Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)
Negotiations of JH van Kinsbergen with the Emperor of Morocco (19th-century illustration)
Date 1 January 1775[lower-alpha 1] – 29 June 1777 Location North Atlantic Ocean, coast of Morocco Result Dutch victory[1][2][3]
Belligerents
Sultanate of Morocco	Dutch Republic
Commanders and leaders
Mohammed III Ali Peres † Taibi Velalou †	Kinsbergen Quirijn Dabenis Andries Hartsinck Salomon Dedel Daniel Pichot Lodewijk van Bylandt Jan Bentinck
Strength
Raiding force: 2 frigates, 3-4 xebecs, 2 rowboats[4][5][6] Other forces: 4 galiots[7] 1 frigate[8] Other Moroccan pirates[9]	First half of 1775: 8 warships Second half of 1775, and after: Patrolling and escorting ships: 8 frigates 1 ship of the line Blockading Moroccan ports and coast: 8–12 warships[10]
Casualties and losses
2 frigates destroyed 50 cannons lost 3 xebecs destroyed 1 galiot severely damaged 1 frigate captured 2 rowboats destroyed[11][8][12][7][6]	2 merchant ships captured 2 fluyts plundered of their cargo (later recovered)[13]

The Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777), also known as The Moroccan War (1775–1777), was initiated when Moroccan Sultan Mohammed III declared war on the Dutch Republic in response to the Dutch's lack of proper tribute and an accidental attack on a Moroccan ship. Under the leadership of Captains Salomon Dedel and Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen, the Dutch gained the upper hand through effective blockades of Moroccan ports, well-organized patrols against Moroccan ships, and the destruction of the Sultan's two finest frigates. Mohammed III ultimately asked the States General for peace. As part of the treaty, all Dutch slaves held in Moroccan captivity were released without ransom, and the Dutch were no longer required to give tribute.^{[3][14][15][16][17]}

Background

On 14 September 1774, the Dutch ship Princess Royal Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina and Captain Quirijn Dabenis reached the shores of the bay near Larache where, due to the lack of a suitable anchoring spot, the ship had to wait for two days before it could safely drop anchor. The purpose of this voyage was to deliver a gift to Sultan Mohammed III as a token of their strong friendship and enduring alliance. The gift consisted of two chests of porcelain, a saber, a powder horn, two elegant golden watches, a ring, two Dutch rugs, and a selection of coffee and tea. This was intended to serve as both a present and a reminder of the positive diplomatic relations between the two nations. Dabenis immediately set sail after unloading the gifts to avoid any further formalities and invitations that could potentially incur additional expenses for the Dutch Republic.^[18] Rossignol, the envoy tasked with delivering the gifts to the Sultan, decided to wait, hoping for instructions from the States General.

The governor of Larache spotted Rossignol and informed the Sultan about the pending gift. The Sultan, residing in Meknes, sent a formal escort of three officers and twenty horses to bring Rossignol and the gifts to him. On 3 October, Rossignol was escorted from Larache and arrived in Meknes on 7 September. There he received word that the Sultan had left a few days earlier to visit a military camp in the mountains near Fez. Rossignol finally reached Fez on 14 October and was granted an audience with the Sultan on 17 October. The Sultan was displeased with the presents and instructed Rossignol to return them. Rossignol argued that this would be considered an insult to the States General and could potentially provoke a war.^[19] Rossignol departed from Fez on 19 October, taking with him the gifts and a letter from the Sultan addressed to the States General.

On 1 November, Rossignol received two letters authored by Samuel Sumbel, the Sultan's right-hand man. The first letter, signed by the Sultan himself, formally declared war on the Dutch Republic.^[20] The second letter explained that this declaration of war stemmed primarily from an incident wherein Dutch ships attacked a Moroccan vessel, mistaking it for an Algerian one. Rossignol was surprised that Morocco declared war since they had just started a war with Spain and tensions were rising with the Regency of Algiers; nevertheless he dispatched both letters to the States General, who accepted the declaration of war on 1 January 1775 and sought to secure a decisive Moroccan defeat.^[21]

War

The States General wasted no time in taking action. Captain Dabenis, who was stationed in the Strait of Gibraltar with eight warships, received orders to blockade Moroccan ports, preventing any Moroccan pirates from seizing Dutch ships. The blockade proved effective, as only one small engagement took place near the coast of Tanger, in which a Dutch ship chased a Moroccan ship until it stranded and was severely damaged. Over approximately six months, Dabenis safely escorted around 100 Dutch merchant vessels across the Strait of Gibraltar. As a result of a lack of Moroccan pirate activity, his fleet was reduced to eight frigates and one ship of the line. In 1775, Captain Dabenis was replaced by Flag Officer Hartsinck, who was succeeded in turn (after the brief interim appointment of Lodewijk van Bylandt) by Daniel Pichot in 1776. A blockade of the Moroccan coast and ports was initiated by Bylandt, Picker, and Kinsbergen, who commanded a force consisting of eight to twelve warships.

During these events Rassignol remained at his post, and Dutch traders in Morocco were not subjected to capture. Instead, they were allowed to operate freely in the country and received official passports from the Sultan to facilitate their trading activities, which contributed significantly to Morocco's economy. The States General also refrained from intervening with the traders due to an old Dutch law permitting trade with an enemy as long as it generated profits. Numerous encounters occurred along the Moroccan coast, including an incident on 10 June 1776 off the coast of Larache where a Dutch frigate misidentified an Algerian ship as Moroccan and attacked it.^[10][22][23] In spite of the blockade's efficacy, the Moroccan fleet itself had declined to engage the Dutch and thus remained largely intact. Confident in his strength, the Sultan offered peace in exchange for an annual tribute of thirty thousand piastres. The Dutch treated this offer as an insult and resolved to force the Sultan into a more favorable peace deal.^[24]

In June 1776 the Sultan ordered Admiral Ali Perez to engage the Dutch fleet. Still loathe to risk disaster but compelled by the Sultan's orders, the Admiral and his subordinates deployed four xebecs from Tangier or Tétouan and two eighty-man rowing vessels from Beffi Bay (southeast of Tétouan) with the goal of inflicting maximal damage to Dutch trade.^[25] The two frigates managed to slip through the blockade and capture two merchant vessels, delivering the seized goods and thirty-five Dutch sailors to Mogador. Rather than enslaving them, the King personally asked the sailors to convey a request for gifts to the States General. Later that same year, the same Moroccan frigates set sail to Cape St. Vincent, where they attacked two Dutch fluyts and took their cargo. Before returning to Morocco, however, they encountered and were defeated by two Dutch frigates under the command of Bentinck and Dedel. Taibi and Ali, leaders of the Moroccan frigates, separately fled, but were pursued until they ran aground. Taibi's damaged frigate was destroyed by Dutch fire, a fate shared by Ali at the entrance of Marmora alongside the king's three best xebecs. This defeat marked a significant loss for the Moroccan king.^{[13][6][26][11]} The loss of his two best ships, a third frigate, and their 50 irreplaceable cannons was a significant blow, effectively crippling his navy. These incidents, and the frustrating blockade, ultimately forced the King to sue for peace. Van Kinsbergen was dispatched with two frigates to negotiate a peace agreement with the King. As part of the accord, 58–75 Dutch slaves were liberated without ransom, and the Dutch no longer needed to give presents. ^{[27][28][29][8][30][17]} These negotiations were jeopardized the following day when, unaware of the treaty, two Dutch frigates pursued four Moroccan galiots near Arzilla, causing significant damage to one of them despite their flying a white flag. The States General issued an apology for the incident on 4 July and in response the Moroccan king ratified the peace agreement with Admiral Picot, expressing his desire for friendship and the restoration of peaceful relations between the two nations.^[7]

Aftermath

In the Dutch Republic, both the populace and the States General were happy with the peace, especially the traders. This conflict is often considered the most significant war between the Dutch and the Moroccans,^[7] yet it remains largely overlooked and rarely discussed. After the war, diplomatic relations between the involved parties remained strong. Dutch traders actively engaged in commerce along the Moroccan coastline, benefiting from a generous grant of liberty to trade with all ships and access Moroccan ports. The Moroccan king went on to forge peaceful relations with several other nations, including Denmark-Norway, Sweden, and the United States.^[31][17][29]

References

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