Demographics of Russia
Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2023
PopulationIncrease 147,182,123 (2021 census)[1]
Increase 144,699,673 (excluding Crimea) Decrease 146,115,376 (December, 2023)
Growth rateDecrease 0.39 (2020)[2]
Birth rateDecrease 9.0 births/1,000 population (2022)[3]
Death rateNeutral decrease 13.1 deaths/1,000 population (2022)
Life expectancyDecrease 70.06 years (2021)[2]
 • maleDecrease 65.51 years (2021)[2]
 • femaleDecrease 74.51 years (2021)[2]
Fertility rateDecrease 1.42 (2022)[4]
Infant mortality rateNeutral decrease 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[2]
Net migration rate0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)[2]
Age structure
Under 18 years~23.21%[5]
18–44 years~34.73%[5]
45–64 years26.55%[5]
65 and over15.6%[5]
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnicRussians
Language
SpokenRussian, others
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 9,000,000—    
1000 9,000,000+0.00%
1200 14,500,000+0.24%
1500 14,700,000+0.00%
1600 18,000,000+0.20%
1700 18,000,000+0.00%
1800 25,000,000+0.33%
1900 73,000,000+1.08%
1926 93,000,000+0.94%
1930 100,000,000+1.83%
1960 119,000,000+0.58%
1970 130,079,000+0.89%
1979 137,552,000+0.62%
1989 147,386,000+0.69%
2000 146,597,000−0.05%
2010 142,849,000−0.26%
2021 144,700,000+0.12%
Source:[6][7][8][9]

According to current reports from Rosstat, the population of Russia as of January 1, 2023 was approximately 146,400,000 people.[10] On December 10, 2023 was approximately 146,115,376 people.[11] Russia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 147.2 million according to the 2021 census,[1] or 144.7 million when excluding Crimea and Sevastopol,[lower-alpha 1] up from 142.8 million in the 2010 census.[12] It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 inhabitants/sq mi).[13] As of 2020, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 71.54 years (66.49 years for males and 76.43 years for females).[2]

From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which has been called a demographic crisis by analysts.[14] Subsequently, the nation has an ageing population, with the median age of the country being 40.3 years.[15] In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.[16] However, since 2020, due to excess deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history.[17] In 2022, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.42 children born per woman,[4] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and about equal to the European average.[16]

Russia is a multinational state,[18] home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, 19% of the population were ethnic minorities.[fn 1][19] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other post-Soviet states.[20]

Population

Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics[21] and the World Population Review in 2019.[22]

  • One birth every 22 seconds[21]
  • One death every 13 seconds[21]
  • Net loss of one person every 30 seconds[21]

Demographic crisis

Thousands of abandoned villages are scattered across Russia[23] due to failed Soviet policies.
Total population of Russia 1950–2010

After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008.[24] Russia has become increasingly reliant on immigration to maintain its population; 2021 had the highest net immigration since 1994,[25] despite which there was a small overall decline from 146.1 million to 145.4 million in 2021, the largest decline in over a decade.[26]

The natural population had declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021 (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over a period).[27] The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.[28]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[29] as the country has reportedly suffered high military fatalities while facing renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.[30] Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.[31]

In March 2023, The Economist reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine], disease and exodus."[32]

The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia’s population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.[33][32]

Fertility

Population age pyramid of Russia from 1946 to 2023

Between 1993 and 2008, there was a great decrease in the country's population from 148 to 143 million.[34] There was a huge 50% decrease in the number of births per year from 2.5 million in 1987 to 1.2 million since 1997, but the current 1.42 fertility rate is still higher than that of the 1990s.[34]

At the beginning of 2022, 320,400 babies were born between January and March, 16,600 fewer than January–March 2021. There were twice as many deaths as there were births, deaths were 584,700 people.[34] The birth rate was 8.9 new babies per 100,000 inhabitants, the lowest crude birth rate since the year 2000.[34]

Russia has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world with 1.42 children per woman in 2022, below 2.1 children per woman, which must be the number reached in order to maintain its population.[34] As a result of their low fertility for decades, the Russian population is one of the oldest in the world with an average of 40.3 years.[34]

Historical fertility rates

The total fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[35]

TFR of Russia from 1843 to 2016

In many of the following years, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world.[35] These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to high mortality rate, the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and to a lesser extent the political killings.

TFR Years
1840184118421843184418451846184718481849[35]
7777.017.027.037.057.067.087.08
1850185118521853185418551856185718581859[35]
7.077.077.077.067.057.037.0176.986.97
1860186118621863186418651866186718681869[35]
6.956.936.956.966.986.997.017.026.516.87
1870187118721873187418751876187718781879[35]
6.747.036.857.247.177.157.026.876.586.98
1880188118821883188418851886188718881889[35]
6.86.667.036.896.836.746.476.616.966.8
1890189118921893189418951896189718981899[35]
6.717.446.577.177.187.347.437.527.287.36
1900190119021903190419051906190719081909[35]
7.367.27.367.27.246.727.047.087.447.12
1910191119121913191419151916191719181919[35]
7.27.27.26.966.883.365.25.045.723.44
1920192119221923192419251926[35]
6.724.7266.486.726.86.72
Years19411942194319441945[35]
4.602.961.681.721.92
Birth and death rates and natural growth, 1950–2014

Historical crude birth rates

Births and deaths in Russia: a) moving 12-month sum, b) daily average, Jan 1956 – Feb 2022
Years 1801–1810 1811–1820 1821–1830 1831–1840 1841–1850 1851–1860[36]
Crude birth rates of Russia 43.7 40.0 42.7 45.6 49.7 52.4
Years 1861–1870 1871–1880 1881–1890 1891–1900 1901–1910 1911–1914 18th century
(only Orthodox)		 1801–1860
(only Orthodox)[36]
Crude birth rates of Russia 50.3 50.4 50.4 49.2 46.8 43.9 51.0 50.0

Age structure

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012): [37]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 66 264 910 76 936 820 143 201 730 100
0–4 4 377 526 4 155 682 8 533 208 5.97
5–9 3 762 806 3 588 032 7 350 838 5.13
10–14 3 396 364 3 231 761 6 628 125 4.63
15–19 3 776 026 3 615 840 7 391 866 5.16
20–24 5 708 187 5 515 543 11 223 730 7.84
25–29 6 262 379 6 179 628 12 442 007 8.69
30–34 5 583 513 5 647 636 11 231 149 7.84
35–39 5 087 565 5 331 818 10 419 383 7.28
40–44 4 589 504 4 861 983 9 451 487 6.60
45–49 4 632 279 5 151 813 9 784 092 6.83
50–54 5 279 364 6 219 077 11 498 441 8.03
55–59 4 480 855 5 817 559 10 298 414 7.19
60–64 3 523 990 5 010 867 8 534 857 5.96
65-69 1 602 839 2 571 671 4 174 510 2.92
70-74 1 989 724 3 975 348 5 965 072 4.17
75-79 1 179 476 2 709 384 3 888 860 2.72
80-84 722 151 2 073 803 2 795 954 1.95
85-89 253 028 1 008 627 1 261 655 0.88
90-94 46 736 219 427 266 163 0.19
95-99 8 634 43 988 52 622 0.04
100+ 1 964 7 333 9 297 0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 11 536 696 10 975 475 22 512 171 15.72
15–64 48 923 662 53 351 764 102 275 426 71.42
65+ 5 804 552 12 609 581 18 414 133 12.86

Median age

Life expectancy in Russia since 1896
total: 40.7 years. Country comparison to the world: 51st
male: 37.6 years
female: 43.5 years (2021 est.)

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Russia since 1959 by gender
total population: 70.06 years for a child born in 2021, decreasing from 73.34 in 2019[2]
male: 65.51 years (2021)
female: 74.51 years (2021)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[2]
male: 5.0 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)
female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)

Vital statistics

Before WW2

Average population[38] Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates Life Expectancy (male) Life Expectancy (female)
1927 94,596,000 4,688,000 2,705,000 1,983,000 49.6 28.6 21.0 6.73 33.7 37.9
1928 96,654,000 4,723,000 2,589,000 2,134,000 48.9 26.8 22.1 6.56 35.9 40.4
1929 98,644,000 4,633,000 2,819,000 1,814,000 47.0 28.6 18.4 6.23 33.7 38.2
1930 100,419,000 4,413,000 2,738,000 1,675,000 43.9 27.3 16.7 5.83 34.6 38.7
1931 101,948,000 4,412,000 3,090,000 1,322,000 43.3 30.3 13.0 5.63 30.7 35.5
1932 103,136,000 4,058,000 3,077,000 981,000 39.3 29.8 9.5 5.09 30.5 35.7
1933 102,706,000 3,313,000 5,239,000 -1,926,000 32.3 51.0 -18.8 4.15 15.2 19.5
1934 102,922,000 2,923,000 2,659,000 264,000 28.7 26.1 2.6 3.57 30.5 35.7
1935 102,684,000 3,577,000 2,421,000 1,156,000 34.8 23.6 11.3 4.31 33.1 38.4
1936 103,904,000 3,899,000 2,719,000 1,180,000 37.5 26.2 11.4 4.54 30.4 35.7
1937 105,358,000 4,377,000 2,760,000 1,617,000 41.5 26.2 15.3 5.08 30.5 40.0
1938 107,044,000 4,379,000 2,739,000 1,640,000 40.9 25.6 15.3 4.99 31.7 42.5
1939 108,785,000 4,329,000 2,600,000 1,729,000 39.8 23.9 15.9 4.91 34.9 42.6
1940 110,333,000 3,814,000 2,561,000 1,253,000 34.6 23.2 11.4 4.26 35.7 41.9

After WW2

Vital Statistics of Russia 1946–2022[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
Total average population (January 1 1993 onwards) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Crude migration change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates[fn 2] Urban fertility Rural fertility Life Expectancy (male) Life Expectancy (female) Life Expectancy (total) Abortions (including miscarriages) reported
1946 98,028,000 2,546,000 1,210,000 1,336,000 26.0 12.3 13.6 -5.4 2.81 46.6 55.3
1947 98,834,000 2,715,000 1,680,000 1,035,000 27.5 17.0 10.5 -1.7 2.94 39.9 49.8
1948 99,706,000 2,516,000 1,310,000 1,206,000 25.2 13.1 12.1 2.5 2.60 47.0 56.0
1949 101,160,000 3,089,000 1,187,000 1,902,000 30.5 11.7 18.8 -2.3 3.21 51.0 59.8
1950 102,833,000 2,859,000 1,180,000 1,679,000 27.8 11.5 16.3 -0.7 2.89 52.3 61.0
1951 104,439,000 2,938,000 1,210,000 1,728,000 28.1 11.6 16.5 0 2.92 52.3 60.6
1952 106,164,000 2,928,000 1,138,000 1,790,000 27.6 10.7 16.9 -1.2 2.87 54.6 62.9
1953 107,828,000 2,822,000 1,118,000 1,704,000 26.2 10.4 15.8 1.0 2.73 55.5 63.9
1954 109,643,000 3,048,000 1,133,000 1,915,000 27.8 10.3 17.5 0.1 2.97 55.9 64.1
1955 111,572,000 2,942,000 1,037,000 1,905,000 26.4 9.3 17.1 -1.4 2.82 58.3 66.6
1956 113,327,000 2,827,000 956,000 1,871,000 24.9 8.4 16.5 -1.4 2.73 60.1 68.8
1957 115,035,000 2,880,000 1,017,000 1,863,000 25.0 8.8 16.2 -1.3 2.75 59.7 68.4 3,407,398
1958 116,749,000 2,861,000 931,000 1,930,000 24.5 8.0 16.5 -3.2 2.69 61.8 70.4 3,939,362
1959 118,307,000 2,796,228 920,225 1,876,003 23.6 7.8 15.9 -2.4 2.58 2.03 3.34 62.84 71.14 67.65 4,174,111
1960 119,906,000 2,782,353 886,090 1,896,263 23.2 7.4 15.8 -1.8 2.56 2.06 3.26 63.67 72.31 68.67 4,373,042
1961 121,586,000 2,662,135 901,637 1,760,498 21.9 7.4 14.5 -1.8 2.47 2.04 3.08 63.91 72.63 68.92 4,759,040
1962 123,128,000 2,482,539 949,648 1,532,891 20.2 7.7 12.4 -1.1 2.36 1.98 2.92 63.67 72.27 68.58 4,925,124
1963 124,514,000 2,331,505 932,055 1,399,450 18.7 7.5 11.2 -1.3 2.31 1.93 2.87 64.12 72.78 69.05 5,134,100
1964 125,744,000 2,121,994 901,751 1,220,243 16.9 7.2 9.7 -1.7 2.19 1.88 2.66 64.89 73.58 69.85 5,376,200
1965 126,749,000 1,990,520 958,789 1,031,731 15.7 7.6 8.1 -1.3 2.14 1.82 2.58 64.37 73.33 69.44 5,463,300
1966 127,608,000 1,957,763 974,299 983,464 15.3 7.6 7.7 -1.8 2.13 1.85 2.58 64.29 73.55 69.51 5,322,500
1967 128,361,000 1,851,041 1,017,034 834,007 14.4 7.9 6.5 -1.2 2.03 1.79 2.46 64.02 73.43 69.30 5,005,000
1968 129,037,000 1,816,509 1,040,096 776,413 14.1 8.1 6.0 -1.2 1.98 1.75 2.44 63.73 73.56 69.26 4,872,900
1969 129,660,000 1,847,592 1,106,640 740,952 14.2 8.5 5.7 -1.1 1.99 1.78 2.44 63.07 73.29 68.74 4,751,100
1970 130,252,000 1,903,713 1,131,183 772,530 14.6 8.7 5.9 -0.7 2.00 1.77 2.52 63.07 73.44 68.86 4,837,700
1971 130,934,000 1,974,637 1,143,359 831,278 15.1 8.7 6.3 -0.5 2.02 1.80 2.60 63.24 73.77 69.12 4,838,749
1972 131,687,000 2,014,638 1,181,802 832,836 15.3 9.0 6.3 -0.6 2.03 1.81 2.59 63.24 73.62 69.02 4,765,900
1973 132,434,000 1,994,621 1,214,204 780,417 15.1 9.2 5.9 0 1.96 1.75 2.55 63.28 73.56 69.00 4,747,037
1974 133,217,000 2,079,812 1,222,495 857,317 15.6 9.2 6.4 0.2 2.00 1.78 2.63 63.12 73.77 68.99 4,674,050
1975 134,092,000 2,106,147 1,309,710 796,437 15.7 9.8 5.9 1.1 1.97 1.76 2.64 62.48 73.23 68.35 4,670,700
1976 135,026,000 2,146,711 1,352,950 793,761 15.9 10.0 5.9 1.2 1.96 1.74 2.62 62.19 73.04 68.10 4,757,055
1977 135,979,000 2,156,724 1,387,986 768,738 15.9 10.2 5.7 1.2 1.92 1.72 2.58 61.82 73.19 67.97 4,686,063
1978 136,922,000 2,179,030 1,417,377 761,653 15.9 10.4 5.6 0.5 1.90 1.70 2.55 61.83 73.23 68.01 4,656,057
1979 137,758,000 2,178,542 1,490,057 688,485 15.8 10.8 5.0 0.3 1.87 1.67 2.54 61.49 73.02 67.73 4,544,040
1980 138,483,000 2,202,779 1,525,755 677,024 15.9 11.0 4.9 0.4 1.87 1.68 2.51 61.38 72.96 67.70 4,506,249
1981 139,221,000 2,236,608 1,524,286 712,322 16.1 10.9 5.1 1.0 1.88 1.69 2.55 61.61 73.18 67.92 4,400,676
1982 140,067,420 2,328,044 1,504,200 823,844 16.6 10.7 5.9 1.2 1.96 1.76 2.63 62.24 73.64 68.38 4,462,825
1983 141,056,000 2,478,322 1,563,995 914,327 17.6 11.1 6.5 0.6 2.11 1.89 2.76 62.15 73.41 68.15 4,317,729
1984 142,061,000 2,409,614 1,650,866 758,748 17.0 11.6 5.3 1.5 2.06 1.86 2.69 61.71 72.96 67.67 4,361,959
1985 143,033,000 2,375,147 1,625,266 749,881 16.6 11.4 5.2 2.7 2.05 1.87 2.68 62.72 73.23 68.33 4,552,443
1986 144,156,000 2,485,915 1,497,975 987,940 17.2 10.4 6.9 1.0 2.18 1.98 2.83 64.77 74.22 69.95 4,579,400
1987 145,386,000 2,499,974 1,531,585 968,389 17.2 10.5 6.7 1.0 2.22 1.974 3.187 64.83 74.26 69.96 4,385,627
1988 146,505,000 2,348,494 1,569,112 779,382 16.0 10.7 5.3 0.4 2.13 1.90 3.06 64.61 74.25 69.81 4,608,953
1989 147,342,000 2,160,559 1,583,743 576,816 14.7 10.7 3.9 0.4 2.01 1.83 2.63 64.20 74.50 69.73 4,427,713
1990 147,969,000 1,988,858 1,655,993 332,865 13.4 11.2 2.2 0.7 1.892 1.698 2.600 63.76 74.32 69.36 4,103,425
1991 148,394,000 1,794,626 1,690,657 103,969 12.1 11.4 0.7 0.3 1.732 1.531 2.447 63.41 74.23 69.11 3,608,421
1992 148,538,000 1,587,644 1,807,441 -219,797 10.7 12.2 -1.5 1.7 1.547 1.351 2.219 61.96 73.71 67.98 3,436,695
1993 148,561,694 [49] 1,378,983 2,129,339 -750,356 9.3 14.3 -5.1 3.7 1.369 1.200 1.946 58.80 71.85 65.24 3,243,957
1994 148,355,867 1,408,159 2,301,366 -893,207 9.5 15.5 -6.0 6.7 1.394 1.238 1.917 57.38 71.07 63.93 3,060,237
1995 148,459,937 1,363,806 2,203,811 -840,005 9.2 14.9 -5.7 4.6 1.337 1.193 1.813 58.11 71.60 64.62 2,766,362
1996 148,291,638 1,304,638 2,082,249 -777,611 8.8 14.1 -5.2 3.4 1.270 1.140 1.705 59.61 72.41 65.89 2,652,038
1997 148,028,613 1,259,943 2,015,779 -755,836 8.5 13.6 -5.1 3.6 1.218 1.097 1.624 60.84 72.85 66.79 2,498,716
1998 147,802,133 1,283,292 1,988,744 -705,452 8.7 13.5 -4.8 3.0 1.232 1.109 1.643 61.19 73.12 67.14 2,346,138
1999 147,539,426 1,214,689 2,144,316 -929,627 8.3 14.6 -6.3 1.9 1.157 1.045 1.534 59.86 72.42 65.99 2,181,153
2000 146,890,128 1,266,800 2,225,332 -958,532 8.6 15.2 -6.5 2.5 1.195 1.089 1.554 58.99 72.25 65.38 2,138,800
2001 146,303,611 1,311,604 2,254,856 -943,252 9.0 15.4 -6.5 2.0 1.223 1.124 1.564 58.88 72.16 65.30 2,114,700
2002 145,649,334 1,396,967 2,332,272 -935,305 9.6 16.1 -6.4 1.7 1.286 1.189 1.633 58.68 71.90 64.95 1,944,481
2003 144,963,650 1,477,301 2,365,826 -888,525 10.2 16.4 -6.1 1.8 1.319 1.223 1.666 58.53 71.85 64.84 1,864,647
2004 144,333,586 1,502,477 2,295,402 -792,925 10.4 15.9 -5.5 1.8 1.344 1.253 1.654 58.91 72.36 65.31 1,797,567
2005 143,801,046 1,457,376 2,303,935 -846,559 10.2 16.1 -5.9 2.0 1.294 1.207 1.576 58.92 72.47 65.37 1,675,693
2006 143,236,582 1,479,637 2,166,703 -687,066 10.3 15.1 -4.8 2.2 1.305 1.210 1.601 60.43 73.34 66.69 1,582,398
2007 142,862,692 1,610,122 2,080,445 -470,323 11.3 14.6 -3.3 2.5 1.416 1.294 1.798 61.46 74.02 67.61 1,479,010
2008 142,742,368 1,713,947 2,075,954 -362,007 12.0 14.5 -2.6 2.5 1.502 1.372 1.912 61.92 74.28 67.99 1,385,600
2009 142,785,344 1,761,687 2,010,543 -248,856 12.3 14.1 -1.7 2.4 1.542 1.415 1.941 62.87 74.79 68.78 1,292,389
2010 142,849,472 1,788,948 2,028,516 -239,568 12.5 14.2 -1.7 1.9 1.567 1.439 1.983 63.09 74.88 68.94 1,186,108
2011 142,860,908 1,796,629 1,925,720 -129,091 12.6 13.5 -0.9 2.2 1.582 1.442 2.056 64.04 75.61 69.83 1,124,880
2012 143,056,383 1,902,084 1,906,335 -4,251 13.3 13.3 0.0 2.0 1.691 1.541 2.215 64.56 75.86 70.24 1,063,982
2013 143,347,959 1,895,822 1,871,809 24,013 13.3 13.0 0.2 2.0 1.707 1.551 2.264 65.14 76.31 70.77 1,012,399
2014[lower-alpha 2] 143,666,931 1,942,683 1,912,347 30,336 13.3 13.0 0.3 17.8 1.750 1.588 2.318 65.29 76.49 70.93 929,963
2015 146,267,288 1,940,579 1,908,541 32,038 13.3 13.1 0.2 1.7 1.777 1.678 2.111 65.92 76.71 71.39 848,180
2016 146,544,710 1,888,729 1,891,015 -2,286 12.9 12.9 0.0 1.8 1.762 1.672 2.056 66.50 77.06 71.87 836,611
2017 146,804,374 1,690,307 1,826,125 -135,818 11.5 12.4 -0.9 1.4 1.621 1.527 1.923 67.51 77.64 72.70 779,848
2018 146,880,432 1,604,344 1,828,910 -224,566 10.9 12.5 -1.6 0.9 1.579 1.489 1.870 67.75 77.81 72.91 661,045
2019 146,780,720 1,481,074 1,798,307 -317,233 10.1 12.3 -2.2 2.0 1.504 1.427 1.754 68.24 78.17 73.34 621,652
2020 146,170,015 1,436,514 2,138,586 -702,072 9.8 14.6 -4.8 0.9 1.505 1.433 1.739 66.49 76.43 71.54 553,500
2021 145,557,576 1,398,253 2,441,594 -1,043,341 9.6 16.8 -7.2 3.0 1.505 1.436 1.734 65.51 74.51 70.06 490,419
2022 146,424,729 1,304,087 1,898,644 -594,557 8.9 12.9 -4.1 10.4 1.416 1.36 1.59 67.60 77.79 72.76
  1. ↑ Internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.
  2. ↑ Russian data after 2014 includes the populations of areas annexed by Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian War that are internationally still recognized as parts of Ukraine (e.g., Crimea starting in 2014). The annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol is internationally recognized only by a handful of countries like Belarus and Nicaragua. The Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts is internationally only recognized by Syria and North Korea.

Current vital statistics

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - October 2022 1,092,066 1,593,707 -501,641
January - October 2023 1,059,686 1,454,325 -394,639
Difference Decrease -32,380 (-3%) Positive decrease -139,382 (-8.7%) Increase +107,002
Source:[21]

All numbers for the Russian Federation in this section do not include the Ukrainian regions of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk and Luhansk, which Russia annexed in September 2022 and which are currently partly under Russian military control. The annexation is internationally recognized only by North Korea.

Immigration

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws. New citizenship rules introduced in April 2014 allowing eligible citizens from former Soviet republics to obtain Russian citizenship, have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. Russians, Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians).[50][51]

There are an estimated four million undocumented immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[52] In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in undocumented migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants)[53] Under legal changes made in 2012, undocumented immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.[54][55]

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, from poor areas of China, and from Vietnam and Laos.[56]

Worker migration

Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia (mostly from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan), South Caucasus (mostly from Armenia and Azerbaijan), East Asia (mostly from poor areas of China, from Vietnam and Laos). Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws.

Emigration

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to considerable emigration, with over 300,000 Russian citizens and residents are estimated to have left Russia by mid-March 2022, at least 500,000 by the end of August 2022,[57] and an additional 400,000 by early October. The total number of political refugees, economic migrants, and conscientious objectors[58][59][60][61][62] is thought to be more than 900,000. In addition to evading criminal prosecution for opposing the invasion, and fear of being conscripted after President Vladimir Putin's 21 September 2022 announcement of partial mobilization, those fleeing voiced reasons such as disagreement with the war, the uselessness and cruelty of the war, sympathy for Ukraine, disagreement with the political roots of the war with Ukraine, the rejection of killing, and an assessment that Russia is no longer the place for their family.[63]

Occupied and annexed regions

Russia has encouraged or even forced people in occupied or annexed regions to become Russian citizens, a procedure known as passportization. This includes the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine,[64] and South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia.[65]

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 12%. Country comparison to the world: 72rd
male: 15.3%
female: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Health

Metallurg, a Soviet-era sanatorium in Sochi[66]

Russia's constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.[67] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.[68]

Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018.[69] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.[70] Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female,[15] due to its high male mortality rate.[71] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[72] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births).[73]

The principal causes of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.[74] Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016.[75] However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country,[76][77] as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade.[78] Smoking is another health issue in the country.[79] The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,[80] remains a significant social issue.[81]

COVID-19 pandemic

Russia had one of the highest number of confirmed cases in the world. Analysis of excess deaths from official government demographic statistics, based on births and deaths and excluding migration, showed that Russia had its biggest ever annual population drop in peacetime, with the population declining by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, which demographer Alexei Raksha interpreted as being primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Russia
Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people in 2010
Percentage of ethnic Russians by region in 2021 (excluding non-stated ethnicity people)

Russia is a multinational state, with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.[18] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities.[19] In 2010, four-fifths of Russia's population originated from West of the Ural Mountains — of which the vast majority were Slavs,[82] with a substantial minority of Finno-Ugric and Germanic peoples.[83][84] Turkic peoples form a large minority, and are spread around pockets across the vast nation.[85] Various distinct ethnic groups also inhabit the North Caucasus.[86] Other minorities include Mongolian peoples (Buryats and Kalmyks),[87][88] the Indigenous peoples of Siberia,[89] a historical Jewish population,[90] and the Koryo-saram (including Sakhalin Koreans).[91]

According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million in 2016;[20] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.[92] There are 22 republics in Russia, who have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 12 of them in 2021, ethnic Russians constitute a minority:

Languages

Minority languages across Russia
Altaic and Uralic languages spoken across Russia
The North Caucasus is ethno-linguistically diverse.[93][94]

Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language.[95] Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English,[96] and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[97] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[95]

Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country.[98][99] According to the Russian Census of 2002, 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spoke Tatar, and 1.8 million spoke Ukrainian.[100] The constitution allows the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.[101] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining.[102][103]

Religion

Religion in Russia (2012)[104]

  Orthodox Christianity (42.5%)
  Unaffiliated Christians (4.1%)
  Other Christians[lower-alpha 1] (0.5%)
  Spiritual but not religious (25%)
  Atheists (13%)
  Muslims[lower-alpha 2] (6.5%)
  Pagans[lower-alpha 3] (1.3%)
  Buddhists (0.5%)
  Other religions[lower-alpha 4] (1.1%)
  Undeclared (5.5%)
Annunciation Cathedral in Voronezh

Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Christianity. It has the world's largest Orthodox population.[105][106] As of different sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% and over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church.[107][108][109] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers.[110][111] There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism; pagan beliefs are also present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

In 2017, a survey made by the Pew Research Center showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% were Orthodox, 1% were Catholic, and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% were unaffiliated, 10% were Muslims, and 1% followed other religions.[112] According to various reports, the proportion of Atheists in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.[113]

Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion amongst most peoples of the North Caucasus, and amongst some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region.[114] Buddhists have a sizable population in three Siberian republics: Buryatia, Tuva, and Zabaykalsky Krai, and in Kalmykia, the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion.[115]

Education

Moscow State University, the most prestigious educational institution in Russia.[116]

Russia has an adult literacy rate of 100%.[117] It grants free education to its citizens under its constitution.[118] The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education.[119] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the third-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62%.[120] It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.[121]

Russia has compulsory education for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18.[119] Its pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[122] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for 11 year-olds, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate.[119] An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[118] first-degree courses usually take five years.[123] The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University.[124] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300,000.[125]

Urbanized areas

Russia is one of the world's most urbanized countries, with roughly 75% of its total population living in urban areas.[15] Moscow, the capital and largest city, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits,[126] while over 17 million residents in the urban area,[127] and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area.[128] Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely within Europe, the most populous urban area in Europe,[127] the most populous metropolitan area in Europe,[128] and also the largest city by land area on the European continent.[129] Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants.[130] Other major urban areas are Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Chelyabinsk.

 
Largest cities or towns in Russia
Rank Name Federal subject Pop. Rank Name Federal subject Pop.
Moscow
Moscow
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg		 1MoscowMoscow13,010,11211Rostov-on-DonRostov Oblast1,142,162 Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg
2Saint PetersburgSaint Petersburg5,601,91112OmskOmsk Oblast1,125,695
3NovosibirskNovosibirsk Oblast1,633,59513KrasnodarKrasnodar Krai1,099,344
4YekaterinburgSverdlovsk Oblast1,544,37614VoronezhVoronezh Oblast1,057,681
5KazanTatarstan1,308,66015PermPerm Krai1,034,002
6Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod Oblast1,228,19916VolgogradVolgograd Oblast1,028,036
7ChelyabinskChelyabinsk Oblast1,189,52517SaratovSaratov Oblast901,361
8KrasnoyarskKrasnoyarsk Krai1,187,77118TyumenTyumen Oblast847,488
9SamaraSamara Oblast1,173,29919TolyattiSamara Oblast684,709
10UfaBashkortostan1,144,80920BarnaulAltai Krai630,877

See also

Census information:

Notes

  1. ↑ This is the proportional makeup of those that declared an ethnicity. 11.6% did not declare an ethncity so these figures should be treated with caution.
  2. ↑ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
  1. ↑ Including Old Believers (0.2%), Protestantism (0.2%), and Catholicism (0.1%).
  2. ↑ The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two Muslim-majority federal subjects of Russia, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims may be slightly underestimated.[104]
  3. ↑ The category included Rodnovers accounting for 44%, Hinduists accounting for 0.1%; pagan religions and Siberian Tengrists and shamans account for the rest.
  4. ↑ Including Judaism (0.1%) and other unspecified religions.

References

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  78. ↑ The Lancet (5 October 2019). "Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story". The Lancet. 394 (10205): 1205. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32265-2. PMID 31591968. Russians are officially drinking less and, as a consequence, are living longer than ever before...Russians are still far from being teetotal: a pure ethanol per capita consumption of 11·7 L, reported in 2016, means consumption is still one of the highest worldwide, and efforts to reduce it further are required.
  79. ↑ Shkolnikov, Vladimir M.; Churilova, Elena; Jdanov, Dmitry A.; Shalnova, Svetlana A.; Nilssen, Odd; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Cook, Sarah; Malyutina, Sofia; McKee, Martin; Leon, David A. (23 March 2020). "Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources". BMC Public Health. 20 (378): 378. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08464-4. PMC 7092419. PMID 32293365. The prevalence of smoking among Russian men has been very high for many years. The WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) found that, in the 2000s, it was among the highest in the world with Russia having the world's second-largest tobacco market by volume of sales in 2014...
  80. ↑ "Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) – Russian Federation". World Bank. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  81. ↑ "Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool". World Health Organization. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2022. The Russian Federation is one of the European Region countries where suicide remains a significant cause of death and disease burden.
  82. ↑ "Russia – The Indo-European Group". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 July 2021. East Slavs—mainly Russians but including some Ukrainians and Belarusians—constitute more than four-fifths of the total population and are prevalent throughout the country.
  83. ↑ Kowalev, Viktor; Neznaika, Pavel (2000). "Power and Ethnicity in the Finno-Ugric Republics of the Russian Federation: The Examples of Komi, Mordovia, and Udmurtia". International Journal of Political Economy. Taylor & Francis. 30 (3): 81–100. doi:10.1080/08911916.2000.11644017. JSTOR 41103741. S2CID 152467776.
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  86. ↑ Sagramoso, Domitilla (2007). "Violence and Conflict in the Russian North Caucasus". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 83 (4): 681–705. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00647.x. JSTOR 4541805. S2CID 153552543.
  87. ↑ Zhukovskaya, Natalya L. (13 September 2007). "Religion and ethnicity in eastern Russia, republic of Buryatia: A panorama of the 1990s". Central Asian Survey. Taylor & Francis. 14 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1080/02634939508400890.
  88. ↑ Szilagyi, Patricia (26 May 2021). "The only Buddhist region in Europe". DW News. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  89. ↑ Vinokurova, Uliana (December 2018). "Indigenous Peoples of Siberia and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century". Sibirica. Berghahn Books. 17 (3): 3–15. doi:10.3167/sib.2018.170302. S2CID 149567661.
  90. ↑ Jack, Victor (4 July 2022). "Russia's Jews fear resurgent anti-Semitism amid Ukraine war". Politico. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  91. ↑ Park, Hyun-gwi (2013). "The Migration Regime among Koreans in the Russian Far East". Inner Asia. Brill. 15 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1163/22105018-90000056. JSTOR 23615082.
  92. ↑ Ragozin, Leonid (3 April 2019). "Russia and Ukraine Fight, But Their People Seek Reconciliation". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  93. ↑ Laub, Zachary (7 February 2014). "Background Briefing: Why is Russia's North Caucasus region unstable?". PBS NewsHour. PBS. Retrieved 5 January 2022. With 10 million inhabitants, the North Caucasus Federal District is the smallest of Russia's eight federal districts, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not constitute a majority. Some forty ethnic groups reside in the region, making it one of Russia's most diverse.
  94. ↑ Lazarev, Vladimir; Pravikova, Ludmila. "The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity" (PDF). Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University: 1325. The North Caucasus, inhabited by more than 100 of autochthonous and allochthonous peoples, including Russians, is a unique locus for conducting a large-scale research in the area of bilingualism and multilingualism. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  95. 1 2 "Russian". University of Toronto. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics.
  96. ↑ "Usage statistics of content languages for websites". W3Techs. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  97. ↑ Wakata, Koichi. "My Long Mission in Space". JAXA. Retrieved 18 July 2021. The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian.
  98. ↑ Iryna, Ulasiuk (2011). "Legal protection of linguistic diversity in Russia: past and present". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. European University Institute. 32 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1080/01434632.2010.536237. ISSN 0143-4632. S2CID 145612470. Russia is unique in its size and ethnic composition. There is a further linguistic complexity of more than 150 co-existing languages.
  99. ↑ "Russia – Ethnic groups and languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2020. Although ethnic Russians comprise more than four-fifths of the country's total population, Russia is a diverse, multiethnic society. More than 120 ethnic groups, many with their own national territories, speaking some 100 languages live within Russia's borders.
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  101. ↑ "Chapter 3. The Federal Structure". Constitution of Russia. Retrieved 27 December 2007. 2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation. 3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.
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  104. 1 2 "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).
  105. ↑ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017.
  106. ↑ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 November 2017.
  107. ↑ There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, ARENA determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the Levada Center Archived 31 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the Public Opinion Foundation determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with Pew's 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with VTSIOM Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine's 2010 survey (≈77% Christian), and with Ipsos MORI Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine's 2011 survey (69%).
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  113. ↑ Zuckerman, P. (2005). "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns". In Martin, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press.
  114. ↑ "Russian Federation". Europe: Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine. World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 1387. ISBN 978-0-7614-7900-0.
  115. ↑ Jardine, Bradley (4 January 2017). "Russia's Buddhist Republic". The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 June 2021. Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist Republic. The region's people are descended from the nomads who wandered the vast Central Asian steppes under Genghis Khan's empire. When the empire began to collapse, the Kalmykians migrated toward the Caspian Sea settling what is today called Kalmykia – Kalmyk means "remnant" in the local language.
  116. ↑ "Lomonosov Moscow State University". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ...Considered one the most prestigious universities in Russia, It houses the tallest educational building in the world, and hosts more than 47,000 students, welcoming 4,000 international students every year.
  117. ↑ "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – Russian Federation". World Bank. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  118. 1 2 Oleg, Kouptsov (1997). Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries. Bucharest: UNESCO. p. 25. ISBN 929-0-69146-8. The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to free primary education, basic and secondary general education, and to vocational education; and on a competitive basis, to free non-university and university level higher educational and to postgraduate education {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  119. 1 2 3 "Education system Russia" (PDF). 3. The Hague: Nuffic. October 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  120. ↑ "Population with tertiary education". OECD. 2022. doi:10.1787/0b8f90e9-en. Retrieved 21 January 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  121. ↑ "Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Russian Federation". World Bank. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  122. ↑ Taratukhina, Maria S.; Polyakova, Marina N.; Berezina, Tatyana A.; Notkina, Nina A.; Sheraizina, Roza M.; Borovkov, Mihail I. (2006). "Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  123. ↑ "Russia – Education". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  124. ↑ Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (1996). History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800). A History of the University in Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–89. ISBN 978-0-521-36106-4.
  125. ↑ "Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  126. ↑ "RUSSIA: Central'nyj Federal'nyj Okrug – Central Federal District". City Population.de. 8 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
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  130. ↑ "RUSSIA: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District". City Population.de. 8 August 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  131. ↑ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

Further reading

  • Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
  • Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551–574.
  • Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117–145
  • Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397–419.
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