Isidore of Seville, a seventh-century Doctor of the Church, depicted by Murillo (c. 1628) with a book, which is a common iconographical attribute for a doctor
Hildegard von Bingen was an eleventh-century Doctor of the Church, depicted by Marshall with a book, the common iconographical attribute for a doctor

Doctor of the Church (Latin: doctor "teacher"), also referred to as Doctor of the Universal Church (Latin: Doctor Ecclesiae Universalis), is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints recognized as having made a significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research, study, or writing.[1]

As of 2024, the Catholic Church has named 37 Doctors of the Church. Of these, the 18 who died before the Great Schism of 1054 are also held in high esteem by the Eastern Orthodox Church, although it does not use the formal title "Doctor of the Church".

Among the 37 recognised Doctors, 28 are from the West and nine from the East; four are women and thirty-three are men; one is an abbess, three are nuns, and one is a tertiary associated with a religious order; two are popes, 19 are bishops, twelve are priests, and one is a deacon; and 27 are from Europe, three are from Africa, and seven are from Asia. More Doctors (twelve) lived in the fourth century than any other; eminent Christian writers of the first, second, and third centuries are usually referred to as the Ante-Nicene Fathers. The shortest period between death and nomination was that of Alphonsus Liguori, who died in 1787 and was named a Doctor in 1871 – a period of 84 years; the longest was that of Irenaeus, which took more than eighteen centuries.

Some other churches have similar categories with various names.

Before the 16th century

In the Western church four outstanding "Fathers of the Church" attained this honour in the early Middle Ages: Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, and Jerome. The "four Doctors" became a commonplace notion among scholastic theologians, and a decree of Boniface VIII (1298) ordering their feasts to be kept as doubles throughout the Latin Church is contained in his sixth book of Decretals (cap. "Gloriosus", de relique. et vener. sanctorum, in Sexto, III, 22).[2]

In the Byzantine Church, three Doctors were pre-eminent: John Chrysostom, Basil the Great, and Gregory of Nazianzus. The feasts of these three saints were made obligatory throughout the Eastern Empire by Leo VI the Wise. A common feast was later instituted in their honour on 30 January, called "the feast of the three Hierarchs". In the Menaea for that day it is related that the three Doctors appeared in a dream to John Mauropous, Bishop of Euchaita, and commanded him to institute a festival in their honour, in order to put a stop to the rivalries of their votaries and panegyrists.[2]

This was under Alexius Comnenus (1081–1118; see "Acta SS.", 14 June, under St. Basil, c. xxxviii). But sermons for the feast are attributed in manuscripts to Cosmas Vestitor, who flourished in the tenth century. The three are as common in Eastern art as the four are in Western. Durandus (i, 3) remarks that Doctors should be represented with books in their hands. In the West analogy led to the veneration of four Eastern Doctors, Athanasius of Alexandria being added to the three hierarchs.[2]

Catholic Church

The Four Great Doctors of the Western Church were often depicted in art, here by Pier Francesco Sacchi, c. 1516. From the left: Saint Augustine, Pope Gregory I, Saint Jerome, and Saint Ambrose, with their attributes.

The details of the title Doctor of the Church vary from one autonomous ritual church to another.

Latin Church

In the Latin Church, the four Latin Doctors (Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory) had been given a special pre-eminence since the eighth century, but in 1298 Pope Boniface VIII declared them Doctors of the Church.[3] Pope Pius V recognized the four Great Doctors of the Eastern Church (John Chrysostom, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Athanasius of Alexandria) in 1568.[4]

To these names others have subsequently been added. The requisite conditions are enumerated as three: eminens doctrina, insignis vitae sanctitas, Ecclesiae declaratio (i.e. eminent learning, a high degree of sanctity, and proclamation by the church). Benedict XIV explains the third as a declaration by the supreme pontiff or by a general council.[2]

The decree is issued by the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints and approved by the pope, after a careful examination, if necessary, of the saint's writings. It is not in any way an ex cathedra decision, nor does it even amount to a declaration that no error is to be found in the teaching of the Doctor. It is, indeed, well known that the very greatest of them are not wholly immune from error. Previously, no martyrs were on the list, since the Office and the Mass had been for Confessors. Hence, as Benedict XIV pointed out during his pontificate, Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus of Lyons, and Cyprian of Carthage were not called Doctors of the Church.[2] This changed in 2022 when Pope Francis declared Irenaeus of Lyons the first martyred Doctor.

The Doctors' works vary greatly in subject and form. Augustine of Hippo was one of the most prolific writers in Christian antiquity and wrote in almost every genre. Some, such as Pope Gregory the Great and Ambrose of Milan, were prominent writers of letters. Pope Leo the Great, Pope Gregory the Great, Peter Chrysologus, Bernard of Clairvaux, Anthony of Padua and Lawrence of Brindisi left many homilies. Catherine of Siena, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross and Thérèse de Lisieux wrote works of mystical theology. Athanasius of Alexandria and Robert Bellarmine defended the church against heresy. Bede the Venerable wrote biblical commentaries and theological treatises. Systematic theologians include the Scholastic philosophers Anselm of Canterbury, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas.

In the 1920 encyclical Spiritus Paraclitus, Pope Benedict XV refers to Jerome as the church's "Greatest Doctor".[5]

Until 1970, no woman had been named a Doctor of the Church. Since then four additions to the list have been women: Teresa of Ávila (also known as Saint Teresa of Jesus) and Catherine of Siena by Pope Paul VI; Thérèse de Lisieux[6] (also known as Saint Therese of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face), "the Little Flower" by Pope John Paul II; and Hildegard of Bingen by Benedict XVI. Teresa and Thérèse were both Discalced Carmelites, Catherine was a Dominican, and Hildegard was a Benedictine nun.

Traditionally, in the Liturgy, the Office of Doctors was distinguished from that of Confessors by two changes: the Gospel reading Vos estis sal terrae ("You are the salt of the earth"), Matthew 5:13–19, and the eighth Respond at Matins, from Ecclesiasticus 15:5, In medio Ecclesiae aperuit os ejus, * Et implevit eum Deus spiritu sapientiae et intellectus. * Jucunditatem et exsultationem thesaurizavit super eum. ("In the midst of the Church he opened his mouth, * And God filled him with the spirit of wisdom and understanding. * He heaped upon him a treasure of joy and gladness.") The Nicene Creed was also recited at Mass, which is normally not said except on Sundays and the highest-ranking feast days. The 1962 revisions to the Missal dropped the Creed from feasts of Doctors and abolished the title and the Common of Confessors, instituting a distinct Common of Doctors.

On 20 August 2011, Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would soon declare John of Ávila a Doctor of the Church.[7] It was also reported in December 2011 that Pope Benedict intended to declare Hildegard of Bingen as a Doctor of the Church, though she had not yet been canonized.[8] Pope Benedict XVI declared Hildegard of Bingen a saint on 10 May 2012, clearing the way for her to be named a Doctor of the Church,[9] then declared both John of Ávila and Hildegard of Bingen Doctors of the Church on 7 October 2012.[10]

Pope Francis declared the 10th century Armenian monk Gregory of Narek the 36th Doctor of the Church on 21 February 2015.[11] The decision was somewhat controversial, as Gregory was a monk of the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian church. Therefore, Gregory is seen by some as a Monophysite who was in union with neither Catholic nor Eastern Orthodox Christians at the time of his death in 1003.

The Oriental Orthodox churches, among which the Armenian Apostolic Church is numbered, are Miaphysites; however, defenders of the decision have cited historical evidence that Narek Monastery, where Gregory lived and died, was a center of opposition to Monophysitism from inside the Armenian Church. It is also cited that Gregory of Narek was prior to the move by Pope Francis listed in the Roman Martyrology with a feast day of February 27 and that members of the Armenian Catholic Church have always had a strong devotion to him and his writings.

It was not until 25 January 2021 that the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments decreed the insertion into the Roman Rite liturgical books of the two Doctors declared by Benedict XVI, along with Gregory of Narek, more recently declared by Pope Francis.

List of Doctors

(For earlier authorities on Christian doctrine, see Church Fathers and Ante-Nicene Fathers) * indicates a saint who is also held in high esteem by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

No.ImageNameTitlesBornDiedPromotedActivityNotable writings
1.Gregory the Great*One of the four Great Latin Fathers540 (c.)6041298Pope, OSBDialogues, Libellus responsionum, Pastoral Care, Moralia in Job
2.Ambrose*One of the four Great Latin Fathers340 (c.)3971298Bishop of MilanAmbrosian hymns, Exameron, De obitu Theodosii
3.Augustine of Hippo*One of the four Great Latin Fathers; Doctor gratiae
(Doctor of Grace)		3544301298Bishop of Hippo (now Annaba)De doctrina Christiana, Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity
4.Jerome*One of the four Great Latin Fathers347 (c.)4201298Priest, monkVulgate, De Viris Illustribus
5.Thomas AquinasDoctor angelicus
(Angelic Doctor);
Doctor communis
(Common Doctor)		122512741567Priest, Theologian, OPSumma Theologiae, Summa contra Gentiles
6.John Chrysostom*One of the four Great Greek Fathers3474071568Archbishop of ConstantinoplePaschal Homily, Adversus Judaeos
7.Basil the Great*One of the four Great Greek Fathers3303791568Bishop of CaesareaAddress to Young Men on Greek Literature, On the Holy Spirit
8.Gregory of Nazianzus*One of the four Great Greek Fathers3293891568Archbishop of ConstantinopleOn God and Christ: The Five Theological Orations and Two Letters to Cledonius
9.Athanasius*One of the four Great Greek Fathers2983731568Archbishop of AlexandriaOn the Incarnation, The Life of Antony, Letters to Serapion
10.BonaventureDoctor seraphicus
(Seraphic Doctor)		122112741588Cardinal Bishop of Albano, Theologian, Minister General, OFMCommentary on the Sentences of Lombard, The Mind's Road to God, Collationes in Hexaemeron
11.Anselm of CanterburyDoctor magnificus
(Magnificent Doctor);
Doctor Marianus
(Marian Doctor)		1033 or 103411091720Archbishop of Canterbury, OSBProslogion, Cur Deus Homo
12.Isidore of Seville*5606361722Archbishop of SevilleEtymologiae, On the Catholic Faith against the Jews
13.Peter Chrysologus*4064501729Bishop of RavennaHomilies
14.Leo the Great*[12]Doctor unitatis Ecclesiae
(Doctor of the Church's Unity)		4004611754PopeLeo's Tome
15.Peter Damian100710721828Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, monk, OSBDe Divina Omnipotentia, Liber Gomorrhianus
16.Bernard of ClairvauxDoctor mellifluus
(Mellifluous Doctor)		109011531830Priest, OCistSermones super Cantica Canticorum, Apologia ad Guillelmum, Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae
17.Hilary of Poitiers*Doctor divinitatem Christi
(Doctor of the Divinity of Christ)		 3003671851Bishop of PoitiersCommentarius in Evangelium Matthaei
18.Alphonsus LiguoriDoctor zelantissimus
(Most Zealous Doctor)		169617871871Bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti, CSsR (Founder)The Glories of Mary,

Dogmatic Works: Moral Theology, The Council of Trent, The Histories of Heresies and their Refutation, Truth of the Faith

19.Francis de SalesDoctor caritatis
(Doctor of Charity)		156716221877Bishop of Geneva, COIntroduction to the Devout Life, Letters of Spiritual Direction
20.Cyril of Alexandria*Doctor Incarnationis
(Doctor of the Incarnation)		3764441883Archbishop of AlexandriaCommentaries on the Old Testament, Thesaurus, Discourse Against Arians, Dialogues on the Trinity
21.Cyril of Jerusalem*3153861883Archbishop of JerusalemCatechetical Lectures, Summa doctrinae christianae
22.John Damascene*6767491890Priest, monkFountain of Knowledge, Octoechos
23.Bede the Venerable*Anglorum doctor
(Doctor of the English)[13]		6727351899Priest, monk, OSBEcclesiastical History of the English People, The Reckoning of Time, Liber epigrammatum, Paenitentiale Bedae
24.Ephrem*[14]3063731920DeaconCommentary on the Diatessaron, Prayer of Saint Ephrem, Hymns Against Heresies
25.Peter Canisius152115971925Priest, SJA Summary of Christian Teachings
26.John of the CrossDoctor mysticus
(Mystical Doctor)		154215911926Priest, mystic, OCD (Reformer)Spiritual Canticle, Dark Night of the Soul, Ascent of Mount Carmel
27.Robert Bellarmine154216211931Archbishop of Capua, Cardinal, Theologian, SJDisputationes de Controversiis
28.Albertus Magnus[15]Doctor universalis
(Universal Doctor)		119312801931Bishop of Regensburg, Theologian, OPOn Cleaving to God, On Fate
29.Anthony of PaduaDoctor evangelicus
(Evangelical Doctor)		119512311946Priest, OFMSermons for Feast Days
30.Lawrence of BrindisiDoctor apostolicus
(Apostolic Doctor)		155916191959Priest, Diplomat, OFMCapMariale
31.Teresa of Ávila[16]Doctor orationis
(Doctor of Prayer)		151515821970Mystic, OCD (Reformer)La Vida de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesús, The Way of Perfection, The Interior Castle
32.Catherine of Siena134713801970Mystic, TOSDThe Dialogue of Divine Providence
33.Thérèse of LisieuxDoctor fiduciae
(Doctor of Trust)		187318971997OCD (Nun)The Story of a Soul
34.John of Ávila150015692012Priest, MysticAudi, filia; Spiritual Letters
35.Hildegard of Bingen109811792012Visionary, theologian, polymath, composer, abbess OSB, physician, philosopherScivias, Liber Vitae Meritorum, Liber Divinorum Operum, Ordo Virtutum,
36.Gregory of Narek[17]95110032015Monk, poet, mystical philosopher, theologianBook of Lamentations
37.Irenaeus of Lyon*[18] Doctor unitatis
(Doctor of Unity)[19]		 130 202 2022 Bishop, theologian, Martyr Proof of the Apostolic Preaching, Against Heresies

Proposed Doctors

In October 2019, the Polish Catholic Bishops Conference formally petitioned Pope Francis to consider making Pope John Paul II a Doctor of the Church in an official proclamation, in recognition of his contributions to theology, philosophy, and Catholic literature, as well as the formal documents of his papacy.[20]

José Luis Escobar Alas, the Archbishop of San Salvador, has petitioned Pope Francis to name St Oscar Romero, martyred in 1980 while he was archbishop there, who held a doctorate and was a reliably orthodox figure even as he grew to advocate for the plight of his people during the civil war there, as a Doctor of the Church.[21]

In November 2023, the USCCB voted to support a petition by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales for the Vatican to name John Henry Newman a Doctor of the Church.[22]

Other recognised Doctors

In addition, parts of the Catholic Church have recognised other individuals with this title. In Spain, Fulgentius of Cartagena,[23] Ildephonsus of Toledo[24] and Leander of Seville[2] have been recognized with this title. In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI, in his encyclical Spe Salvi, called Maximus the Confessor "the great Greek Doctor of the Church",[25] though the Congregation for the Causes of Saints considers this declaration an informal one.[26]

Scholastic epithets

Though not named Doctors of the Church or even canonized, many of the more celebrated doctors of theology and law of the Middle Ages were given an epithet which expressed the nature of their expertise. Among these are Bl. John Duns Scotus, Doctor subtilis (Subtle Doctor); Bl. Ramon Llull, Doctor illuminatus (Illuminated Doctor); Bl. John of Ruysbroeck, Doctor divinus ecstaticus (Ecstatic Doctor); Alexander of Hales, Doctor irrefragabilis (Unanswerable Doctor); Roger Bacon, Doctor Mirabilis (Wondrous Doctor); William of Ockham, Doctor Singularis et Invincibilis (Valuable and Invincible Doctor); Gregory of Rimini, Doctor authenticus (Authentic Doctor); Jean Gerson, Doctor christianissimus (Most Christian Doctor); Nicholas of Cusa, Doctor christianus (Christian Doctor); and the priest and professor Francisco Suárez, Doctor eximius (Exceptional Doctor).[27] The epithet Doctor amicitiae (Doctor of Friendship) has been suggested for St. John Henry Newman.[28]

Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church recognises Ambrose, Jerome, Gregory, Augustine, Athanasius, Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom, as well as Ephrem the Syrian, Isaac the Elder, Pope Leo I, John of Damascus, Cyril of Alexandria, Cyril of Jerusalem, Epiphanius of Salamis and Gregory of Nyssa.[29][30][31]

Chaldean Catholic Church

The Chaldean Catholic Church honours as doctor Polycarp, Eustathius of Antioch, Meletius, Alexander of Jerusalem, Athanasius, Basil, Cyril of Alexandria, Gregory Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, John Chrysostom, Fravitta of Constantinople, Ephrem the Syrian, Jacob of Nisibis, Jacob of Serugh, Isaac of Armenia, Isaac of Nineveh, and Maruthas of Martyropolis.[32][33][34][35]

Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church honors many of the pre-schism saints as well, but the term "Doctor of the Church" is not applied in the same way. One consistent use of the category is the trio of Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom, recognized as universal teachers and known as the Three Holy Hierarchs.[36] The church also recognizes three saints with the title Theologos (Theologian): John the Evangelist, Gregory of Nazianzus and Symeon the New Theologian.[37]

Russian Orthodox Church

Russian Orthodox Church commemorates on 19 July feast of Three Holy Russian Hierarchs: Demetrius of Rostov, Mitrophan of Voronezh and Tikhon of Zadonsk.[38]

Armenian Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church recognizes the Twelve Holy Teachers (Vardapets) of the Church

They also recognize their own saints Mesrob, Yeghishe, Movses Khorenatsi, David the Invincible, Gregory of Narek,[41] Nerses III the Builder, and Nerses of Lambron as "Doctors of the Armenian Church" or the "Armenian Doctors."[42][43]

Assyrian Church of the East

The Assyrian Church of the East recognizes Yeghishe, Diodorus of Tarsus, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Nestorius as Doctors of the Church.[44]

Anglicanism

The churches of the Anglican Communion tend not to use the term "Doctor of the Church" in their calendars of saints, preferring expressions such as Teacher of the Faith. Those thus recognized include figures from before and after the Reformation, most of whom are chosen among those already recognized as in the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. Those designated as Teachers of the Faith in the Church of England's calendar of saints are as follows:

Since all of the above appear in the calendar at the level of Lesser Festival or Commemoration, their celebration is optional. Similarly, because "In the Calendar of the Saints, diocesan and other local provision may be made to supplement the national Calendar",[45] those Doctors of the Church recognized by the Catholic Church may also be celebrated in the Church of England.

Lutheranism

The Lutheran calendar of saints does not use the term "Doctor of the Church." The calendar of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod refers to Martin Luther by the title of "Doctor" in recognition of his academic degree, Doctor of Theology from the University of Wittenberg in 1512.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rice, Fr. Larry (2015). "Doctors of the Church?" (PDF). usccb.org. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 John Chapman (1913). "Doctors of the Church" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  3. ↑ Bardenhewer, Otto (1908). Patrology: The Lives and Works of the Fathers of the Church. Translated by Shahan, Thomas J. St. Louis, Missouri: B. Herder. p. 3.
  4. ↑ Geanakoplos, Deno (1989). Constantinople and the West. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6.
  5. ↑ "Spiritus Paraclitus (September 15, 1920) | BENEDICT XV". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  6. ↑ "St. Therese, Doctor of the Universal Church – Saint Therese of Lisieux". thereseoflisieux.org.
  7. ↑ "Pope to proclaim St John of Avila Doctor of the Universal Church". News.va. Holy See. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  8. ↑ "Pope to Canonize and Name Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church". Archived from the original on 2012-01-07.
  9. ↑ "ROME REPORTS TV News Agency". www.romereports.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-12.
  10. ↑ "Pope : Two new Doctors of the Church". news.va.
  11. ↑ "San Gregorio di Narek Dottore della Chiesa Universale, 23.02.2015" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 23 February 2015.
  12. ↑ St. Leo the Great, pope and doctor of the church vaticannews.va.
  13. ↑ William of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum Anglorum 1.29 Hamilton, N.E.S.A. (1870). Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum libri quinque (in Latin). London: Longman. p. 44.
  14. ↑ "Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on St. Ephrem the Syrian". October 5, 1920. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  15. ↑ Führer, Markus (March 20, 2006). "Albert the Great (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Proclamation of Saint Teresa of Avila Doctor of the Church". September 27, 1970. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  17. ↑ McCarthy, Emer. "Pope Francis declares Armenian saint Doctor of the Church". Vatican Radio. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  18. ↑ CNA. "Pope Francis to declare St. Irenaeus a Doctor of the Church". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  19. ↑ Francis, Pope (21 January 2022). "Decree of the Holy Father for the conferral of the title of Doctor of the Church on Saint Irenaeus of Lyon". The Vatican Press Agency. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  20. ↑ "Polish bishops call for John Paul II to be named a doctor of the Church".
  21. ↑ "Salvadoran archbishop asks pope to make Romero 'doctor of the church'". 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018.
  22. ↑ McKeown, Jonah (16 November 2023). "U.S. bishops express strong support for proposal to name Newman a doctor of the Church". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  23. ↑ PEPITO, DOMINICK; INTERNATIONAL, CATHOLIC LIFE (10 October 2013). THROUGH THE HEAVENLY GATES: THE NEW REVISED EDITION: BIOGRAPHIES OF THE SAINTS BOOK 2 OF 3: THE PATH OF SERVICE: CLERGY SAINTS. Catholic Life International. ISBN 9781618636768 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ Bennett, Janice (1 June 2005). Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Oviedo : New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin. Ignatius Press. ISBN 9781586171117 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ Benedict XVI (2007). "Spe Salvi". The Holy See.
  26. ↑ Prot. Num. VAR. 7479/14.
  27. ↑ Edward Aloysius Pace (1913). "Surnames of Famous Doctors" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  28. ↑ Morgan, Stephen (2015). "John Henry Newman and the New Evangelization". In Grogan, Paul; Kim, Kirsteen (eds.). The New Evangelization: Faith, People, Context and Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 227. ISBN 9780567657381.
  29. ↑ Major, Tom (12 May 2012). "Major's Saint of the Day: May 12 – Feast of Saints Epiphanius and Dominic de la Calzada".
  30. ↑ Stramara, Daniel F. (1 April 2012). Praying—with the Saints—to God Our Mother. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781610974912 – via Google Books.
  31. ↑ "THE 33 DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH, by Fr Christopher Rengers". AD2000.
  32. ↑ "Marutha of Maypherqat – ܡܪܘܬܐ ܕܡܝܦܪܩܛ (d. 420 or 421)". The Syriac Biographical Dictionary. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  33. ↑ Stramara, Daniel F. (1 April 2012). Praying—with the Saints—to God Our Mother. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781621893653 – via Google Books.
  34. ↑ Filoni, Fernando (7 June 2019). The Church in Iraq. CUA Press. ISBN 9780813229652 – via Google Books.
  35. ↑ Pudichery, A. Sylvester (7 June 1972). "Ramsa: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Chaldean Vespers". Dharmaram College – via Google Books.
  36. ↑ "Feast of the Three Holy Fathers, Great Hierarchs and Ecumenical Teachers, Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom". Greek Orthodox Archiocese of America. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  37. ↑ Casiday, Augustine (2012). The Orthodox Christian world (PDF). New York: Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-203-11938-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  38. ↑ "СОБОР ТРЕХ РУССКИХ СВЯТИТЕЛЕЙ – Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  39. ↑ "Saints and Feasts". Armenian Church Catholicosate of Cilicia Antelias – Lebanon. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  40. ↑ "E-Sunday Bulletin of St. Sarkis Armenian Apostolic Church". myemail.constantcontact.com.
  41. ↑ Watkins, Basil (19 November 2015). The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780567664150 – via Google Books.
  42. ↑ "Movses Dasxurants'i, History of the Aghuans, Armenian History, Caucasus History, Aghuan History, Iranian History, Atrpatakan, Azerbaijan, Dasxurantsi, Caucasian Albania, Ancient, Medieval, Armenia, Persia, Iran". www.attalus.org.
  43. ↑ Visit to the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate and meeting with His Beatitude Patriarch Mesrob II, Greeting of the Holy Father Address of Pope Benedict XVI.,30 November 2006, on the website vatican.va (pdf). Access date 18 March 2021.
  44. ↑ Baumer, Christoph (5 September 2016). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781838609344 – via Google Books.
  45. ↑ Common Worship (Main Volume), p. 530.

Further reading

  • Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.
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