Yogyakarta Jogja
Special region capital
City of Yogyakarta Kota Yogyakarta
Regional transcription(s)
• Javanese	ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ Ngayogyakarta
Tugu Yogyakarta Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Taman Sari Water Castle Southern Alun-alun of Yogyakarta Gedung Agung Malioboro Street Beringharjo Market
Flag Seal Wordmark
Nickname(s):  Kota Pelajar (City of Students), Kota Budaya (Cultural City), Kota Gudeg (Gudeg City)
Motto(s):  ꦲꦩꦼꦩꦪꦸꦲꦪꦸꦤꦶꦁꦧꦮꦤ (Javanese) Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana "Beautify the Beauty of the World"
Location within Special Region of Yogyakarta
OpenStreetMap
Yogyakarta Location in Java and Indonesia Show map of Java Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia
Coordinates: 7°48′5″S 110°21′52″E / 7.80139°S 110.36444°E / -7.80139; 110.36444
Country	Indonesia
Region	Java
Province	Special Region of Yogyakarta
Government
• Acting Mayor	Singgih Raharjo
• Vice Mayor	Vacant
Area
• Special region capital	32.50 km2 (12.55 sq mi)
• Metro	2,159.1 km2 (833.6 sq mi)
Elevation	113 m (371 ft)
Population  (mid 2022 estimate)
• Special region capital	378,913
• Density	12,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)
• Metro	4,010,436
• Metro density	1,900/km2 (4,800/sq mi)
	[1]
Demographics
• Religion[2]	Islam 83.4% Christianity 16.19% - Catholicism 9.89% - Protestantism 6.3% Buddhism 0.28% Hinduism 0.12% Others 0.01%
Time zone	UTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)
Area code	(+62) 274
Vehicle registration	AB (motor vehicles) YB (cycle rickshaw)[3] YK (horse-drawn carriage[3])
HDI (2022)	0.877 (Very High)
Website	jogjakota.go.id
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks
Criteria	Cultural: (ii), (iii)
Reference	1671
Inscription	2023 (45th Session)
Area	42.22 ha (104.3 acres)
Buffer zone	291.17 ha (719.5 acres)

Yogyakarta (English: /ˌjoʊɡjəˈkɑːrtə/ YOHG-yə-KAR-tə;^[4] Javanese: ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ Ngayogyakarta [ŋɑːˈjɔɡjɔˈkɑːrtɔ]; Petjo: Jogjakarta) is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, batik textiles, drama, literature, music, poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and wayang puppetry.^[5] Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious.^[6][7][8]

Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Gedung Agung as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613.

The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 Census,^[9] and 373,589 at the 2020 Census;^[10] the official estimate as of mid-2022 was 378,913, composed of 184,412 males and 195,501 females.^[1] Its metropolitan area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010, which includes the city of Magelang and 65 districts across Sleman, Klaten, Bantul, Kulon Progo and Magelang regencies. Yogyakarta has one of the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in Indonesia.^[11] To rapidly jumpstart the economy, plan for 2nd phase Indonesia high speed train via Southbound is currently being developed from Bandung to Solo, via Yogyakarta initiating construction by 2023, which projected to be completed by 2026.^[12]

Etymology and orthography

Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya, the birthplace of the eponymous hero Rama from the Ramayana epic. Yogya means "suitable; fit; proper", and karta means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus, Yogyakarta means "[a city that is] fit to prosper".^[13]

In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the Javanese script as ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ,^[14] read as /ˌŋɑːjɒɡjəˈkɑːrtə/ with the added prefix nga-.

In the orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant /j/ came to be written with ⟨y⟩, and the consonant /dʒ/ with ⟨j⟩. Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.

History

Mataram Sultanate (1587–1755)

Kotagede, former capital of the Mataram Sultanate.

Kotagede, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the Mataram Sultanate from 1587 to 1613.

During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day Bantul Regency—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura.

Yogyakarta secedes and European invasions (1745–1830)

The Yogyakarta sultanate palace's main pavilion

The Taman Sari Water Castle, the former royal garden of the Sultan of Yogyakarta

A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between Pakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler of Kartasura, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne, Prince Mangkubumi (later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with the Dutch East India Company, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. His younger brother, Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.

With Pakubowono II dead from illness, the Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti (Perjanjian Gianti), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew Pakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal House of Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the Palace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of the reigning sultan, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.

During the brief period British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.^[17]

The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in Indonesian history, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the Java War.^[17]

Geography

The area of the city of Yogyakarta is 32.5 square kilometres (12.5 square miles). While the city spreads in all directions from the Kraton, the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east, is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market of Beringharjo (id) and the restored Dutch fort of Vredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro.

Surrounding the Kraton is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of the Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction.

Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in May 2018.

Climate

Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) as the precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below 100 millimetres (3.9 inches). The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling 392 millimetres (15.4 inches). The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius.

Administrative districts

Administration of Yogyakarta City

The city of Yogyakarta is an administrative part of the Yogyakarta Special Region which has the status of a province in Indonesia. In 2020, Yogyakarta City held the highest population density in Greater Yogyakarta, with 11,546 people per square kilometre, Sleman and Bantul regencies holding the second place with a population density of 1,958.5 people/sq kilometre, and third place with 1,940 people/sq kilometre respectively.^[21] Within the Greater Yogyakarta area lies Yogyakarta city.

Yogyakarta is divided into fourteen district-level subdivisions called kemantren (Javanese: ꦏꦼꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦤ꧀), which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of the kemantrens with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census^[9] and the 2020 Census,^[10] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.^[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages within each district, and its post codes.

Economy

In 2017, the Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) of Yogyakarta City at current prices was 31.31 trillion rupiahs (around US$ 2.2 billion).^[22] The tertiary sector contributed an important share (around 78% of GDP). the tertiary sector included wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars and motorcycles, transportation and warehousing; provision of accommodation and eating and drinking; information and communication; financial services and insurance; real estate; corporate services; government administration, defence and compulsory social security; educational services; health services and social activities as well as other services. In 2017, economic growth of Yogyakarta City reached 5.24 percent slightly faster compared to 2016, which the growth reached 5.11 percent.^[23][22]

To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesian high speed train is currently being developed from Bandung to Yogyakarta & Solo, initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024.^[24]

Demographics

A large majority of the population are Javanese. However, as a city with large numbers of schools and universities and a relatively low cost of living compared to other Indonesian cities, Yogyakarta has attracted significant numbers of students from all over Indonesia. As a result, there are many other Indonesian ethnic groups living in Yogyakarta, especially from eastern parts of Indonesia.

There are some foreigner communities in the city, which is mainly composed of tourist and foreign students.

Tourism

Borobudur is the world's largest Buddhist archaeological site.^[27]

Yogyakarta is home to a myriad of heritage buildings, landmarks and important monuments. Because of its proximity to the Borobudur and Prambanan temples, and presence of the Javanese court Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta hosts a sizeable tourist industry. Kotagede, the capital of Mataram Sultanate is also located in the city.

Malioboro street is a popular shopping and culinary area within the city, which has pedestrian zone.^[28] Yogyakarta Kraton is the palace and seat of the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta also located in the city. The palace complex is a centre of Javanese culture, and contains a museum displaying royal artefacts. Tugu monument is an important landmark of Yogyakarta. 1 March monument located on Jalan Malioboro was built to commemorate General Offensive of 1 March 1949 during the Indonesian National Revolution.

Society and traditions

Wayang (shadow puppets) in Yogyakarta style, a scene from Irawan's Wedding. Mid-20th century, from the University of Hawaii Department of Theatre and Dance.

Kawung Motif in batik from Yogyakarta.

Kotagede silverwork.

Notable local traditions and marketplaces in Yogyakarta include:

• Batik fabric production area, with the most famous batik marketplace in Beringharjo market.
• Silverwork, fine filigree jewellery, with the main production centre in Kotagede.
• Indonesian mask production, at Bobung village, Wonosari.
• Traditional Javanese dance performances, especially Ramayana wayang wong performed in Prambanan and Purowisata. Other Javanese court dances are also performed in the Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (royal palace).
• Wayang kulit, traditional Javanese leather puppetry used for shadow plays.
• Contemporary puppetry and theatre, e.g., the Papermoon Puppet Theatre.
• Gamelan music, including local Gamelan Yogyakarta which was developed in the royal courts.
• Annual traditional Javanese festivals, such as Sekaten or Gerebeg Mulud (id:Grebeg)
• Young theatre movements, e.g., Komunitas Sakatoya.
• Visual artists, e.g., the Taring Padi community in Bantul.

Sport

Mandala Krida Stadium

PSIM Yogyakarta football team, which currently plays in the Liga 2, is based in Yogyakarta.

Education

Gadjah Mada University

Yogyakarta is home to Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia's largest university and one of its most prominent. Other public universities in Yogyakarta include Yogyakarta State University, Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University, The Indonesian Institute of the Arts and Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. There is also one public university in Yogyakarta providing education through distance learning or distance education at Universitas Terbuka or Indonesia Open University.^[31] The city is also the location of several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, College of Health Sciences Ahmad Yani Yogyakarta, Islamic University of Indonesia, Atma Jaya University, Duta Wacana Christian University, Ahmad Dahlan University and Sanata Dharma University.

The city is also home to the Indonesian Air Force Academy, located on the Adisucipto Airport complex.

Primagama, one of the largest tutoring institutions in Indonesia, is headquartered in the city.^[32]

Transportation

Rail

Yogyakarta railway station

Yogyakarta was first served by rail in 1872. The city is located on one of the two major railway lines that run across Java between Jakarta in the west and Surabaya in the east.

Yogyakarta has two passenger railway stations, Yogyakarta Station which serves business and executive class trains, and Lempuyangan Station which serves economy class trains; both stations are located in the centre of the city. Yogyakarta Station is the terminus of two commuter train services: KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo, which runs to Solo Balapan Station in the city of Surakarta and Prambanan Express (Prameks), which runs to Kutoarjo Station in Kutoarjo. Other commuter trains run from Madiun Jaya (Madiun Station-Lempuyangan Station), and Joglosemar (Semarang Poncol Station-Lempuyangan Station). Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link links Yogyakarta International Airport to the city center.

Buses

Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta.

Since early 2008, the city has operated a bus rapid transit system, Trans Jogja, also known as "TJ". Trans Jogja is modelled after the TransJakarta system in the capital, but unlike TransJakarta, there is no special lane for Trans Jogja buses, which instead run on main streets. There are currently six Trans Jogja lines, with routes through the main streets of Yogyakarta, some of which overlap. The lines extend from the Jombor Bus Terminal in the north to the Giwangan Bus Terminal in the south, and to the Prambanan bus shelter in the east via Adisucipto International Airport.

Health facilities

Main building of Panti Rapih Hospital.

Notable hospitals in Yogyakarta include:

• Yogyakarta City General Public Hospital (RSUD Kota Yogyakarta)
• Bethesda Hospital
• Dr. Soetarto Army Hospital
• Dr. Sardjito General Hospital
• Panti Rapih Hospital
• PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital.

Media

Kedaulatan Rakyat (KR) is the major newspaper in Yogyakarta, its headquarters is located near the Tugu monument. First published in 1945, the paper is one of the oldest continuously published newspaper in Indonesia.^[34] Other major daily newspapers include Harian Jogja, Koran Merapi and Tribun Jogja, as well as online-only Bernas. KR-owned Minggu Pagi is the major weekly newspaper.

Yogyakarta is served by radio and television stations covering Special Region of Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. The public radio RRI Yogyakarta has one of its studios in the city. Other radio stations based in Yogyakarta include Geronimo FM, Retjo Buntung FM and Yasika FM. However most of television stations is located in nearby Sleman Regency, such as the public TVRI Yogyakarta, AdiTV, Jogja TV and RBTV, though their broadcast coverage include Yogyakarta city.

Twin towns – sister cities

Yogyakarta is twinned with:^[35]

• Baalbek, Lebanon
• Commewijne, Suriname^[36]
• Gangbuk (Seoul), South Korea
• Huế, Vietnam
• Le Mont-Dore, New Caledonia^[37]
• Paramaribo, Suriname

See also

• List of cities in Indonesia

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yogyakarta (city).

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yogyakarta.

• Official website