Denpasar
City and provincial capital
City of Denpasar
Kota Denpasar
Regional transcription(s)
 • Balineseᬤᬾᬦ᭄ᬧᬲᬃ
Bajra Sandhi Monument
Bali Museum
Sanur Beach
Badung Market
Pura Tirta Empul
Flag of Denpasar
Flag
Coat of arms of Denpasar
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
ᬧᬸᬭᬟᬶᬧᬪᬭᬪᬯᬦ (Balinese)
Puradhipa Bhara Bhavana
(The Capital Supports The Country)
Location within Bali, Indonesia
Location within Bali, Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
Denpasar is located in Bali
Denpasar
Denpasar
Location in Bali
Denpasar is located in Lesser Sunda Islands
Denpasar
Denpasar
Denpasar is located in Indonesia
Denpasar
Denpasar
Location in Indonesia
Denpasar is located in Southeast Asia
Denpasar
Denpasar
Location in Southeast Asia
Denpasar is located in Asia
Denpasar
Denpasar
Location in Asia
Coordinates: 8°39′S 115°13′E / 8.650°S 115.217°E / -8.650; 115.217
Country Indonesia
RegionLesser Sunda Islands
Province Bali
Settled27 February 1788
Government
 • MayorI.G. Ngurah Jaya Negara
 • Vice MayorI Kadek Agus Arya Wibawa
Area
 • City and provincial capital125.98 km2 (48.64 sq mi)
 • Metro
722.19 km2 (278.84 sq mi)
Population
 (mid 2022 estimate)
 • City and provincial capital726,808
 • Density5,800/km2 (15,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,785,800
 • Metro density2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi)
 [1]
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups
(2010)		Balinese (65.18%)
Javanese (25.78%)
Chinese (1.13%)
Sasak (1.05%)
Madura (0.78%)
Sundanese (0.70%)
Flores (0.53%)
Batak (0.43%)
others (4.42%)[2][3]
 • Religion (2020)Hinduism 63.3%
Islam 28.65%
Protestantism 5.04%
Catholicism 2.36%
Buddhism 2.37%
Confucianism 0.03%
Others 0.02% [4]
 • LanguagesIndonesian (official)
Balinese (regional)
English (international)
Javanese (minority)
Time zoneUTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
Area code(+62) 361
Vehicle registrationDK
HDI (2022)Increase 0.844 (Very High)
Websitedenpasarkota.go.id

Denpasar (Indonesian pronunciation: [denˈpasar]; Balinese: ᬤᬾᬦ᭄ᬧᬲᬃ) is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia. Denpasar is the main gateway to the Bali island, the city is also a hub for other cities in the Lesser Sunda Islands.

With the rapid growth of the tourism industry in Bali, Denpasar has encouraged and promoted business activities and ventures, contributing to it having the highest growth rate in Bali Province. The population of Denpasar was 725,314 at the 2020 Census,[5] down from 788,445 at the 2010 Census due to pandemic outflow; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 726,808.[1] The metropolitan area centred on Denpasar (called Sarbagita) had 1,785,800 residents in mid 2022.[1] Pandemic and travel related closures has further exacerbated the population loss.

Etymology

The name Denpasar – from the Balinese words "den", meaning north, and "pasar", meaning market – indicates the city's origins as a market-town, on the site of what is now Kumbasari Market (formerly "Peken Payuk"), in the northern part of the modern city.[6]

History

Colonial era

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Denpasar functioned as the capital of the Hindu Majapahit Kingdom of Badung,[7] thus the city's former name being Badung. The royal palace was looted and razed during the Dutch intervention in 1906. A statue in Taman Puputan (Denpasar's central square) commemorates the 1906 Puputan, in which as many as a thousand Balinese, including the King and his court, committed mass suicide in front of invading Dutch troops, rather than surrender to them.[8]

Independence era

In 1958, Denpasar became the seat of government for the Province of Bali. It remained the administrative centre of both Badung Regency and the City of Denpasar.[9]

Both Denpasar and Badung Regency have experienced rapid physical, economic, social, and cultural growth.[9] Denpasar has become not only the seat of government, but also the centre of commerce, education, industry, and tourism.[9]

With an average population growth of 4.05% per annum, accompanied by rapid development, came a variety of urban problems. It was later resolved that meeting the needs and demands of the burgeoning urban community would be best addressed by giving Denpasar administrative independence from Badung Regency.[9]

An agreement was reached to raise the status of Denpasar to that of an autonomous city and on 15 January 1992, Act No. 1 of 1992 officially established the City of Denpasar. It was inaugurated by the Minister of Home Affairs on 27 February 1992.[9]

On 16 November 2009, in a further administrative realignment, Regulation Number 67 shifted the capital of Badung Regency from Denpasar to Mangupura.

Geography

Denpasar is located at an elevation of 4 m (13 ft) above sea level. While the total area of 125.98 km2 or 2.18% of the total area of Bali Province. From the use of land, 2,768 hectares of land are paddy, 10,001 hectares are dry land, while the remaining land area is 9 hectares.

Badung River divides Denpasar, after which the river empties into the Gulf of Benoa.[10]

Climate

Denpasar, located just south of the equator, has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am), with hot and humid weather year-round. Due to this, there is little temperature change throughout the year, with temperatures averaging about 28 degrees Celsius. The year is divided into two seasons: wet and dry. The wet season lasts roughly from November to May, while the dry season lasts from June to October.

Climate data for Denpasar, Bali
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.8
(87.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 31.2
(88.2)		 31.7
(89.1)		 31.5
(88.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.2
(86.4)		 30.9
(87.6)		 31.4
(88.5)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.3
(88.3)		 31.0
(87.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4)		 27.0
(80.6)		 27.0
(80.6)		 27.1
(80.8)		 26.8
(80.2)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.6
(78.1)		 25.8
(78.4)		 26.3
(79.3)		 26.9
(80.4)		 27.2
(81.0)		 27.2
(81.0)		 26.7
(80.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6)		 23.1
(73.6)		 22.9
(73.2)		 22.5
(72.5)		 22.2
(72.0)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.8
(71.2)		 22.5
(72.5)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 22.4
(72.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 323
(12.7)		 251
(9.9)		 199
(7.8)		 89
(3.5)		 86
(3.4)		 75
(3.0)		 67
(2.6)		 47
(1.9)		 46
(1.8)		 117
(4.6)		 162
(6.4)		 279
(11.0)		 1,741
(68.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 173.1 174.0 210.7 224.7 242.9 228.1 246.8 261.7 251.3 252.5 224.4 176.4 2,666.6
Average ultraviolet index 13 13 13 13 11 9 9 12 13 13 13 13 12
Source 1: [11]
Source 2: WeatherOnline (2000–2019 sunshine data)[12]

Demography

The city's population was counted as 788,445 in 2010, up from 533,252 in the previous decade. The official estimate as of mid-2022 was 726,808.[1]

Denpasar's population grew about 4% per year in the period from 2000 to 2010, Denpasar grew much faster from 2005 to 2010 than in the previous five years. The lingering effects of the 2002 Bali bombings had a major depressive effect on tourism, jobs, and immigration from other islands. If current trends had continued, Denpasar had been expected to easily surpass a million residents by the next census in 2020. The 2015 intercensal survey (SUPAS) claimed a population of 879,098 people for the city,[13] but the 2020 Census demonstrated that the population had fallen to 725,314.[14] There were some 7,098 more men than women in Denpasar in mid-2022.

Approximately 63.3% of the population are Hindus (BPS 2020), while Islam is the largest minority religion (28.65%), followed by Christianity (6.45%), Buddhism (1.47%), and Confucianism (0.03%).[4]

Administration

Religion in Denpasar[15]

  Balinese Hinduism (63.3%)
  Islam (28.65%)
  Protestantism (4.4%)
  Roman Catholic (2.05%)
  Buddhism (1.47%)
  Confucianism and others (0.13%)

Administratively, the city government consists of four districts (kecamatan), subdivided into 43 villages. Denpasar has developed numerous measures to improve public services.[16]

Districts

Denpasar City comprises 4 districts (kecamatan), subdivided into 16 urban villages (kelurahan) and 27 rural villages (desa). In mid 2022, the population was officially estimated at 726,808 (comprising 366,953 males ans 359,855 females) with its area being 125.98 km² and its density 5,769 people/km2.[1]

List of districts and villages in Denpasar City as follows:

Code Districts Urban
villages		 Rural
villages		 Total
villages		 Status List
51.71.03 West Denpasar3811 Desa
  • Dauh Puri Kangin
  • Dauh Puri Kauh
  • Dauh Puri Klod
  • Padang Sambian Kaja
  • Padang Sambian Klod
  • Pemecutan Klod
  • Tegal Harum
  • Tegal Kerta
Kelurahan
  • Dauh Puri
  • Padang Sambian
  • Pemecutan
51.71.01 South Denpasar6410 Desa
  • Pemogan
  • Sanur Kaja
  • Sanur Kauh
  • Sidakarya
Kelurahan
  • Panjer
  • Pedungan
  • Renon
  • Sanur
  • Serangan
  • Sesetan
51.71.02 East Denpasar4711 Desa
  • Dangin Puri Klod
  • Kesiman Kertalangu
  • Kesiman Petilan
  • Penatih Dangin Puri
  • Sumerta Kaja
  • Sumerta Kauh
  • Sumerta Klod/Kelod
Kelurahan
  • Dangin Puri
  • Kesiman
  • Penatih
  • Sumerta
51.71.04 North Denpasar3811 Desa
  • Dangin Puri Kaja
  • Dangin Puri Kangin
  • Dangin Puri Kauh
  • Dauh Puri Kaja
  • Peguyangan Kaja
  • Peguyangan Kangin
  • Pemecutan Kaja
  • Ubung Kaja
Kelurahan
  • Peguyangan
  • Tonja
  • Ubung
TOTAL162743

Denpasar is divided into four districts (kecamatan), listed below with their officially estimated 2022 populations:[1]

  • Denpasar Selatan (South Denpasar) 217,548
  • Denpasar Timur (East Denpasar) 128,540
  • Denpasar Barat (West Denpasar) 207,384
  • Denpasar Utara (North Denpasar) 173,336

Greater Denpasar

Greater Denpasar spills out into the tourist regions, including Kuta and Ubud. The continuous built-up area includes nearly all of Badung Regency (except Petang District), most of Gianyar Regency (except for Payangan, Tegallalang, and Tampaksiring Districts), and part of Tabanan Regency (Kediri and Tabanan Districts only). It is known as Sarbagita, a clipped compound of Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, and Tabanan, made official by Presidential Regulation Number 45 of 2011,[17] despite Tabanan just beginning to succumb to urban sprawl. See also List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia.

Administrative division Area
in
km2)		 Pop'n
2010
Census		 Pop'n
2020
Census		 Pop'n
mid 2022
Estimate		 Pop'n
density
per km2)
Denpasar Municipality 125.98 788,445 725,314 726,808 5,769.2
Badung Regency (part (a)) 303.52 517,089 517,178 516,400 1,701.4
Gianyar Regency (part (b)) 187.69 332,470 367,080 373,700 1,991.0
Tabanan Regency (part (c)) 105.00 154,741 166,726 168,900 1,608.6
Denpasar
Metropolitan Area
(Sarbagita)		 722.19 1,792,745 1,776,298 1,785,800 2,472.6

Notes: (a) Kuta Selatan, Kuta, Kuta Utara, Mengwi and Abiansemal Districts. (b) Sukawati, Blahbatuh, Ubud and Gianyar Districts. (c) Kediri and Tabanan Districts.

Economy

Badung Market in Denpasar.

The development of tourism and structural changes in the economy have had a strong impact on Denpasar. Trade, hotels, and restaurants dominate the city's gross regional domestic product.[18]

Also boosting the economy of Denpasar is the production of craft items such as souvenir carvings and sculptures. The craft industry, however, is experiencing pressure due to the impact of the global financial crises and competition from other Asian developing countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, India, Malaysia, and China. These competitor countries maximize the scale of production by utilizing industrial technology, while at Denpasar the craft industry remains focused on traditional skills and hand-made goods, limiting the quantity of production.

Architecture

Bali was once known for its mud walls and thatched gates but gated residential developments and shop houses now characterize urban Bali. [19]

During the late 19th century, the built environment was being constructed based on the political situation of the city. This resulted in the residence of the ruling family becoming the centre of the city.[20]

Market squares played an important role in the Badung kingdom, and it continued to do so when the colonial powers came to exert control over Bali. Over the 20th century, Denpasar faced the challenges of changing urban landscapes brought about by political changes. The developments that were brought about by the colonial powers were regarded as eroding the indigenous culture of Bali. Although Denpasar became known as a 'settler city', there was still a strong attachment to the indigenous culture.[21]

Denpasar has undergone massive unplanned development during the 21st century, due to the expansion of tourism leading to the construction of increasingly more modern facilities in the heart of the city. Nonetheless, the market square still plays an important role, with its façade representing traditional elements of the Balinese culture.

Tourism

Sanur Beach

Denpasar has various attractions. The white sandy beaches are well-known all over the island. The surfing beach is Serangan Island. Sanur Beach has calmer waters and is excellent for sunbathing and kitesurfing.

Ten minutes from the Ngurah Rai International Airport lies the town of Kuta (within Badung Regency not administratively under the city jurisdiction), where most of the hotels, restaurants, malls, cafes, marketplaces, and spas that cater to tourists are located. In the Denpasar area, all kinds of Balinese handicrafts are represented in local shops. These include artwork, pottery, textiles, and silver. Batik cloth is sold all over Denpasar, and batik sarongs and men's shirts are widely available.

Education

Denpasar has several notable universities and institutions. Some of them are

Transportation

Air

Ngurah Rai International Airport

The city is served by Ngurah Rai International Airport, one of the busiest in Indonesia.[23]

Sea

Benoa Harbour is the entrance to the Denpasar by sea and is currently managed by PT Pelindo III.[24] The port is located about 10 km from the city center, and has been operating since 1924.

Land

Public transport in Denpasar, especially for urban transportation, is becoming ineffective and inefficient,[25] with only 30% of vehicles still in operation as of 2010. Public transport is not popular and is used by only about 3% of the total population.[26] Meanwhile, the growth of private vehicle ownership is at 11% per year and is not comparable with the construction of new roads. Congestion in the city of Denpasar is unavoidable due to this reason.

Since August 2011, the city has operated a bus rapid transit system called Trans Sarbagita. Two main routes and some feeder lines are operated daily from 5 a.m. until 9 p.m. There is no dedicated lane for the buses: they run on main streets. In 2012 an average of 2,800 passengers per day used the service.[27]

The central government's Ministry of Transport initiated another system called Trans Metro Dewata on 7 September 2020. The system now serves 5 corridors, all also without separate lane, focusing more on the city.[28] [29]

  • Corridor 1 (K1B): Sentral Parkir Kuta Badung – Terminal Pesiapan Tabanan
  • Corridor 2 (K2B): GOR Ngurah Rai – Bandara Ngurah Rai
  • Corridor 3 (K3B): Terminal Ubung – Pantai Matahari Terbit
  • Corridor 4 (K4B): Terminal Ubung – Sentral Parkir Monkey Forest
  • Corridor 5 (K5B): Sentral Parkir Kuta Badung–Terminal Ubung

Two major improvements to the road system were completed in 2013. In August, the underpass at the Dewa Ruci intersection was opened. It is slightly beyond the bounds of Denpasar but was co-financed by the town because of the expected positive effects on traffic in Denpasar.[30]
Then the four-lane Bali Mandara Toll Road was opened on 1 October, connecting Benoa Harbor, Ngurah Rai Airport, and Nusa Dua.

Sport

Denpasar has hosted numerous international and national sporting events. Denpasar was the venue for the 2008 Asian Beach Games in Bali. Denpasar also held the 2009 Asian Archery Championships.

In football, Denpasar is home to the football club Perseden Denpasar,[31] which plays in the Liga 3.

Culture and sights

While arts and culture in Denpasar are largely synonymous with Hindu art and culture, there has also been a high level of interaction with other cultures that accompanied the arrival of visitors from all walks of life. Traditional values inspired by Hindu religious rituals still strongly influence the city.[32]

Traditional Balinese culture is still deeply rooted in Denpasar. It may include values, norms, and behavior in society based on patrilineal kinship systems. However, over time many of the customary laws have been disputed by people, especially regarding matters of gender and inheritance.[33]

Denpasar has various sights to offer:

  • Pura Jagatnatha is the most important Hindu temple of Denpasar. It was built in 1953.[34]
  • Puri Pemecutan is the former royal palace of Denpasar, which was destroyed in a fire during the Dutch intervention in Bali (1906).[35] The palace was rebuilt in a comparatively modest style and can be visited.
  • Pura Maospahit is a Hindu temple that was built in the 14th century and was heavily damaged by the 1917 Bali earthquake and rebuilt afterward.[36] The temple houses two impressive statues of Garuda and Batara Bayu, a mystic giant.
  • Pura Pengerebongan is one of the Hindu temples in Denpasar whose existence is very strongly related to the history of the palace in Kesiman. The temple is located on Jalan WR. Supratman, Denpasar, has a unique history and traditional tradition, namely Ngerebong trance bulk which is held every Redite Pon Medangsia.
  • St. Joseph Church is a Roman Catholic church built in a Hindu style.
  • Denpasar City Tour There's no better way to take a deep dive into the rich cultural heritage of Bali, both historical and contemporary, than via this exploration of the island's most populous city.
  • Bajra Sandhi Monument is a major landmark in Denpasar, set right in the centre of the Renon Square (otherwise locally referred to simply as, 'Puputan Renon'). The site is adjacent to the Bali Governor's office and is hard to miss with its grand structure that resembles a Balinese Hindu priest's praying bell, or 'bajra'. Inside the base is a museum that displays various historical dioramas of the people's past struggle for independence.

Museums

The Bali Museum features Balinese art and history. The museum is built in the traditional Balinese style. There are four main buildings inside the museum, each with their unique specialization of exhibits.[37]

Sister cities

Denpasar is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kota Denpasar Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5171)
  2. ↑ Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M. Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; dan Agus Pramono (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies dan BPS – Statistics Indonesia.
  3. ↑ "Peta Sebaran Penduduk Menurut Suku Bangsa Provinsi Bali 2000 dan 2010" (in Indonesian) Retrieved 14 July 2018
  4. 1 2 "Kota Denpasar Dalam Angka 2020". www.denpasarkota.bps.go.id. Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  5. ↑ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Gambaran Umum Kota Denpasar dan Pemertahanan Bahasa Bali" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  7. ↑ Achmadi, Amanda (2010). "Reading urban Bali: Untold history, unwanted urbanism". RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs. 44 (2): 156. ISSN 0815-7251.
  8. ↑ "Bali History from 1846 to 1949 – Bali Historical Guide, The Dutch Occupation in Bali". Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Sejarah Kota Denpasar". Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  10. ↑ I.B. Kade Sugirawan, Kondisi Ekologi Perairan Muara Sungai Badung di Teluk Benoa Ditinjau dari Parameter Fisika, Kimia, dan Biologi, Skripsi, Institut Pertanian Bogor, 1992.
  11. ↑ "Denpasar Climate". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020.
  12. ↑ "Total Hours of Sunshine - Denpasar - Climate Robot Indonesia". www.weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "Penduduk Bali 2015"
  14. ↑ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut di Kota Denpasar". sp2010.bps.go.id. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  16. ↑ Djojosoekarto, A., Siahaan, H.M.P., Setiyawati, N.H., (2008), Pelayanan publik dalam persepsi masyarakat: hasil survei persepsi masyarakat dengan metode citizen report card di daerah, Kemitraan Partnership, ISBN 979-26-9631-8
  17. ↑ "Kerja Sama Kunci Terwujudnya Perpres Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan". BKPRN. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  18. ↑ "Motivasi Kerja Perempuan Bali pada Hotel Berbintang di Kota Denpasar" (PDF). LIPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  19. ↑ Achmadi, Amanda (2010). "Reading urban Bali: Untold history, unwanted urbanism". RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs. 44 (2): 149–178. ISSN 0815-7251.
  20. ↑ Achmadi, Amanda (2010). "Reading urban Bali: Untold history, unwanted urbanism". RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs. 44 (2): 157–158. ISSN 0815-7251.
  21. ↑ Achmadi, Amanda (2010). "Reading urban Bali: Untold history, unwanted urbanism". RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs. 44 (2): 155. ISSN 0815-7251.
  22. ↑ "Universitas Terbuka Denpasar".
  23. ↑ Anjaiah, Veeramalla. "Indian firm to manage Bali airport operations". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  24. ↑ "Benoa – Bali". PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III (PERSERO). Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  25. ↑ Ni Nyoman Murniasih, Evaluasi Kinerja Pelayanan Aangkutan Kota Denpasar Ditinjau Dari Pihak Operator, Skripsi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2005
  26. ↑ "Angkot di Denpasar Mati Suri". Bali Post. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  27. ↑ "Trans Sarbagita buses claimed to ease traffic". TheJakartaPost. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  28. ↑ "Trans Metro Dewata Diluncurkan Di Bali". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  29. ↑ "Rute Trans Metro Dewata". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  30. ↑ "Dewa Ruci underpass officially opened". TheJakartaPost.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  31. ↑ "Perseden Denpasar Tembus Babak Semifinal". KONI. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  32. ↑ Profil daerah kabupaten dan kota, Volume 2, Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2001, ISBN 979-709-054-X.
  33. ↑ Mery Wanyi Rihi, Kedudukan Anak Angkat Menurut Hukum Waris Adat Bali (Studi Kasus Di Kelurahan Sesetan, Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan, Kota Denpasar dan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar), Tesis, Universitas Diponegoro, 2006
  34. ↑ Birgit Borowski. Bali and Lombok, p. 133. Ostfildern 2013
  35. ↑ Birgit Borowski. Bali and Lombok, p. 137. Ostfildern 2013
  36. ↑ Birgit Borowski. Bali and Lombok, p. 134. Ostfildern 2013
  37. ↑ Bali and Lombok, pp. 62–62.
  38. ↑ "International co-operation of Gdynia". Gdynia.pl. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016.
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