Dolbeault cohomology

In mathematics, in particular in algebraic geometry and differential geometry, Dolbeault cohomology (named after Pierre Dolbeault) is an analog of de Rham cohomology for complex manifolds. Let M be a complex manifold. Then the Dolbeault cohomology groups $H^{p,q}(M,\mathbb {C} )$ depend on a pair of integers p and q and are realized as a subquotient of the space of complex differential forms of degree (p,q).

Construction of the cohomology groups

Let Ω^p,q be the vector bundle of complex differential forms of degree (p,q). In the article on complex forms, the Dolbeault operator is defined as a differential operator on smooth sections

{\bar {\partial }}:\Omega ^{p,q}\to \Omega ^{p,q+1}

Since

{\bar {\partial }}^{2}=0

this operator has some associated cohomology. Specifically, define the cohomology to be the quotient space

H^{p,q}(M,\mathbb {C} )={\frac {\ker \,({\bar {\partial }}:\Omega ^{p,q}\to \Omega ^{p,q+1})}{\mathrm {im} \,({\bar {\partial }}:\Omega ^{p,q-1}\to \Omega ^{p,q})}}.

Dolbeault cohomology of vector bundles

If E is a holomorphic vector bundle on a complex manifold X, then one can define likewise a fine resolution of the sheaf ${\mathcal {O}}(E)$ of holomorphic sections of E, using the Dolbeault operator of E. This is therefore a resolution of the sheaf cohomology of ${\mathcal {O}}(E)$ .

In particular associated to the holomorphic structure of $E$ is a Dolbeault operator ${\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Gamma (E)\to \Omega ^{0,1}(E)$ taking sections of $E$ to $(0,1)$ -forms with values in $E$ . This satisfies the characteristic Leibniz rule with respect to the Dolbeault operator ${\bar {\partial }}$ on differential forms, and is therefore sometimes known as a $(0,1)$ -connection on $E$ , Therefore, in the same way that a connection on a vector bundle can be extended to the exterior covariant derivative, the Dolbeault operator of $E$ can be extended to an operator

{\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Omega ^{p,q}(E)\to \Omega ^{p,q+1}(E)

which acts on a section $\alpha \otimes s\in \Omega ^{p,q}(E)$ by

{\bar {\partial }}_{E}(\alpha \otimes s)=({\bar {\partial }}\alpha )\otimes s+(-1)^{p+q}\alpha \wedge {\bar {\partial }}_{E}s

and is extended linearly to any section in $\Omega ^{p,q}(E)$ . The Dolbeault operator satisfies the integrability condition ${\bar {\partial }}_{E}^{2}=0$ and so Dolbeault cohomology with coefficients in $E$ can be defined as above:

H^{p,q}(X,(E,{\bar {\partial }}_{E}))={\frac {\ker \,({\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Omega ^{p,q}(E)\to \Omega ^{p,q+1}(E))}{\mathrm {im} \,({\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Omega ^{p,q-1}(E)\to \Omega ^{p,q}(E))}}.

The Dolbeault cohomology groups do not depend on the choice of Dolbeault operator ${\bar {\partial }}_{E}$ compatible with the holomorphic structure of $E$ , so are typically denoted by $H^{p,q}(X,E)$ dropping the dependence on ${\bar {\partial }}_{E}$ .

Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma

In order to establish the Dolbeault isomorphism we need to prove the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma (or ${\bar {\partial }}$ -Poincaré lemma). First we prove a one-dimensional version of the ${\bar {\partial }}$ -Poincaré lemma; we shall use the following generalised form of the Cauchy integral representation for smooth functions:

Proposition: Let $B_{\varepsilon }(0):=\lbrace z\in \mathbb {C} \mid |z|<\varepsilon \rbrace$ the open ball centered in $0$ of radius $\varepsilon \in \mathbb {R} _{>0},$ ${\overline {B_{\varepsilon }(0)}}\subseteq U$ open and $f\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(U)$ , then

\forall z\in B_{\varepsilon }(0):\quad f(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\partial B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi +{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}.

Lemma ( ${\bar {\partial }}$ -Poincaré lemma on the complex plane): Let $B_{\varepsilon }(0),U$ be as before and $\alpha =fd{\bar {z}}\in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} }^{0,1}(U)$ a smooth form, then

{\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(U)\ni g(z):={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}

satisfies $\alpha ={\bar {\partial }}g$ on $B_{\varepsilon }(0).$

Proof. Our claim is that $g$ defined above is a well-defined smooth function and $\alpha =f\,d{\bar {z}}={\bar {\partial }}g$ . To show this we choose a point $z\in B_{\varepsilon }(0)$ and an open neighbourhood $z\in V\subseteq B_{\varepsilon }(0)$ , then we can find a smooth function $\rho :B_{\varepsilon }(0)\to \mathbb {R}$ whose support is compact and lies in $B_{\varepsilon }(0)$ and $\rho |_{V}\equiv 1.$ Then we can write

f=f_{1}+f_{2}:=\rho f+(1-\rho )f

and define

g_{i}:={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f_{i}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}.

Since $f_{2}\equiv 0$ in $V$ then $g_{2}$ is clearly well-defined and smooth; we note that

{\begin{aligned}g_{1}&={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f_{1}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}\\&={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\mathbb {C} }{\frac {f_{1}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}\\&=\pi ^{-1}\int _{0}^{\infty }\int _{0}^{2\pi }f_{1}(z+re^{i\theta })e^{-i\theta }d\theta dr,\end{aligned}}

which is indeed well-defined and smooth, therefore the same is true for $g$ . Now we show that ${\bar {\partial }}g=\alpha$ on $B_{\varepsilon }(0)$ .

{\frac {\partial g_{2}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}f_{2}(\xi ){\frac {\partial }{\partial {\bar {z}}}}{\Big (}{\frac {1}{\xi -z}}{\Big )}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}=0

since $(\xi -z)^{-1}$ is holomorphic in $B_{\varepsilon }(0)\setminus V$ .

{\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial g_{1}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}=&\pi ^{-1}\int _{\mathbb {C} }{\frac {\partial f_{1}(z+re^{i\theta })}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}e^{-i\theta }d\theta \wedge dr\\=&\pi ^{-1}\int _{\mathbb {C} }{\Big (}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}{\Big )}(z+re^{i\theta })e^{-i\theta }d\theta \wedge dr\\=&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}\end{aligned}}

applying the generalised Cauchy formula to $f_{1}$ we find

f_{1}(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\partial B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f_{1}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi +{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}

since $f_{1}|_{\partial B_{\varepsilon }(0)}=0$ , but then $f=f_{1}={\frac {\partial g_{1}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}={\frac {\partial g}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}$ on $V$ . Since $z$ was arbitrary, the lemma is now proved.

Proof of Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma

Now are ready to prove the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma; the proof presented here is due to Grothendieck.^[1]^[2] We denote with $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ the open polydisc centered in $0\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}$ with radius $\varepsilon \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$ .

Lemma (Dolbeault–Grothendieck): Let $\alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q}(U)$ where ${\overline {\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)}}\subseteq U$ open and $q>0$ such that ${\bar {\partial }}\alpha =0$ , then there exists $\beta \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q-1}(U)$ which satisfies: $\alpha ={\bar {\partial }}\beta$ on $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0).$

Before starting the proof we note that any $(p,q)$ -form can be written as

\alpha =\sum _{IJ}\alpha _{IJ}dz_{I}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J}=\sum _{J}\left(\sum _{I}\alpha _{IJ}dz_{I}\right)_{J}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J}

for multi-indices $I,J,|I|=p,|J|=q$ , therefore we can reduce the proof to the case $\alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{0,q}(U)$ .

Proof. Let $k>0$ be the smallest index such that $\alpha \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k})$ in the sheaf of ${\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }$ -modules, we proceed by induction on $k$ . For $k=0$ we have $\alpha \equiv 0$ since $q>0$ ; next we suppose that if $\alpha \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k})$ then there exists $\beta \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{0,q-1}(U)$ such that $\alpha ={\bar {\partial }}\beta$ on $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ . Then suppose $\omega \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k+1})$ and observe that we can write

\omega =d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\mu ,\qquad \psi ,\mu \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k}).

Since $\omega$ is ${\bar {\partial }}$ -closed it follows that $\psi ,\mu$ are holomorphic in variables $z_{k+2},\dots ,z_{n}$ and smooth in the remaining ones on the polydisc $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ . Moreover we can apply the ${\bar {\partial }}$ -Poincaré lemma to the smooth functions $z_{k+1}\mapsto \psi _{J}(z_{1},\dots ,z_{k+1},\dots ,z_{n})$ on the open ball $B_{\varepsilon _{k+1}}(0)$ , hence there exist a family of smooth functions $g_{J}$ which satisfy

\psi _{J}={\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{k+1}}}\quad {\text{on}}\quad B_{\varepsilon _{k+1}}(0).

$g_{J}$ are also holomorphic in $z_{k+2},\dots ,z_{n}$ . Define

{\tilde {\psi }}:=\sum _{J}g_{J}d{\bar {z}}_{J}

then

{\begin{aligned}\omega -{\bar {\partial }}{\tilde {\psi }}&=d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\mu -\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{k+1}}}d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J}+\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{j}}}d{\bar {z}}_{j}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J\setminus \lbrace j\rbrace }\\&=d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\mu -d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{j}}}d{\bar {z}}_{j}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J\setminus \lbrace j\rbrace }\\&=\mu +\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{j}}}d{\bar {z}}_{j}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J\setminus \lbrace j\rbrace }\in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k}),\end{aligned}}

therefore we can apply the induction hypothesis to it, there exists $\eta \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{0,q-1}(U)$ such that

\omega -{\bar {\partial }}{\tilde {\psi }}={\bar {\partial }}\eta \quad {\text{on}}\quad \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)

and ${\displaystyle \zeta$ ends the induction step. QED

The previous lemma can be generalised by admitting polydiscs with

\varepsilon _{k}=+\infty

for some of the components of the polyradius.

Lemma (extended Dolbeault-Grothendieck). If $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ is an open polydisc with $\varepsilon _{k}\in \mathbb {R} \cup \lbrace +\infty \rbrace$ and $q>0$ , then $H_{\bar {\partial }}^{p,q}(\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0))=0.$

Proof. We consider two cases: $\alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q+1}(U),q>0$ and $\alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,1}(U)$ .

Case 1. Let $\alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q+1}(U),q>0$ , and we cover $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ with polydiscs ${\overline {\Delta _{i}}}\subset \Delta _{i+1}$ , then by the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma we can find forms $\beta _{i}$ of bidegree $(p,q-1)$ on ${\overline {\Delta _{i}}}\subseteq U_{i}$ open such that $\alpha |_{\Delta _{i}}={\bar {\partial }}\beta _{i}$ ; we want to show that

\beta _{i+1}|_{\Delta _{i}}=\beta _{i}.

We proceed by induction on $i$ : the case when $i=1$ holds by the previous lemma. Let the claim be true for $k>1$ and take $\Delta _{k+1}$ with

\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k+1}\Delta _{i}\quad {\text{and}}\quad {\overline {\Delta _{k}}}\subset \Delta _{k+1}.

Then we find a $(p,q-1)$ -form $\beta '_{k+1}$ defined in an open neighbourhood of ${\overline {\Delta _{k+1}}}$ such that $\alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}={\bar {\partial }}\beta _{k+1}$ . Let $U_{k}$ be an open neighbourhood of ${\overline {\Delta _{k}}}$ then ${\bar {\partial }}(\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1})=0$ on $U_{k}$ and we can apply again the Dolbeault-Grothendieck lemma to find a $(p,q-2)$ -form $\gamma _{k}$ such that $\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1}={\bar {\partial }}\gamma _{k}$ on $\Delta _{k}$ . Now, let $V_{k}$ be an open set with ${\overline {\Delta _{k}}}\subset V_{k}\subsetneq U_{k}$ and $\rho _{k}:\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)\to \mathbb {R}$ a smooth function such that:

\operatorname {supp} (\rho _{k})\subset U_{k},\qquad \rho |_{V_{k}}=1,\qquad \rho _{k}|_{\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)\setminus U_{k}}=0.

Then $\rho _{k}\gamma _{k}$ is a well-defined smooth form on $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ which satisfies

\beta _{k}=\beta '_{k+1}+{\bar {\partial }}(\gamma _{k}\rho _{k})\quad {\text{on}}\quad \Delta _{k},

hence the form

\beta _{k+1}:=\beta '_{k+1}+{\bar {\partial }}(\gamma _{k}\rho _{k})

satisfies

{\begin{aligned}\beta _{k+1}|_{\Delta _{k}}&=\beta '_{k+1}+{\bar {\partial }}\gamma _{k}=\beta _{k}\\{\bar {\partial }}\beta _{k+1}&={\bar {\partial }}\beta '_{k+1}=\alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}\end{aligned}}

Case 2. If instead $\alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,1}(U),$ we cannot apply the Dolbeault-Grothendieck lemma twice; we take $\beta _{i}$ and $\Delta _{i}$ as before, we want to show that

\left\|\left.\left({\beta _{i}}_{I}-{\beta _{i+1}}_{I}\right)\right|_{\Delta _{k-1}}\right\|_{\infty }<2^{-i}.

Again, we proceed by induction on $i$ : for $i=1$ the answer is given by the Dolbeault-Grothendieck lemma. Next we suppose that the claim is true for $k>1$ . We take $\Delta _{k+1}\supset {\overline {\Delta _{k}}}$ such that $\Delta _{k+1}\cup \lbrace \Delta _{i}\rbrace _{i=1}^{k}$ covers $\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)$ , then we can find a $(p,0)$ -form $\beta '_{k+1}$ such that

\alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}={\bar {\partial }}\beta '_{k+1},

which also satisfies ${\bar {\partial }}(\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1})=0$ on $\Delta _{k}$ , i.e. $\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1}$ is a holomorphic $(p,0)$ -form wherever defined, hence by the Stone–Weierstrass theorem we can write it as

\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1}=\sum _{|I|=p}(P_{I}+r_{I})dz_{I}

where $P_{I}$ are polynomials and

\left\|r_{I}|_{\Delta _{k-1}}\right\|_{\infty }<2^{-k},

but then the form

\beta _{k+1}:=\beta '_{k+1}+\sum _{|I|=p}P_{I}dz_{I}

satisfies

{\begin{aligned}{\bar {\partial }}\beta _{k+1}&={\bar {\partial }}\beta '_{k+1}=\alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}\\\left\|({\beta _{k}}_{I}-{\beta _{k+1}}_{I})|_{\Delta _{k-1}}\right\|_{\infty }&=\|r_{I}\|_{\infty }<2^{-k}\end{aligned}}

which completes the induction step; therefore we have built a sequence $\lbrace \beta _{i}\rbrace _{i\in \mathbb {N} }$ which uniformly converges to some $(p,0)$ -form $\beta$ such that $\alpha |_{\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)}={\bar {\partial }}\beta$ . QED

Dolbeault's theorem

Dolbeault's theorem is a complex analog^[3] of de Rham's theorem. It asserts that the Dolbeault cohomology is isomorphic to the sheaf cohomology of the sheaf of holomorphic differential forms. Specifically,

H^{p,q}(M)\cong H^{q}(M,\Omega ^{p})

where $\Omega ^{p}$ is the sheaf of holomorphic p forms on M.

A version of the Dolbeault theorem also holds for Dolbeault cohomology with coefficients in a holomorphic vector bundle $E$ . Namely one has an isomorphism

H^{p,q}(M,E)\cong H^{q}(M,\Omega ^{p}\otimes E).

A version for logarithmic forms has also been established.^[4]

Proof

Let ${\mathcal {F}}^{p,q}$ be the fine sheaf of $C^{\infty }$ forms of type $(p,q)$ . Then the ${\overline {\partial }}$ -Poincaré lemma says that the sequence

\Omega ^{p,q}{\xrightarrow {\overline {\partial }}}{\mathcal {F}}^{p,q+1}{\xrightarrow {\overline {\partial }}}{\mathcal {F}}^{p,q+2}{\xrightarrow {\overline {\partial }}}\cdots

is exact. Like any long exact sequence, this sequence breaks up into short exact sequences. The long exact sequences of cohomology corresponding to these give the result, once one uses that the higher cohomologies of a fine sheaf vanish.

Explicit example of calculation

The Dolbeault cohomology of the $n$ -dimensional complex projective space is

H_{\bar {\partial }}^{p,q}(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n})={\begin{cases}\mathbb {C} &p=q\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

We apply the following well-known fact from Hodge theory:

H_{\rm {dR}}^{k}\left(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n},\mathbb {C} \right)=\bigoplus _{p+q=k}H_{\bar {\partial }}^{p,q}(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n})

because $P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n}$ is a compact Kähler complex manifold. Then $b_{2k+1}=0$ and

b_{2k}=h^{k,k}+\sum _{p+q=2k,p\neq q}h^{p,q}=1.

Furthermore we know that $P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n}$ is Kähler, and $0\neq [\omega ^{k}]\in H_{\bar {\partial }}^{k,k}(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n}),$ where $\omega$ is the fundamental form associated to the Fubini–Study metric (which is indeed Kähler), therefore $h^{k,k}=1$ and $h^{p,q}=0$ whenever $p\neq q,$ which yields the result.

Footnotes

↑ Serre, Jean-Pierre (1953–1954), "Faisceaux analytiques sur l'espace projectif", Séminaire Henri Cartan, 6 (Talk no. 18): 1–10
↑ "Calculus on Complex Manifolds". Several Complex Variables and Complex Manifolds II. 1982. pp. 1–64. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511629327.002. ISBN 9780521288880.
↑ In contrast to de Rham cohomology, Dolbeault cohomology is no longer a topological invariant because it depends closely on complex structure.
↑ Navarro Aznar, Vicente (1987), "Sur la théorie de Hodge–Deligne", Inventiones Mathematicae, 90 (1): 11–76, Bibcode:1987InMat..90...11A, doi:10.1007/bf01389031, S2CID 122772976, Section 8

References

Dolbeault, Pierre (1953). "Sur la cohomologie des variétés analytiques complexes". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. 236: 175–277.
Wells, Raymond O. (1980). Differential Analysis on Complex Manifolds. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-90419-1.
Gunning, Robert C. (1990). Introduction to Holomorphic Functions of Several Variables, Volume 1. Chapman and Hall/CRC. p. 198. ISBN 9780534133085.
Griffiths, Phillip; Harris, Joseph (2014). Principles of Algebraic Geometry. John Wiley & Sons. p. 832. ISBN 9781118626320.

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[1] Serre, Jean-Pierre (1953–1954), "Faisceaux analytiques sur l'espace projectif", Séminaire Henri Cartan, 6 (Talk no. 18): 1–10

[2] "Calculus on Complex Manifolds". Several Complex Variables and Complex Manifolds II. 1982. pp. 1–64. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511629327.002. ISBN 9780521288880.

[3] In contrast to de Rham cohomology, Dolbeault cohomology is no longer a topological invariant because it depends closely on complex structure.

[4] Navarro Aznar, Vicente (1987), "Sur la théorie de Hodge–Deligne", Inventiones Mathematicae, 90 (1): 11–76, Bibcode:1987InMat..90...11A, doi:10.1007/bf01389031, S2CID 122772976, Section 8

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