Djinguereber Mosque
مسجد جينجيربر
Mosquée de Djinguereber
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Branch/traditionSunni
Location
LocationTimbuktu, Mali
Djinguereber Mosque is located in Mali
Djinguereber Mosque
Shown within Mali
Geographic coordinates16°46′17″N 3°0′36″W / 16.77139°N 3.01000°W / 16.77139; -3.01000
Architecture
Typemosque
Completed1327
Outside the mosque
Postcard published by Edmond Fortier showing the mosque in 1905-1906

The Djinguereber Mosque (Arabic: مسجد دجينجيربر; French: Mosquée de Djinguereber; from Koyra Chiini jiŋgar-ey beer 'grand mosque'[1]) in Timbuktu, Mali is a famous learning center of Mali. Built in 1327, and cited as Djingareyber or Djingarey Ber in various languages, its design is accredited to Abu Ishaq Al Sahili who was paid 200 kg (40,000 mithqals) of gold by Musa I of Mali, emperor of the Mali Empire. According to Ibn Khaldun, one of the best known sources for 14th century Mali, al-Sahili was given 12,000 mithkals of gold dust for his designing and building of the djinguereber in Timbuktu, but more recent analysis has disputed this.[2]

Except for a small part of the northern facade, which was reinforced in the 1960s in alhore (limestone blocks, also widely used in the rest of the town), and the minaret, also built in limestone and rendered with mud,[3] the Djingareyber Mosque is made entirely of earth plus organic materials such as fibre, straw and wood. It has three inner courts, two minarets and twenty-five rows of pillars aligned in an east-west direction and a prayer space for 2,000 people.

Djinguereber is one of three madrassas composing the University of Timbuktu. It was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1988,[4] and in 1990, it was considered to be in danger due to sand encroachment.[5] A four-year project towards the restoration and rehabilitation of the Mosque began in June 2006, and is being conducted and financed by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.[6]

On 26 February 2010, during Mawlid (a festival to mark the birth anniversary of Muhammad), a stampede at the mosque killed around 26 people and injured at least 55 others, mostly women and children.[7]

Attack in 2012

On 1 July 2012, militant Islamists of the Ansar Dine ("defenders of faith") began destroying the tombs of Timbuktu shortly after UNESCO placed them on a list of endangered World Heritage sites. They set about destroying seven of Timbuktu's total sixteen ancient Muslim saint shrines,[8] including two tombs at the Djingareyber Mosque.[8] Using "hoes, pick-axes and chisels, they hammered away at the two earthen tombs until they were completely destroyed".[8] The damage to the mosque itself, however, was minimal.[9]

Preservation

Desertification is defined by UNESCO as, "degradation in arid, semi-arid, dry sub-humid area resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities."

Between 1901 and 1996, temperature rose by 1.4 degrees Celsius in the area, which enhanced desert encroachment, as well as sand blown damages. Efforts to repair and raise the walls of the mosque have been ongoing, but there is still a one-meter difference between the roof height in 1952 and today.

While drought may cause issues, too much rain has also shown to be detrimental to the mosque. Heavy rains in 1999, 2001, and 2003 caused the collapse of many traditionally built earthen buildings, as well as more recently built structures. As climate fluctuates due to climate change, world heritage sites such as the Djingareyber mosque have suffered.[10]

The State Party was requested at the last World Heritage Committee to provide all technical documents on the proposed new 4-year restoration project for the Djingareyber Mosque, being carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. However, no documents had been received before the mission and in its report the State Party gave few details of this major project.

The mission noted that the first phase of restoration work was a pilot project undertaken from November 2006 to July 2007. This work had included drainage and paving around the mosque, re-rendering walls in bad condition and in one zone of the roof, replacing around 50% of the beams, above which was a heavy build-up of mud plaster. The masons in charge of the project locally clearly have good technical expertise; however, there is a need to document what they are doing on an on-going basis and to record the starting point for their work.

However, it is important to note that a balance between new technical solutions and preserving traditional and regular practices of maintenance of the mosque which were typically carried out by local craftsmen must be found.[11]

Natural local trees that were originally used for building materials for the beams in the mosque have also disappeared due to climate change, so wood beams must be imported from Ghana. This drastically increases the price of resources needed to restore the mosque, as building materials aren't readily available anymore.[12]

3D Model with Laser-Scanning

The Zamani Project documents cultural heritage sites in 3D to create a record for future generations.[13][14][15] The documentation of the Djinguereber Mosque is based on terrestrial laser-scanning.[16][17][18] The 3D documentation of the Djinguereber Mosque was carried out in 2005.[19] A 3D model, plans and images can be viewed here.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Heath, Jeffrey (1998). Koyra Chiini. (Dictionnaire songhay-anglais-français, I.). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 146. ISBN 2-7384-6726-1.
  2. ↑ The Meanings of Timbuktu, Bloom, Pg. 52.
  3. ↑ Djingareyber Mosque Restoration Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Report of the World Heritage Committee, Twelfth Session, Brasilia: UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 23 December 1988, pp. 17–18, SC-88/CONF.001/13, retrieved 9 April 2007
  5. ↑ Report of the World Heritage Committee, Fourteenth Session, Banff: UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 12 December 1990, pp. 17–18, CLT-90/CONF.004/13, retrieved 9 April 2007
  6. ↑ "La Cité des 333 saints abrite de nombreux chantiers de modernisation" (in French). Afribone Mali SA. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  7. ↑ Deadly crush at Timbuktu mosque, BBC News, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010; Pilgrims killed in stampede at Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu, UNESCO World Heritage News Archive, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010; 26 dead in Timbuktu mosque stampede, Reuters, 26 February 2010, retrieved 14 June 2010; Wikinews
  8. 1 2 3 Mali Islamists destroy tombs at ancient Timbuktu mosque | Radio Netherlands Worldwide Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5". The Guardian. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  10. ↑ Colette, Augustin, and Kishore Rao. Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2009, pp. 74–75, Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage.
  11. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2008) Timbuktu (Mali)". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  12. ↑ Smith, Alex Duval (27 March 2015). "Timbuktu's Djinguereber mosque: a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 5". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  13. ↑ Rüther, Heinz; Rajan, Rahim S. (2007). "Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 66 (4): 437–443. doi:10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437.
  14. ↑ Giles, Chris (5 January 2018). "Meet the scientists immortalizing African heritage in virtual reality". CNN. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  15. ↑ Wild, Sarah (18 December 2018). "Africa's great heritage sites are being mapped out with point precision lasers". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  16. ↑ Rüther, Heinz. "AN AFRICAN HERITAGE DATABASE – THE VIRTUAL PRESERVATION OF AFRICA'S PAST" (PDF). isprs.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017.
  17. ↑ Rüther, Heinz; Held, Christof; Bhurtha, Roshan; Schroeder, Ralph; Wessels, Stephen (13 January 2012). "From Point Cloud to Textured Model, the Zamani Laser Scanning Pipeline in Heritage Documentation". South African Journal of Geomatics. 1 (1): 44–59–59. ISSN 2225-8531.
  18. ↑ "Challenges in Heritage Documentation with Terrestrial Laser Scanning" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019.
  19. ↑ "Site - Timbuktu Mosque". zamaniproject.org. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  • Translated from Ibn Khaldun, loc. cit., p. 348.
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