The Dexaroi (Ancient Greek: Δεξάροι) were an ancient Chaonian tribe living under Mount Amyron. In ancient literature the Dexari are mentioned only by the ancient Greek writer Hecataeus of Miletus (6th century BC), cited by Stephanus of Byzantium (6th century AD).[1][2] The Dexaroi were the northernmost tribe that belonged to the Chaonian group, one of the three major North-Western Greek-speaking tribes of Epirus.

Mount Amyron has been identified by some modern scholars with Mount Tomorr, in present-day Albania. The mountain was probably located in a region that in Roman times was called Dassaretis. The Dexaroi have been supposedly equated with the Dassaretii by some scholars, hence they are also referred to as Dassaretae in some modern sources. However, all these hypothetical connections remain uncertain.[3]

Name

The name "Dexari" is mentioned only in a fragment of ancient Greek writer Hecataeus of Miletus (6th century BC) writing his Geography of the World , in which he showed a detailed knowledge of the region of Epirus and srrounding areas.[4][5][6] This fragment has been preserved in an excerpt from the toponymic dictionary Ethnica (Εθνικά) by Stephanus of Byzantium (6th century AD), under the heading "Δέξαροι".[7][5] The fragment stated that the Dexari, a tribe of the Chaones, were adjacent to the Enchelei:[4][5][7]

They are most probably also mentioned in a 5th-4th century BC inscription in Dodona as Δεξαιρεᾶται Dexaireatai.[8] In the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax (4th century BC) some scholars have corrected Καρία Karia with Δεξαρία Dexaria, thus introducing a toponym that is derived from the ethnonym Dexaroi, hapax in Hecataeus' fragment.[9]

Some scholars (Hammond, Wilkes, Weber) consider the Dexari mentioned by Hetataeus in the 6th century BC the same people as the Dassaretae mentioned in Roman times,[10][11][12] other scholars (Kunstman and Thiergen, Winnifrith, Eichner, Campbell) consider them two distinct tribes.[13][14][15][16] The best sources provided by ancient authors for the name Dassaretae date to the period of Roman conquest, during the years between the first Roman raid into Illyricum in 228 BC and the Roman settlement of 167 BC.[17] Whether or not they were same tribe still represents a significant and insufficiently answered question.[18]

According to Kunstmann and Thiergen, the tribal name Dexar-, like Dessar- / Dassar-, contains the Illyrian root *daksa/dassa ("water, sea"), since in Illyrian the x/ks (ξ) is phonetically equivalent with ss (σσ). In both tribal names the same root is attached to the suffix -ar.[19] The term δάξα, daksa, was also recorded by Hesychius as an Epirote word meaning sea. It resembles the Illyrian personal names Dazos and Dassius and is also reflected in the toponym of Daksa island and the river Ardaxanos, which is mentioned by Polybius (2nd century BC) in the hinterland of modern Durrës and Lezhë.[20] Weber states that the name Dassaretae is Illyrian and that it shares the same root with the name Dexari.[12] According to N. G. L. Hammond, the Dexari are an archaic form of the later mentioned Dassaretii.[21] Keramopoullos (1953) argues the name Dassaretae is connected to Greek: Διός όρος-ορείται (Dios oros-oreitai, "Mountain of Zeus").[22]

Geography

The Dexaroi are mentioned as dwelling under mount Amyron, near the Enchelei. The mountain has been identified by some modern scholars with Mount Tomorr, in present-day Albania. The mountain was probably located in a region that in Roman times was called Dassaretis.[23] However, all these hypothetical connections remain uncertain.[3]

N. G. L. Hammond reconstructed for the period from the 6th century BC a vast northern dominion of the Chaonians in an area which expanded form the Bay of Vlorë in the south to the Korçë Plain in the north and the lakeland area in the east.[24] In particular Hammond located the Dexaroi in a region that stretched from mount Amyron (Tomorr) up to the southern coast of lake Lychnitis (Lake Ohrid).[25] He further conjectured that the burials of Tumulis II in Kuç i zi in the Korçe-Maliq plain belonged to Dexaroi leaders.[26][27] Hammond's hypothesis is based on an information provided by Hecataeus, according to which Chaonians and Enchelei were neighboring peoples, and on the appearance of some 6th century BC tumuli in the Korça basin containing the burials of new rulers, who are considered Chaonians by Hammond. However the archaeological evidence is far from certain, since there are no elements of connection between Chaonians and these new rulers, and the same consideration can be made for the historical source, especially taking into account the fact that the knowledge about the Chaonian tribe of the Dexaroi is limited to the single fragment of Hecataeus.[24]

According to the hypothetical equation of the Dexaroi with the Roman times Dassaretae, their cities would have been Pellion, Antipatrea, Chrysondyon, Gertus (or Gerous), Creonion.[11] Hecataeus mentions the Dexaroi dwelling around Korçë.[28] In their east/southeast they bordered with the Orestae tribe of the Molossian group. The precise border on the east of the Dassaretae can't precisely be drawn: some scholars place it at the Tsangon pass, while others at the lake Maliq, near Korce.[29] The regions of Chaonia and Parrhaeuaea were located on their southern border.[30]

History

The Dexaroi were probably neighboring to the north various Illyrian tribes when the latter would have started raiding the Chaonian lands possibly from c. 900 BC, weakening the Chaonian power.[31] The Dexaroi were part of the wider tribal state of the Chaonians during the 6th century BC.[32] At a later period they presumably formed their own independent association.[32]

During the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC) the Macedonians managed to terminate the Dardanian rule in the land of the Dassaretae. As such the Dassaretae became not only independent again but Philip also managed to create a Macedonian buffer zone on their northern border with the Dardanians.[33] The destruction of Pelium in 335 BC by Dardanian Cleitus came probably due to the fact that the local Dassaratean inhabitants were not friendly towards the Dardanian raiders.[34] Macedonian control was re-established in Dassaretis that year and remained as such during the era of Macedonian domination.[35] In 319-317 B.C an Epirote army under Polyperchon and Olympias marched against the local settlement of Euia during their struggle against Cassander of Macedon.[36]

Antipatrea (modern Berat) was founded by the regent of Macedon, Antipater.[35] During the reign of Pyrrhus of Epirus (306–302, 297–272 BC) Dassaretis came possibly into Epirote control.[35] In 217 BC Illyrian Scerdilaidas advanced against Philip V of Macedonia through the region of Pelagonia and the Dassaretian territory capturing Antipatreia, Chrysondyon, and Gertus.[37] As such in 213-212 B.C apart from Dassaretis Philip also campaigned in Illyria, Dardania and Thrace.[38]

Identity

Hammond has argued that before the reign of Philip II of Macedon, Illyrian tribes likely had occupied Dassaretis since no more information about Dexari is recorded and the siege of Pelium (335 B.C) was described as a campaign of Alexander in Illyria.[39] The same scholar proposed the existence of two distinct homonymous tribes, the Illyrian one dwelling between the Dardani and the Ardiaei or next to the Dalmatian coast, and the Chaonian one (equated by him with the Dexari) dwelling between Macedonia and Epirus, since according to Hammond Strabo, Livy and Polybius make a clear distinction between the Dassaretae and the Illyrians.[40][41][42][43][44] Hammond states that the genealogy of Illyrian tribes recorded by Appian of Alexandria is probably associated with a tribe that lived further north from the Chaonian Dassaretae of the Korce-Maliq region which bore a similar name with the latter.[45] J. J. Wilkes has also equated the Chaonian Dexari with the Dassaretae, who according to Polybius possessed many towns, including Pellion, Antipatrea, Chrysondyon, Gertus (or Gerous), Creonion,[11] Tom Winnifrith (2020) states that the Illyrian tribes, including the Dassareti, bordered on peoples of Epirotic origins and dubious ethnicity like the Molossians and the Chaonians, and the Dassaretae were probably the same as Dexari.[46]

According to Radoslav Katičić (1995) there is no way to rule out the identification of Dexari with Dassareti advocated by Hammond, though it cannot be accepted as reliable.[47] According to him necessary caution should be maintained about the equation of the two tribes.[47] He argues that in later sources of antiquity the Dassareti always appear as Illyrians, while the Chaones are never considered as such, furthermore the Dassareti never intermingle with the Chaones nor are they mentioned as Epirotes.[47] He also states that in Hecataeus' times the situation might have been different, and the information he gathered may not have been reliable at all.[47] A possible Illyrian link of the Dassaretae faces many allegedly impenetrable issues in terms of epigraphic and archaeological evidence.[48] Historian Dragic Danica (2013) concludes that the dominant view in modern historiography accepts the fact that the Dassaretae were counted among the northern Epirote tribes that settled in the northern regions of Epirus including Dassaretis.[49]

Dassaretaean onomastics share similarities with those of ancient Macedonia in particular in the field of names based on divinities from the Greek pantheon, such as Apollodoros.[50]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Šašel Kos 1993, p. 118: "The Dexari and the Amyrus mountain are mentioned solely in this passage."
  2. ↑ Bogdani 2012, p. 365: "...la nostra conoscenza di questa tribù detta caona, i Dexaroi appunto, è limitata a questa unica citazione.54"
  3. 1 2 Kaljanac 2010, p. 56
  4. 1 2 Hammond 1981, p. 209: "When the dynasties at Trebenishte and Kuçi zi Tumulus II were at the height of their power, Hecataeus was writing his Geography of the World, in which he showed a detailed knowledge of Epirus and adjacent areas. (FGrH I F 103) stated that the Dexari, a tribe of the Chaones, were adjacent to the Encheleae."
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Šašel Kos 1993, p. 118: "The earliest preserved data come from Hecataeus of Miletus (the end of the 6th century B.C.), and were preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium in his toponoma-stic lexicon Ethnica from the 6th century A.D., under the heading Dexari (FGrHist 1 F 103): The Dexari, a Chaonian people neighbouring upon the Enchelei, as is stated by Hecataeus in his book about Europe, who lived under Mt. Amyrus (Δέξαροι, ἔθνος Χαόνων, τοῖς Ἐγχελέαις προσεχεῖς, Ἑκαταῖος Εὐρώπῃ. ὑπὸ Ἄμυρον ὄρος οἰκοῦν.). The Dexari and the Amyrus mountain are mentioned solely in this passage."
  6. ↑ Bogdani 2012, p. 365.
  7. 1 2 3 Katičić 1995, p. 214: "U tom su djelu zemljopisni nazivi poredani alfabetskim redom i uz svaki je dano neko objašnjenje. U izvornom djelu Stefanovu ta su tumačenja bila opširna i proviđena bogatim navodima iz mjerodavne literature. U izvatku koji nam se sačuvao tumačenja su vrlo sažeta, a izravni su citati razmjerno rijetki, te se svode na puko spominjanje. To vrednije nam je kad u izvatku iz Stefanova djela čitamo: Δεξάροι, έθνος Χαόνων, τοΐς Έγχελέαις προσεχείς 'Εκαταιος Ευρώπη- ΰπόνΑμυρον δρος οΐκοΰν. - "Deksari, haonski narod, susjedi Enhelejaca, kako piše Hekatej u opisu Evrope. Stanuje pod gorom Amirom." (Fragment 73 FHG i 103 F Gr Hist.) Iako je taj citat prilično bogat podacima, ne polazi nam za rukom da iz njega saznamo mnogo. Premalo znamo o najstarijem grčkom zemljopisu naših strana i zato samo slabo možemo povezati Hekatejeve podatke s drugima i tako ih uvrstiti u širu sliku. Ni pleme Deksara ni gora Amir nisu nam poznati iz drugih vrela."
  8. ↑ Handeli, Vasiliki (2020). Χαονεσ: Η Ιστορια Ενοσ Ηπειρωτικου Εθνουσ [Chaones: The History of an Epirotic Ethnos] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Greek). University of Ioannina. p. 101-102. Retrieved 9 June 2022. Πάντως οι Δέξαροι αναφέρονται, κατά πάσα πιθανότητα, άλλη μία, μοναδική και τελευταία, φορά, σε χρηστήριο έλασμα της Δωδώνης των τελών του 5ου - αρχές 4ου αι. π.Χ., όπου αναγράφονται ως Δεξαιρεάτες «θεὸς τύχαν· Πα[- - - ἐπερωτῆι] τὸν θεὸν τι κα [ποιέων - - -] Δεξαιρεᾶται» (1070Α). Η αναφορά τους προδίδει ότι το ερώτημα ήταν δημόσιο και όχι ιδιωτικό και είτε τέθηκε από τους ίδιους τους Δεξάρους είτε τους αφορούσε άμεσα, ενώ είναι αδιευκρίνιστο αν το αρχικό «Πα» της πρώτης γραμμής ήταν όνομα προσώπου ή ένα άλλο εθνικό (Πά[ροροι], Πα[ραυαῖοι])516. citing: Dakaris-Vokotopoulou-Hristidis 2013, 273
  9. ↑ Frisone 2014, p. 91.
  10. ↑ Hammond 1981, p. 209: "When the dynasties at Trebenishte and Kuçi zi Tumulus II were at the height of their power , Hecataeus was writing his Geography of the World , in which he showed a detailed knowledge of Epirus and adjacent areas .( FGrH I F 103 ) stated that the Dexari , a tribe of the Chaones , were adjacent to the Encheleae .// Dassaretae, whose country "Dassaretis" included the Malik-Koritsa plain. It was then the rulers of the Dexari, who were buried at Kuci zi in Tumulus II, and the Dexari themselves were the most northerly of the Chaonian group of tribes,"; Hammond 1994, p. 432: "The Chaones... were a group of Greek-speaking tribes, and the Dexari or as they were called later the Dassaretae, were the most northerly member of the group..."; Hammond 1997, p. 55: "...Hekataios stated that the Dexaroi of the Chaonian group were next to the Encheleis and the implication is that the Encheleis were not Chaonians is borne by the later labelling of them as Illyrians. Thus the Dexaroi, living on Mt. Amyron (the beautiful Mt Tomorr) and extending up to the southern end of Lake Lychnitis were the northernmost tribe of the Chaonian group..."; Hammond 1992, p. 35: "the Bylliones, reaching the north bank of the Aous. They were neighbors of Greek-speaking tribes, grouped under the common name Chaones, of whom the most northerly, the Dassaretae, extended into the lakeland south of Lake Ochrid. We owe our knowledge to the earliest Greek geographer, Hecataeus....".
  11. 1 2 3 Wilkes 1995, p. 98.
  12. 1 2 Weber 1989, p. 81: "The spelling of Dassarentii resembles two known Illyrian names, Dassaretae and Daesitiates. Of the two, Dassaretae is probably the tribe Livy meant to describe (57). Each time he uses a similarly spelled name it is in an account of an event in Illyricum between 200 and 170 B.C. ...Strabo mentioned the Dassaretae among the tribes contacted along the route of the Drin river. ... Pliny, while not as obvious in indicating his sources , located the Dasaretae east of the Albanian plain and north of Epirus. ... Appian, though vague in his geographical placement of both, recounted the legend of the Dassaretae as one of the original Illyrian tribes." pp. 83-84: "Like the Taulantii the Dassaretae first appear in a fragment of Hecataeus and are known throughout a long tradition that survived to Livy's day and beyond. According to Stephanus of Byzantium, Hecataeus wrote of the Δεξάροι, Έθνος Ξαόνων, who live υπό Άμυρον όρος. The ξ is the phonetic equivalent of ss, so Hecataeus' Δεξάροι is the equivalent of Δεσσάροι, which has a stem identical to Dassaretae... Hecataeus placed Mt. Amuron between the Encheleans, who lived around Lake Lychnidus, and Dodona. The area is virtually the same territory assigned to the Dassaretae by Pliny, H.N. 4.1.3. He located the Dassaretae along the northern boundary of Epirus. The best documentation of the Dassaretae and their homeland comes from the period of the Roman conquest, the years between the first Roman incursion into Illyricum in 228 B.C. and the settlement of 167 B.C. Sources dealing with this period derive chiefly from Polybius, who first refers to the Dassaretae in his account of the split between the Illyrian dynast Scerdilaidas and Philip V of Macedonia in 217 B.C. ...It is to the west of the area in which Livy, drawing on Polybius, places the Dassaretae in 199 B.C.,...through the land of the Dassaretae directly to Lyncus, the western section of Macedonia." p. 86: "As part of his description of the Dardanian location, Strabo mentions the Dassaretae. The Dardanians and the Dassaretae, along with other peoples, are situated inland along the path of the Drilo River, the modern Drin."
  13. ↑ Kunstmann & Thiergen 1987, p. 112: "Auch dieses Toponym läßt sich nun einwandfrei aus dem Illyrischen deuten, da ihm ohne Frage der Name der illyrischen Δεξάροι oder Δοξάρες (so bei Steph . v. Byz.) zugrundeliegt, die ihre Siedelplätze im nördlichen Epirus bzw. süd lichen Illyrien hatten4. Das Suffix -ar- diente im Illyrischenzur Bildung adjektivartiger Zugehörigkeitsbezeichnungen (Krähe 1928). Mit dem Formans -ar- ist außerdem der illyrische Stammes-name Dassareta Δασσαρῆται gebildet: Δασσ-αρ-ῆτ-αι. Die Dassaretae waren einer der bedeutendsten illyrischen Stämme, dessen Siedelgebiet sich von der Stadt Lychnidos am gleichnam igen See bis zur Stadt Antipatria am un-teren Apsos erstreckte (Pauly RE 8. Hbbd. 1901, 2221 f.: Philippson)9. Wenn der Wandel a > e im Namen der havelländischen Desseri als typisch alt-sächsisch beurteilt wurde (Fischer, Schlim pert 1971, 666), so ist zu sagen, daß dieses Schwanken zwischen a und ewahrscheinlich schon illyrisch ist (Krähe 1928), was allein das Nebeneinander von δαξ- und δεξ- zu erkennen gibt."
  14. ↑ Winnifrith 2002, p. 46: "In Southern Albania the only Epirote tribes named by him apart from the Chaonians are the Athamanes, living in the middle course of the Vjosës river and associated with Amantia. In an independent fragment Hecataeus mentions the Dexari living around Korçë in the area later called Dassaretis. Among Illyrian tribes, apart from the Enchelidae we find the Taulantii, Bylliones, Parthini and Bryges; other Illyrian tribes lived north of the River Shkumbin, as indeed did some of the Taulantii, since they were the barbarians who threatened Epidamnus. There is also a rather mysterious tribe called Sesarethi; they too may give their name to Dassaretis, although in what may be another case of transhumance the Dassaretae in Roman times are found near Berat." p. 214: "Dassaretae, Illyrian tribe, 46, 144, Map 3"
  15. ↑ Eichner 2004, p. 103: Map 2
  16. ↑ Campbell 2009, p. 108: Figure 3.4
  17. ↑ Weber 1989, p. 84: "The best documentation of the Dassaretae and their homeland comes from the period of the Roman conquest, the years between the first Roman incursion into Illyricum in 228 B.C. and the settlement of 167 B.C. Sources dealing with this period derive chiefly from Polybius, who first refers to the Dassaretae in his account of the split between the Illyrian dynast Scerdilaidas and Philip V of Macedonia in 217 B.C."
  18. ↑ Kaljanac 2010, p. 56: "Najstariji podaci o Enhelejcima su sačuvani upravo u svjedočanstvu Hekateja, što se očuvalo u djelu Stefana Bizantinca, o Deksarima, haonskom narodu: "Deksari, haonski narod, susjedi Enhelejaca, kako piše Hekatej u opisu Evrope. Stanuje pod gorom Amirom". Da li su Deksari u stvari Dasareti i da li je gora Amir Tomor u Dasaretidi, o čemu je govorio R. Katičić i danas predstavlja značajno i nedovoljno odgovoreno pitanje. Najviše što se može pretpostaviti u vezi područja rasprostiranja sa određenim stepenom sigurnosti jest mogućnost da su nosioci ohridske kulture iz Trebeništa bili Enhelejci."
  19. ↑ Kunstmann & Thiergen 1987, pp. 111–112.
  20. ↑ Kunstmann & Thiergen 1987, pp. 110–112.
  21. ↑ Hammond 2000, p. 347: "The Dexari are an archaic form of the later Dassaretii."
  22. ↑ Keramopoullos, Anton (1953). About the Trebenista tombs and the people of the Lychnidos region. Makedonika. p. 490. Retrieved 26 May 2020. Ώστε ή περί τήν Λυχνιδύν χώρα ήτο μέν ποτέ Δασσαρητική κα! εκράτησε και έπειτα τό δνομα τούτο, δπερ ήχεΐ ώς βαρβαρική παραφθορά εκ του Λιοσορειτική (Διός δρος-δρεΐται),
  23. ↑ Hammond 1994, pp. 422–423; Hammond, Griffith & Walbank 1972, p. 94; Kaljanac 2010, p. 56.
  24. 1 2 Bogdani 2012, pp. 364–365: "Non è di questo pensiero N. Hammond 53, il quale ricostruisce un vasto dominio settentrionale dei Caoni, a partire dalla metà del VI secolo a.C., su un'area che va dal golfo di Vlora alle pianure di Korça e alla regione dei laghi a est. L'ipotesi si basa essenzialmente su una notizia di Ecateo, secondo la quale i Caoni e gli Enchelei erano confinanti (St. Byz ., s.v. Δεξάροι) e sul fatto che nella pianura di Korça durante laseconda metà del VI secolo a.C. compaiono alcuni tumuli contenenti «the burials of new rulers», che Hammond ritiene essere i Caoni. La prova archeologica è tutt'altro che sicura, dal momento che non ci sono elementi di collegamento tra questi nuovi signori e i Caoni, e lo stesso si può affermare della fonte storica, soprattutto se siconsidera che la nostra conoscenza di questa tribù detta caona, i Dexaroi appunto, è limitata a questa unica citazione 54"
  25. ↑ Hammond 1997, p. 55 "...Hekataios stated that the Dexaroi of the Chaonian group were next to the Encheleis and the implication is that the Encheleis were not Chaonians is borne by the later labelling of them as Illyrians. Thus the Dexaroi, living on Mt. Amyron (the beautiful Mt Tomorr) and extending up to the southern end of Lake Lychnitis were the northernmost tribe of the Chaonian group..."
  26. ↑ Hammond 1993, p. 234: Dassaretae, whose country "Dassaretis" included the Malik-Koritsa plain. It was then the rulers of the Dexari, who were buried at Kuci zi in Tumulus II, and the Dexari themselves were the most northerly of the Chaonian group of tribes,
  27. ↑ Hammond 1994, p. 432 "The Chaones... were a group of Greek-speaking tribes, and the Dexari or as they were called later the Dassaretae, were the most northerly member of the group..."
  28. ↑ Winnifrith 2002, p. 46 In Southern Albania the only Epirote tribes named by him apart from the Chaonians are the Athamanes, living in the middle course of the Vjoses river and associated with Amantia. In an independent fragment Hecataeus mentions the Dexari living around Korce
  29. ↑ Hatzinikolaou, 2007, p. 51
  30. ↑ Hammond, Griffith & Walbank 1972, p. 95
  31. ↑ Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Clarendon P. p. 480. It is probable that the Chaonian power was weakened by the incursion of Illyrians , who came as far as the Dexari and the area of Bylliace ( both Chaonian in Hecataeus F 103 and F 104 ) — an incursion which may have begun c . 900 B . c .
  32. 1 2 HAMMOND, N. G. L. (1991). "The "Koina" of Epirus and Macedonia". Illinois Classical Studies. 16 (1/2): 183–192. ISSN 0363-1923. JSTOR 23064357.
  33. ↑ Hammond 1993, p. 239: the victor was in a position to take over all the lands of which he had dispossessed Bardylis. Instead he left the Encheleae and the Atintani of Lychnis independent, and he not only liberated the Dassaretii but placed himself as a buffer between the Dassaretii and their former masters, the Dardanians.
  34. ↑ Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson; Walbank, Frank William (1972). A History of Macedonia. Clarendon Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-814815-9. Cleitus burnt Pelium (perhaps the Dassaretian inhabitants has shown themselves less than friendly to the Dardanian raiders)
  35. 1 2 3 Hammond, N. G. L. "The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 B.C." The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 61, 1966, pp. 239–253. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30103175. Accessed 15 May 2020. Page 248.
  36. ↑ Winthrop Lindsay-Adams, Cassander and the Greek City-States (319-317B.C.), Balkan Studies, p. 210-211
  37. ↑ Weber 1989, p. 84.
  38. ↑ Nicholson, Emma Louise (2015). "A Reassessment of Philip V. of Macedon in Polybios' Histories" (PDF). Newcastle University Theses: 155. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  39. ↑ Hammond, N. G. L. "The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 B.C." The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 61, 1966, pp. 239–253. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30103175. Accessed 15 May 2020. Page 247: "It is likely that Illyrian tribes occupied Dassaretis before the time of Philip II, because the Dexari disappeared and Alexander's campaign at Pelium was described as a campaign in Illyria"
  40. ↑ Hammond 1994, p. 423
  41. ↑ Hammond, 1989, p. 11-25: "...Illyrian Dassaretii on the Dalmatian coast and Dassaretae between Macedonia and Epirus".
  42. ↑ Hammond, 1966, p. 253
  43. ↑ Hammond, 1989, p. 11-25: "It follows from Strabo's statement that the other tribes south of the line and extending down to the Ambraciote Gulf were Epirotic. Of these the most northerly near the coast were the 'Abantes' or 'Amantes' or 'Amantoi', since all these forms occur, and the farthest inland the Dassaretae, known to Hecataeus as the 'Dexaroi, a tribe of the Chaonians, next to the Encheleae' (FGrH i F Io3; and for the Encheleae see Strabo 326).40 The distinction between Illyrians and Dassaretii is seen also in Livy 42. 36. 9 (following Polybius), 'ad occupanda Dassaretiorum et Illyriorum castella'."
  44. ↑ Hammond 1982, p. 265: "The Chaones, a very powerful group of tribes in northern Epirus, extended at that time into the southern part of the lakeland; for one of their tribes, the Dexaroi, was adjacent to the Encheleae (FGrH 1 F 103). The name 'Dexaroi' is obviously his form of 'Dassaretai', after whom the area was called Dassaretis."; Hammond 1992, p. 35: "They were neighbours of Greek-speaking tribes, grouped under the common name Chaones, of whom the most northerly, the Dassaretae, extended into the lakeland south of Lake Ochrid."; Hammond 1993, p. 234: "Dassaretae, whose country "Dassaretis" included the Malik-Koritsa plain. It was then the rulers of the Dexari, who were buried at Kuci zi in Tumulus II, and the Dexari themselves were the most northerly of the Chaonian group of tribes,"; Hammond 1994, p. 432: "The Chaones... were a group of Greek-speaking tribes, and the Dexari or as they were called later the Dassaretae, were the most northerly member of the group..."; Hammond 2000, p. 347
  45. ↑ Edson, Charles Farwell (1981). Ancient Macedonian Studies in Honor of Charles F. Edson. Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 211. The names of Perrhaebus and another daughter Dassaro were probably associated with tribes farther north, which had names similar to the Perrhaebi of northern Thessaly and the Dassaretae of the Malik-Koritsa basin
  46. ↑ Winnifrith 2020, pp. 56–57: "In spite of these difficulties Balkan and Western historians have produced maps recording a number of Illyrian tribes, and these show a good deal of uniformity. Balkan historians have tended to err in stretching Illyrian power too far, an inconvenience when we are faced with a tribe with a long name living in a small area, or vice versa. My own map is heavily dependent upon the work of others, but requires some explanation. South of the Shkumbin, and thus not in our area, we have Bylliones, appropriately near Byllis, and the Dassaretae near Korcë. These tribes bordered on people of Epirotic origin and dubious ethnicity, the Chaonians and Molossians, and the Dassaretae possibly the same as the Dexari."
  47. 1 2 3 4 Katičić 1995, p. 215
  48. ↑ Proeva 2006, p. 561:"The Engelanes / Encheleis, the oldest attested tribe in north-western ancient Macedonia, dwelled near the present-day Ohrid. In the nearly same territorial span – from the Ohrid region in the south, up to Polog in the north – but much later, beginning from the second century BC, our extant ancient sources mention the Dassaretae. The question of their ethnic stock has often absorbed fellow scholars, resulting in several differing theories on their ethnicity... Until the 1950s, the interpretation advocating the Illyrian origin of the Encheleis and the Dassaretai gained the widest acceptance; this interpretation stood well until scholars, faced with many allegedly impenetrable problems of a similar kind, began to pay doser attention to the epigraphic and archaeological evidence.
  49. ↑ Dragic, Danica Dejan (Ντάνιτσα Ντράγιτς) (2013). Η ιστορία της αρχαίας Μακεδονίας μέσα από την έρευνα των Γιουγκοσλάβων ερευνητών [The History of Ancient Macedonia through Research of the Yugoslav Historians] (Master's thesis). University of Thessaloniki. p. 37. Κατά την σύγχρονη επικρατούσα άποψη, οι Δασαρέτες και τα άλλα προαναφερθέντα φύλα ανήκαν στον κύκλο των βορειο-ηπειρωτικών φύλων, τα οποία σταδιακά κατέλαβαν τις βόρειες περιοχές, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της Δασσαρήτιδος.
  50. ↑ Hatzinikolaou, 2007, p. 126: "Τα θεοφόρα ονόματα που σχετίζονται με τον Απόλλωνα είναι ιδιαίτερα διαδεδομένα στην Άνω Μακεδονία και στη Μακεδονία γενικά... και Δασσαρήτιδα."

Bibliography

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