Cynthia A. Brewer (born 1960) is an American cartographer, author, and professor of geography at Pennsylvania State University. Brewer's specialism relates to visibility and color theory in cartography and, in 2023, she was awarded the International Cartographic Society's highest honor, the Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal, for her distinguished contribution to the field.

Brewer has worked as a map and atlas design consultant for the U.S. Census Bureau, National Cancer Institute, National Center for Health Statistics, and National Park Service. She teaches courses in introductory cartography and map design.[1] She also works on topographic map design, multi-scale mapping, generalization, and atlas mapping. She has been influential as a theorist for map representations and GIS professionals.

Her web, print, and colorblind-friendly set of colors known as ColorBrewer colors have been used by numerous projects.[2] She is the creator for the Apache 2.0 licensed web application ColorBrewer.[3]

Education

She graduated from McMaster University (Ontario, Canada) in 1979 and University of Guelph (Ontario, Canada) in 1983. She did her master's degree in geography with emphasis in cartography at Michigan State University, 1983 to 1986, presenting a thesis titled The Development of Process-Printed Munsell Charts for Selecting Map Colors. After a year at University of California at Santa Barbara, she obtained her doctorate from Michigan State University in 1991. Her dissertation was Prediction of Surround-Induced Changes in Map Color Appearance.[4]

Academic career

She was visiting lecturer at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Department of Geography during the year 1986/87. On completing her doctorate she was assistant professor, for three years (1991 to 1994) at San Diego State University. She joined the Pennsylvania State University, Department of Geography in 1994 and has been professor since 2007 and was head of the department from 2014 to 2021.

She has been a faculty member of the Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS), U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Interior, since 2008.[4]

Publications

Books

  • Brewer, Cynthia A. (2005), Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users, Esri Press, p. 220, ISBN 978-1589480896
  • Brewer, Cynthia A. (2008), Designed Maps: A Sourcebook for GIS Users, Esri Press, p. 184, ISBN 978-1589481602
  • Brewer, Cynthia A. (2015), Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users, 2nd Edition, Esri Press, p. 250, ISBN 978-1589484405

Articles

ColorBrewer

ColorBrewer screenshot

Choosing effective colour schemes for thematic maps, (or choropleths) is complex. A sequence of colors has to be selected to represent the data. For deciles, ten related colors must be selected. These colors can be chosen according to schemes such as sequential, diverging and qualitative (categorical). The results must consider the end-use environment for the map (e.g. cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, printed, projected, photocopied). There are five colour specification systems with numbers commonly written in hexadecimal and decimal.[5]

ColorBrewer is an online tool designed to take some of the guesswork out of this process by helping users select appropriate colour schemes for their specific mapping needs. It was launched in 2002. It is licensed using Apache 2.0 software license, which is similar to CC-BY-SA 3.0.[5]

In 2018, climate scientist Ed Hawkins chose the eight most saturated blues and reds from the ColorBrewer 9-class single-hue palettes in his design of warming stripes graphics, which visually summarize global warming as a sequence of stripes.[6]

Brewer palettes

Valid names and a full color representation for each palette are shown below. If this is viewed in a compliant browser, moving the mouse cursor over each box will pop up the corresponding color number as a tooltip.

Sequential (1-9)
  • YlGn
                                       
  • YlGnBu
                                       
  • GnBu
                                       
  • BuGn
                                       
  • PuBuGn
                                       
  • PuBu
                                       
  • BuPu
                                       
  • RdPu
                                       
  • PuRd
                                       
  • OrRd
                                       
  • YlOrRd
                                       
  • YlOrBr
                                       
  • Purples
                                       
  • Blues
                                       
  • Greens
                                       
  • Oranges
                                       
  • Reds
                                       
  • Greys
                                       
Divergent (1-11)
  • PuOr
                                               
  • BrBG
                                               
  • PRGn
                                               
  • PiYG
                                               
  • RdBu
                                               
  • RdGy
                                               
  • RdYlBu
                                               
  • Spectral
                                               
  • RdYlGn
                                               
Qualitative (1-8/12)
  • Accent
                                   
  • Dark2
                                   
  • Paired
                                                   
  • Pastel1
                                       
  • Pastel2
                                   
  • Set1
                                       
  • Set2
                                   
  • Set3
                                                   

Further research

Most of this work is applicable to computer based GIS work. Leading from the original work, investigations have been made into schemes for differing types of colorblindness.[2] Other cartographers in this field include Gretchen N Petersen[7] and Brewer's mentor Judy M Olson, Professor Emerita of Geography, Michigan State University.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Brewer, Cynthia (30 July 2005). Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users. Esri Press. ASIN 1589480899.
  2. 1 2 Stephen D. Gardner, 2005, Evaluation of the ColorBrewer Color Schemes for Accommodation of Map Readers with Impaired Color Vision Archived 2018-07-29 at the Wayback Machine (6.1MB PDF)
  3. ↑ "ColorBrewer 2.0". Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 "Brewer, Cynthia | Penn State Department of Geography". www.geog.psu.edu. Penn State. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  5. 1 2 Harrower & Brewer 2003.
  6. ↑ Bugden, Erica (3 December 2019). "Do you really understand the influential warming stripes?". Voilà Information Design. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Kent, Alexander J. (2013), "Cartographer's Toolkit: Colors, Typography, Patterns by Gretchen N. Peterson (review)", Cartographica, 48 (1): 71–72, doi:10.1353/car.2013.0006, S2CID 60034752
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