Democrats 66
Democraten 66
AbbreviationD66
LeaderRob Jetten
ChairpersonVictor Everhardt
Leader in the CabinetSigrid Kaag (DPM)
Leader in the SenatePaul van Meenen
Leader in the House
of Representatives		Jan Paternotte
Leader in the EPSamira Rafaela
FoundersHans van Mierlo
Hans Gruijters
Founded14 October 1966 (1966-10-14)
HeadquartersLange Houtstraat 11,
The Hague
Youth wingYoung Democrats
Policy instituteHans van Mierlo Foundation
Membership (2023)Decrease 30,022[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre[6][7][8][9][10]
Regional affiliationLiberal Group[11]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
International affiliationLiberal International
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
Colours  Green
  White
Senate
5 / 75
House of Representatives
9 / 150
King's commissioners
1 / 12
Provincial councils
33 / 570
European Parliament
1 / 29
Benelux Parliament
3 / 21
Website
www.d66.nl

Democrats 66 (Dutch: Democraten 66;[lower-alpha 1] abbreviated D66, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌdeː zɛsə(n)ˈzɛstəx]) is a social liberal political party in the Netherlands, which positions itself in the centre of the political spectrum.[6][12][13][14][15] It is a member of the Liberal International (LI) and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).

The name of the party refers to its year of foundation, 1966. Initially, its main objective had been to democratise the Dutch political system, but it developed a broader social liberal ideology over time. In the 1967 general election, the party won 7 out of 150 seats in the House of Representatives. No new party had ever gained that many seats before. The party was in government from 1973 to 1977, 1981 to 1982, 1994 to 2002, 2003 to 2006 and 2017 to present. It currently holds 24 seats in the House of Representatives, seven seats in the Senate and two seats in the European Parliament.

D66 is especially popular among people who hold a university degree, and its voters are mostly concentrated in larger cities and in municipalities with an above-average number of wealthy residents. The party supplies a relatively large proportion of mayors, who are appointed rather than elected.

Currently, the party is led by Rob Jetten, who was elected party leader on 12 August 2023.[16] Annelien Bredenoord, Jan Paternotte and Samira Rafaela are serving as the party's parliamentary leaders in the Senate, the House of Representatives and the European Parliament respectively.

At its foundation, the party was called Democrats '66 (Dutch: Democraten '66, abbreviated D'66). The name referred to the party's goal of radical democratisation and to the year of foundation, which was supposed to convey a modern image. In 1981, the apostrophe was dropped: the name had become a successful political brand, but the year no longer conveyed a modern image.

Logo history
1966–1984 1985–2001 2002–2006 2006–2008 2008–2019 2019–present

History

1966–1986: early years

Democrats 66 was founded on 14 October 1966 by a group of 44 people. Its founders were described as homines novi, although 25 of the 44 had previously been members of another political party. The initiators were Hans van Mierlo, a journalist for the Algemeen Handelsblad, and Hans Gruijters, a municipal councillor in Amsterdam for the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Van Mierlo became the party's political leader. The foundation of the party was preceded by the "Appeal 1966" on October 10, in which the founders appealed to the people of the Netherlands to re-take their democratic institutions. The party renounced the 19th-century political ideologies, which dominated the political system and sought to end pillarisation. It called for radical democratisation of the Dutch political system, and for pragmatic and scientific policy-making.

Hans van Mierlo, co-founder and leader between 1966–1973 and 1986–1998

The party participated in the 1967 general election, with Hans van Mierlo as its lead candidate. The party won an unprecedented seven seats in the House of Representatives. In the 1971 general election, the party won an additional four seats and it formed a shadow cabinet with the Labour Party (PvdA) and the Political Party of Radicals (PPR). In the 1972 general election, the three parties formed a political alliance called the "Progressive Agreement" (Dutch: Progressief Akkoord; PAK) and presented the common electoral program "Turning Point '72" (Keerpunt '72).

In the election, D66 lost nearly half its seats, leaving only six. The alliance became the largest political force in the country, but it did not gain a majority. After long cabinet formation talks, the three PAK-parties formed an extra-parliamentary cabinet joined by progressive members of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Catholic People's Party (KVP). The cabinet was led by Labour politician Joop den Uyl. Co-founder Hans Gruijters became Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning. After the formation talks, Van Mierlo left politics, feeling that his political position within the parliamentary party was untenable. Van Mierlo was replaced by Jan Terlouw, who became the new parliamentary leader.

Jan Terlouw, leader from 1973 to 1982

In the period 1972–1974, the party lost a dramatic number of members (from 6,000 to 300) and polled very poorly in the 1974 provincial elections. The party also lost half of its senators in the 1974 Senate election. At one of the party congresses, a motion was put forth to abolish the party. A majority of the members voted in favour, but the two-thirds majority was not reached. In reaction, Terlouw started a campaign to revitalise the party, involving a membership drive and a petition to the electorate. He emphasised issues other than democratic reform and gave the party a more liberal orientation. The party doubled its membership in 1975 and won two additional seats in the 1977 general election, despite losing all its seats in the Senate in the same year.

In the 1981 general election, D66 gained 17 seats. The party formed a government with the Labour Party and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), with Terlouw as Minister of Economic Affairs. The cabinet was characterised by the personal and ideological conflicts between Prime Minister Dries van Agt (CDA) and Minister of Social Affairs Joop den Uyl (PvdA). The cabinet fell nine months after it was formed, when the Labour Party left the cabinet. D66 and the CDA continued to govern in a caretaker government. In the subsequent 1982 general election, D66 lost two-thirds of its support, and was left with only 6 seats. After the election, Terlouw left politics and was replaced by Maarten Engwirda. The party was confined to opposition.

1986–2006: purple cabinets and demise

In 1986, Van Mierlo returned to politics. He emphasised democratic reform as the core issue of the party and wanted to end the polarisation between the Labour Party and VVD, so that it would be possible to form a government without the CDA. He led the party in the 1986 general election and won 9 seats. In the 1989 election, the party won 12 seats and was asked to join the formation talks of a CDA–PvdA–D66 coalition. While the PvdA preferred to form a government with D66, the CDA did not. Ultimately, D66 was excluded from the coalition, because it was not necessary to include them to reach a majority in parliament.

Despite being in opposition, D66 adopted a constructive approach towards the government. They were rewarded for this in the 1994 general election, in which the party doubled its number of seats to 24. D66 was able to form its preferred coalition: the "purple government", which included both the social democratic PvdA and the conservative liberal VVD. Van Mierlo was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. As advocated by D66, the first Kok cabinet initiated progressive legislation, such as the introduction of same-sex marriage and the legalisation of euthanasia. The moderately liberal economic policies of the cabinet were also seen as a great success.

Els Borst, top candidate in the 1998 general election

Shortly before the 1998 general election, Van Mierlo stepped back and Minister of Health Els Borst became the new top candidate. D66 lost ten seats in the election, while its coalition partners gained ground at the cost of D66. The second Kok cabinet continued. Although D66 was technically not needed for a majority in parliament, it was seen as the glue that kept the PvdA and the VVD together. Borst stepped down as party leader and became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Health. Thom de Graaf led the party in the House of Representatives. From within the party, there were calls for a more explicit progressive liberal course. In 1999, a constitutional reform that would allow for referendums to be held was rejected by the Senate, because a group of VVD dissidents had voted against it. In response, D66 left the cabinet. After the subsequent formation talks, D66 returned to the cabinet in return for a temporary referendum law and directly elected mayors.

In the 2002 general election, the tide had turned against the purple government, and the right-wing populist Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) gained considerable ground. The three purple parties lost an unprecedented 43 seats. D66 was left with only 7 seats. The first Balkenende cabinet, consisting of CDA, LPF and VVD, lasted only three months. In the 2003 general election, D66 lost another seat, leaving only 6. De Graaf stepped down and was succeeded by Boris Dittrich. After long formation talks between the CDA and the PvdA failed, a second Balkenende cabinet was formed, which included the CDA, the VVD and D66.

In return for investments in environment and education, and a special Minister for Governmental Reform, D66 supported the centre-right reform cabinet and some of its more controversial legislation. In May 2005, the Senate rejected a constitutional reform that would allow a directly elected mayor. The legislation had been introduced by the second Kok cabinet, but it was unable to get a two-thirds majority because the Labour Party was opposed the electoral system proposed by Minister for Governmental Reform Thom de Graaf. De Graaf resigned, but the rest of the ministers retained their positions as D66 was promised more investment in public education and the environment. A special party congress was called to ratify this so-called "Easter Agreement" (Paasakkoord). 2,600 members (20 per cent of total membership) were present and the congress was broadcast live on television. The congress agreed to remain in cabinet by a large majority. Alexander Pechtold replaced De Graaf as Minister for Governmental Reform. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, the Minister of Economic Affairs, became Deputy Prime Minister.

Alexander Pechtold, leader from 2006 to 2018

2006–2016: Pechtold leadership

In February 2006, Dittrich stepped down as parliamentary leader, because he did not agree with the government's decision to send the Dutch armed forces to the southern province of Uruzgan in Afghanistan. D66 voted against the government's proposal together with the Socialist Party and GroenLinks. Dittrich stated that the mission to send troops was not a reconstruction mission (as the government and the majority of the Dutch parliament claimed), but a military operation. Lousewies van der Laan replaced Dittrich. In May 2006, D66 polled particularly badly in the 2006 municipal elections. D66 began to lose a considerable number of members, some of whom founded deZES, another radical democratic, progressive liberal party. During a special party congress on 13 May 2006, a motion was put forth demanding the withdrawal of D66 from the cabinet, but it was rejected. In June 2006, an internal election was held in order to choose the new party leader. The election was won by Alexander Pechtold.

During the special parliamentary debate on the naturalisation process of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, D66 supported a motion of no confidence against Minister for Integration Rita Verdonk. As D66 was a junior coalition partner, this caused a crisis in the second Balkenende cabinet. The cabinet refused to remove Verdonk from her position. Lousewies van der Laan, parliamentary leader of D66, felt that the D66 faction could no longer support the cabinet and stated that the cabinet had to resign. On 3 July 2006, the two D66 ministers Alexander Pechtold and Laurens Jan Brinkhorst resigned, causing the second Balkenende cabinet to fall.

In October 2006, just before the D66 party congress and its 40th anniversary as a party, D66 founder Hans van Mierlo asked the question whether D66 still had political legitimacy. He believed that many errors were made in recent history and that only the acceptance of these errors could provide for any credibility for D66. Van Mierlo declared his support for party leader Pechtold, who in his view could provide for such credibility.[17]

Sigrid Kaag, leader from 2020–2023

Since 2008, the party has performed quite well in the opinion polls, ranging from 10 to 26 seats, compared to only 3 seats in the House of Representatives.[18][19][20] In the 2009 European Parliament election, the party won 11% of the votes and 3 seats, two more than in the previous election. The news programme Nova attributed this increase to the leadership of Alexander Pechtold, who was considered "the leader of the opposition" at the time.[21] Under the leadership of Pechtold, the party has taken strong stances against the Party for Freedom (PVV) of Geert Wilders.[22] In the 2010 general election, D66 increased its representation to 10 seats. In the 2012 general election, the party further increased its number of seats to 12. Since 2008, the party has experienced a significant increase in party membership, from 10,000 to 25,000 in 2015.

In the 2017 general election, D66 won 19 seats in the House of Representatives and formed a centre-right coalition government with the VVD, CDA and Christian Union (CU). Kajsa Ollongren was appointed second Deputy Prime Minister in the third Rutte cabinet.

2018–present: Kaag and Jetten leadership

In October 2018, Alexander Pechtold announced his retirement from politics.[23] He was replaced by Rob Jetten as parliamentary leader, but the position of party leader remained vacant.[24] In September 2020, Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation Sigrid Kaag was elected the new party leader and top candidate for the 2021 general election.[16] Despite the fact that the opinion polls had predicted D66 to lose seats, the party won 24 seats in the 2021 election, becoming the second largest party in the House of Representatives.[25] On 12 August 2023 Rob Jetten became the leader of the party.[26] Following the 2023 Dutch general election D66 lost more seats than any party, being reduced from 24 to 9, their worst result in 17 years.

Ideology

The ideology of D66 is a highly contested subject within the party and the question is tied to the reason for its existence. There are two currents within the party, namely the radical democrats and the progressive liberals. Although sometimes antagonistic, these two currents currently complement each other as both emphasise the self-realisation of the individual. The Radical League and the Free-thinking Democratic League, two early 20th century parties are historic exponents of these two traditions.

Factions

Radical democrats

The first party congress emphasised radical democratisation of Dutch society and the political system. Its ideal was a two-party system. To obtain this, it wanted to reform the electoral system after the American first past the post model. The electoral reform was gradually moderated as the party now favours German-style mixed member proportional representation. In this system, a national party-list election is used to make a first-past-the-post election representative to the nationwide vote. This radical democratisation was combined with a pragmatic and anti-dogmatic attitude towards politics. Hans van Mierlo, the party's leader between 1966 and 1972 and between 1986 and 1998 and the party's figurehead, was an important exponent of this tendency within the party.

Progressive liberals

D66's progressive liberal section has historically been much weaker than its radical democratic wing. Under Jan Terlouw between 1972 and 1982, D66 began to emphasise new issues like the environment, public education and innovation. He called D66 a fourth current, next to social democracy, Christian democracy and the conservative liberalism of the VVD. In 1998, the group Opschudding called for a progressive liberal course for the party. In the party's manifesto adopted in 2000, the party explicitly adopted a progressive liberal image. National political reasons explain the usage of the label "social-liberal" since the more right-leaning VVD describes itself as the liberal party.

Positions

Some of the party's most important positions include:

Electorate

Although supporters of political parties are no longer fixed and election results fluctuate, D66 is overall strong and concentrated in the Randstad conurbation, while also getting its votes in and around university towns. In the 2014 municipal elections, D66 became the largest party in many major cities including Amsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Tilburg, Groningen, Enschede, Apeldoorn, Haarlem, Amersfoort and Arnhem.[31][32]

Electoral results

Jan Paternotte, leader in the House of Representatives since 2022
Annelien Bredenoord, leader in the Senate since 2019
Samira Rafaela, leader in the European Parliament since 2023

House of Representatives

Election Lead candidate Votes  % Seats +/– Government
1967 Hans van Mierlo 307,810 4.4 (#7)
7 / 150
 New Opposition
1971 427,720 6.7 (#5)
11 / 150
 Increase 4 Opposition
1972 307,048 4.1 (#8)
6 / 150
 Decrease 5 Coalition
1977 Jan Terlouw 452,423 5.4 (#4)
8 / 150
 Increase 2 Opposition
1981 961,121 11.0 (#4)
17 / 150
 Increase 9 Coalition
1982 351,278 4.3 (#4)
6 / 150
 Decrease 11 Opposition
1986 Hans van Mierlo 562,466 6.1 (#4)
9 / 150
 Increase 3 Opposition
1989 701,934 7.9 (#4)
12 / 150
 Increase 3 Opposition
1994 1,391,202 15.5 (#4)
24 / 150
 Increase 12 Coalition
1998 Els Borst 773,497 9.0 (#4)
14 / 150
 Decrease 10 Coalition
2002 Thom de Graaf 484,317 5.1 (#7)
7 / 150
 Decrease 7 Opposition
2003 393,333 4.0 (#7)
6 / 150
 Decrease 1 Coalition
2006 Alexander Pechtold 193,232 2.0 (#8)
3 / 150
 Decrease 3 Opposition
2010 654,167 6.9 (#6)
10 / 150
 Increase 7 Opposition
2012 757,091 8.0 (#6)
12 / 150
 Increase 2 Opposition
2017 1,285,819 12.2 (#4)
19 / 150
 Increase 7 Coalition
2021 Sigrid Kaag 1,565,861 15.0 (#2)
24 / 150
 Increase 5 Coalition
2023 Rob Jetten 656,292 6.29 (#5)
9 / 150
 Decrease 15

Senate

Election Votes  % Seats +/– Government
1971 (#6)
6 / 75
 New Opposition
1974 (#8)
3 / 75
 Decrease 3 Coalition
1977 (#10)
0 / 75
 Decrease 3 No seats
1980 (#5)
2 / 75
 Increase 2 Opposition
1981 (#4)
4 / 75
 Increase 2 Coalition
1983 (#4)
6 / 75
 Increase 2 Opposition
1986 (#4)
6 / 75
 Opposition
1987 (#4)
5 / 75
 Decrease 1 Opposition
1991 (#4)
12 / 75
 Increase 7 Opposition
1995 (#4)
7 / 75
 Decrease 5 Coalition
1999 8,542 5.4 (#5)
4 / 75
 Decrease 3 Coalition
2003 7,087 4.4 (#6)
3 / 75
 Decrease 1 Coalition
2007 3,270 2.0 (#8)
2 / 75
 Decrease 1 Opposition
2011 12,651 7.62 (#6)
5 / 75
 Increase 3 Opposition
2015 21,997 13.01 (#3)
10 / 75
 Increase 5 Opposition
2019 15,154 8.75 (#5)
7 / 75
 Decrease 3 Coalition
2023 11,144 6.23 (#6)
5 / 75
 Decrease 2 Coalition

European Parliament

Election List Votes  % Seats +/– Notes
1979 List 511,967 9.03 (#4)
2 / 25
 New [33]
1984 List 120,826 2.28 (#7)
0 / 25
 Decrease 2 [34]
1989 List 311,990 5.95 (#5)
1 / 25
 Increase 1 [35]
1994 List 481,826 11.66 (#4)
4 / 31
 Increase 3 [36]
1999 List 205,623 5.80 (#6)
2 / 31
 Decrease 2 [37]
2004 List 202,502 4.25 (#8)
1 / 27
 Decrease 1 [38]
2009 List 515,422 11.32 (#5)
3 / 25
 Increase 2
3 / 26
 Steady [39]
2014 List 735,825 15.48 (#1)
4 / 26
 Increase 1 [40]
2019 List 389,692 7.09 (#6)
2 / 26
 Decrease 2
2 / 29
 Steady [41]

Representation

Members of the fourth Rutte cabinet

Ministers Title/ministry/portfolio(s) Assumed office
Steven van Weyenberg Steven van Weyenberg
(born 1973)		 Minister Finance 12 January 2024
Kajsa Ollongren Jonkvrouw
Kajsa Ollongren
(born 1967)		 Minister Defence 10 January 2022
Robbert Dijkgraaf Dr.
Robbert
Dijkgraaf
(born 1960)		 Minister Education, culture
and science		 10 January 2022
Ministers without portfolio Title/ministry/portfolio(s) Assumed office
Franc Weerwind Franc Weerwind
(born 1964)		 Minister Justice and
security		 • Public
Prosecution
• Victims' rights
• Judicial reform
• Youth justice
• Penitentiaries
• Gambling		 10 January 2022
Rob Jetten Rob Jetten
(born 1987)		 Minister Economic affairs
and climate policy		 • Climate policy
• Environment
• Energy
• Nuclear
• Renewable energy		 10 January 2022
First Deputy
Prime Minister		 8 January 2024
State secretaries Title/ministry/portfolio(s) Assumed office
Alexandra van Huffelen Alexandra
van Huffelen
(born 1968)		 State secretary Interior and
kingdom relations		 • Kingdom
Relations
• Municipalities
• Provinces
• Digital government		 10 January 2022
Hans Vijlbrief Dr.
Hans Vijlbrief
(born 1963)		 State secretary Economic affairs
and climate policy		 • Mining 10 January 2022
Fleur Gräper Fleur Gräper
(born 1974)		 State Secretary Education, culture
and science		 • Culture
• Media
• Art		 12 January 2024

Members of the States General

Members of the House of Representatives

Members of the Senate

Representation in EU institutions

Members of the European Parliament

The D66 delegation is part of the Renew Europe group in the European Parliament. Prior to the first European elections in 1979, D66's appointed MEPs were part of the Socialist Group, before switching to Non-Inscrits from 1979 to 1984,[42] and the LDR/ELDR/ALDE group since 1989.[43]

Current members of the European Parliament since the 2019 European Parliament election:

Members of the Committee of the Regions

In the European Committee of the Regions, the Democrats 66 party sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with one full and one alternate member for the 2020–2025 mandate:[44]

King's commissioners

King's commissioner Province Term of office
Han Polman Han Polman
(born 1963)
Zeeland		 1 March 2013

Provincial councillors

Since the 2019 provincial elections, D66 has 41 representatives in the provincial councils:

Province Seats
Drenthe Drenthe
2 / 41
Flevoland Flevoland
2 / 41
Friesland Friesland
2 / 43
Gelderland Gelderland
4 / 55
Groningen (province) Groningen
3 / 43
Limburg (Netherlands) Limburg
3 / 47
North Brabant North Brabant
5 / 55
North Holland North Holland
6 / 55
Overijssel Overijssel
3 / 47
South Holland South Holland
5 / 55
Utrecht (province) Utrecht
5 / 49
Zeeland Zeeland
1 / 39
Total
41

Organisation

The highest organ of the D66 is the General Assembly, in which every member can participate. It convenes multiple times per year. It appoints the party board and has the last say over the party program. The party list, including the party's parliamentary leader, for the Senate, House of Representatives, European Parliament candidates are elected directly by the members. The party has between 250 and 300 branches all over the Netherlands.

Leadership

Party leaders

Chairpersons

Parliamentary leaders

Lead candidates

Party board

  • Victor Everhardt, chair
  • Nadia Arsieni, secretary
  • Rob Meijer, treasurer
  • Maartje Jansen, board member (international relations)
  • Hester Duursema, board member (communications and recruitment)
  • Wietske Veltman, board member (association and education)

Linked organisations

The youth wing of D66 is called the Young Democrats (Dutch: Jonge Democraten, abbreviated JD). It has produced several prominent active members of D66, such as former MP Boris van der Ham. The JD is a member of European Liberal Youth and the International Federation of Liberal Youth.

D66 is a co-founder of the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties. The Hans van Mierlo Foundation is the party's policy institute.

International affiliation

D66 is a member of the Liberal International and of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). D66 joined the Liberal and Democratic Reformists (LDR) group in 1989.[43] It became a full member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) in 1994 and a full member of the Liberal International in 1986.[45]

Relationships to other parties

In recent elections, political commentators have positioned D66 at the centre of the political spectrum. This offers the party a lot of possibilities for co-operation with other parties in the Dutch political landscape. Historically, D66 has often co-operated in cabinets with the Labour Party (PvdA). They were in four cabinets together (Den Uyl, Van Agt II, Kok I and Kok II), and formed a shadow cabinet in the early seventies. However, there have been heavy tensions between D66 and the PvdA on three occasions: in 1981, when D66 decided to continue to govern with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) after the PvdA had left the first Van Agt cabinet; in 1989, when the PvdA formed the third Lubbers cabinet without D66; and in 2003, when D66 joined the second Balkenende cabinet.

Ideologically, the social liberal D66 is linked to People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), although VVD is considered a party of conservative liberalism. This resulted in five coalition governments (Kok I, Kok II, Balkenende II, Rutte III and Rutte IV). Both D66 and the VVD are members of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) and their respective members in the European Parliament are part of the Renew Europe group.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Officially: Politieke Partij Democraten 66, lit. 'Political Party Democrats 66'. Dutch pronunciation: [poːliˈtikə pɑrtɛi deːmoːˈkraːtə(n) zɛsə(n)ˈzɛstəx].

References

  1. ↑ "Democraten 66 (D66)". Het Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (in Dutch). 27 July 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  2. ↑ Séveno, Victoria (18 March 2021). "VVD holds onto majority but D66 are the big winners in Dutch election". I Am Expat.
  3. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Netherlands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  4. ↑ CNAAN LIPHSHIZ (21 March 2021). "27-year-old Israeli-Dutch Jew leads new progressive party into Dutch parliament". The Times of Israel. Finishing second was the left-wing progressive D66 party, which is close ideologically to Volt.
  5. ↑ Henley, Jon (18 March 2021). "Dutch election: progressive party surges as PM begins coalition talks". The Guardian.
  6. 1 2 3 Terry, Chris (11 May 2014). "Democrats '66 (D66)". The Democratic Society. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020.
  7. ↑ Coalition Politics and Cabinet Decision Making. p.90. Author - Juliet Kaarbo. Published by the University of Michigan. First published in 2012. Accessed via Google Books.
  8. ↑ Can a pro-EU party thrive in Dutch elections? Financial Times. Author - Duncan Robinson. Published 27 February 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  9. ↑ Negotiations to form new Dutch government to resume 100 days after vote. Reuters. Author - Bart H. Meijer. Published 23 June 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  10. ↑ "Tweede Kamer Verkiezingen: Achter de schermen bij het Kieskompas". 5 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "Politieke fracties". Benelux Parliament (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  12. ↑ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopeček (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-7546-9661-2. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  13. ↑ Dimitri Almeida (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. Routledge. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-415-69374-5.
  14. ↑ Stefaan Fiers; André Krouwel (2007). "The Low Countries: From Prime Minister to President-Minister". In Thomas Poguntke; Paul Webb (eds.). The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-19-921849-3. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  15. ↑ Simon Lightfoot (2005). Europeanizing Social Democracy?: The Rise of the Party of European Socialists. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-34803-4. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  16. 1 2 "Rob Jetten nieuwe lijsttrekker D66" (in Dutch). D66. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  17. ↑ "Oprichter van Mierlo: heeft D66 nog zin?". Het Parool. 6 October 2006.
  18. ↑ Politieke Voorkeur sinds augustus 2008 Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine on peil.nl
  19. ↑ Trends sinds de laatste tweede kamer verkiezing Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine on politieke barometer.nl
  20. ↑ (in Dutch) "Politieke Voorkeur sinds Januari 2009," Peil.nl (24 January 2010) Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ (in Dutch) "Alexander Pechtold is dé oppositieleider van dit moment," Hanneke van der Werf and Nynke de Zoeten, Nova: Den Haag Vandaag (19 April 2008)
  22. ↑ (in Dutch) Hugo Logtenberg, "Alexander Pechtold: Ik heb meer dan ooit criticasters nodig" Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine on intermediair.nl (2 April 2008)
  23. ↑ "Alexander Pechtold weg als partijleider, vertrekt dinsdag uit Kamer". NOS (in Dutch). 6 October 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  24. ↑ "Rob Jetten nieuwe fractievoorzitter D66". NOS (in Dutch). 9 October 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  25. ↑ "Zo dichtbij zaten de peilingen bij de werkelijke uitslag van de verkiezingen". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 18 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "Nieuwe D66-leider Jetten wil 'de mensen opzoeken'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 12 August 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  27. ↑ "D66 wil ambitieuze afspraken over beleid voor klimaat in Europa". D66. Voor de toekomst. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  28. ↑ Giesen, Peter (27 March 2013). "Jacht en plezier". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 July 2019. In hun plan Mooi Nederland willen PvdA, D66 en GroenLinks de 'plezierjacht' verbieden. Jagen is slechts geoorloofd als het een nuttig doel dient, zoals gewasbescherming of faunabeheer. Daarom willen ze de wildlijst van vrij bejaagbare dieren (onder meer haas, fazant en konijn) afschaffen.
  29. ↑ "Initiatiefnota Mooi Nederland" (PDF). GroenLinks. 2013. pp. 4, 9, 40–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2019.
  30. ↑ "D66 werkt aan echte stilte in stiltegebieden". D66 Noord-Holland. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  31. ↑ "Winners & Losers: Dutch Municipal Elections 2014". Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2015., I Am Expat, 21 March 2014
  32. ↑ "D66 verovert grote steden". 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015. NOS.nl, 20 March 2014
  33. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 7 juni 1979" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  34. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 14 juni 1984" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  35. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 15 juni 1989" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  36. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 9 juni 1994" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  37. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 10 juni 1999" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  38. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 10 juni 2004" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  39. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 4 juni 2009" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  40. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 22 mei 2014" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  41. ↑ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 23 mei 2019" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  42. ↑ Emil J. Kirchner (3 November 1988). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  43. 1 2 William Heller; Carol Mershon (23 June 2009). Political Parties and Legislative Party Switching. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-230-62255-5.
  44. ↑ "Members". European Committee of the Regions. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  45. ↑ Democrats 66 Archived 6 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine on liberal-international.org
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.