super Cup was founded by a Dutch reporter named Anton Witkamp and Ajax's 1973 win was the first time the tournament was contested officially.

Sponsorship names for seasons

  • Eredivisie (1956–1990)
  • PTT-Telecompetitie (1990–1999)
  • KPN-Telecompetitie (1999–2000)
  • KPN Eredivisie (2000–2002)
  • Holland Casino Eredivisie (2002–2005)
  • Eredivisie (2005–present)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Country coefficients | UEFA Coefficients". UEFA.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  2. ↑ "Reglement play-off promotie/degradatie betaald voetbal seizoen 2021/'22". Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  3. ↑ van der Kraan, Marcel (8 August 2012). "Murdoch koopt tv-rechten eredivisie". De Telegraaf. TMG Landelijke Media B.V. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  4. ↑ Seegers, Jules (8 August 2012). "5 vragen over wat de deal Murdoch-Eredivisie betekent voor de kijker". nrc.nl. NRC Media. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  5. ↑ "Netherlands – Regional Analysis". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 "Eredivisie – ontstaan" (in Dutch). Vak Q. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  7. ↑ "Professionalism and European Games". TimeRime. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  8. ↑ "De Watersnoodwedstrijd van Cor van der Hart" (in Dutch). Sportgeschiedenis. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  9. ↑ "Netherlands Final Tables 1950–1954". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  10. ↑ "Netherlands 1954/55". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  11. 1 2 "Netherlands 1956/57". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  12. ↑ Eredivisie Top Scorers Archived 27 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine - rsssf
  13. ↑ Topscorers Eredivisie 1959–1960, Eredivisielive.nl (Dutch)
  14. 1 2 Topscorers Eredivisie 1990–1991, Eredivisielive.nl (Dutch)
  15. ↑ Topscorers Eredivisie 1991–1992, Eredivisielive.nl (Dutch)
  16. ↑ Topscorers Eredivisie 1992–1993, Eredivisielive.nl (Dutch)
  17. ↑ "Eredivisie - Mola TV". Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  18. ↑ "OneSoccer Picks Up Rights For Manchester City TV, Eredivisie, And CSL". Twitter. 17 October 2022. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
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