Wandering spiders
Temporal range:
Phoneutria nigriventer
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Ctenidae
Keyserling, 1877
Diversity
49 genera, 533 species

Wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are a family of spiders that includes the Brazilian wandering spiders. These spiders have a distinctive longitudinal groove on the top-rear of their oval carapace similar to those of the Amaurobiidae.[1] They are highly defensive[2] and venomous nocturnal hunters. Wandering spiders are known to hunt large prey, for example hylid species Dendropsophus branneri.[3] Despite their notoriety for being dangerous, only a few members of Phoneutria have venom known to be hazardous to humans, but the venoms of this family are poorly known,[4] so all larger ctenids should be treated with caution.

General

As of July 2021, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[5]

  • Acantheis Thorell, 1891 — Asia
  • Acanthoctenus Keyserling, 1877 — South America, Central America, Jamaica, Mexico
  • Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 — Africa, India
  • Afroneutria Polotow & Jocqué, 2015 — Africa
  • Amauropelma Raven, Stumkat & Gray, 2001 — Asia, Australia
  • Amicactenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Africa
  • Anahita Karsch, 1879 — Africa, Asia, United States
  • Ancylometes Bertkau, 1880 — South America, Honduras
  • Apolania Simon, 1898 — Seychelles
  • Arctenus Polotow & Jocqué, 2014 — Kenya
  • Asthenoctenus Simon, 1897 — South America
  • Bengalla Gray & Thompson, 2001 — Australia
  • Bulboctenus Pereira, Labarque & Polotow, 2020 — Brazil
  • Califorctenus Jiménez, Berrian, Polotow & Palacios-Cardiel, 2017
  • Caloctenus Keyserling, 1877 — Ethiopia, South America
  • Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 — Brazil
  • Centroctenus Mello-Leitão, 1929 — South America
  • Chococtenus Dupérré, 2015 — Ecuador, Colombia
  • Ciba Bloom, Binford, Esposito, Alayón, Peterson, Nishida, Loubet-Senear & Agnarsson, 2014 — Cuba, Dominican Republic
  • Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 — Africa, South America, Oceania, Central America, Asia, North America, Caribbean
  • Diallomus Simon, 1897 — Sri Lanka
  • Enoploctenus Simon, 1897 — South America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • Gephyroctenus Mello-Leitão, 1936 — Brazil, Peru
  • Isoctenus Bertkau, 1880 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Janusia Gray, 1973 — Australia
  • Kiekie Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 — Colombia, Central America, Mexico
  • Leptoctenus L. Koch, 1878 — Australia, North America, Panama
  • Macroctenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea
  • Mahafalytenus Silva-Dávila, 2007 — Madagascar
  • Montescueia Carcavallo & Martínez, 1961 — Argentina
  • Nimbanahita Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea
  • Nothroctenus Badcock, 1932 — Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
  • Ohvida Polotow & Brescovit, 2009 — Cuba
  • Parabatinga Polotow & Brescovit, 2009 — South America
  • Perictenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea
  • Petaloctenus Jocqué & Steyn, 1997 — Africa
  • Phoneutria Perty, 1833 — South America
  • Phymatoctenus Simon, 1897 — Brazil, Guyana, Costa Rica
  • Piloctenus Henrard & Jocqué, 2017 — Guinea, Togo, Ivory Coast
  • Sinoctenus Marusik, Zhang & Omelko, 2012
  • Spinoctenus Hazzi, Polotow, Brescovit, González-Obando & Simó, 2018
  • Thoriosa Simon, 1910 — São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea
  • Toca Polotow & Brescovit, 2009 — Brazil
  • Trogloctenus Lessert, 1935 — Congo
  • Trujillina Bryant, 1948 — Caribbean
  • Tuticanus Simon, 1897 — Ecuador, Peru
  • Viracucha Lehtinen, 1967 — South America
  • Wiedenmeyeria Schenkel, 1953 — Venezuela

See also

References

  1. ↑ McGavin, George C. (2002). Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods. New York: Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 0-7894-9392-6.
  2. ↑ Bücherl, Wolfgang; Buckley, Eleanor E. (2013). Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Invertebrates. Elsevier. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4832-6289-5.
  3. ↑ de Araujo Lira, André Felipe (May 26, 2000). "Predation of Dendropsophus branneri (Cochran, 1948) (Anura: Hylidae) by wandering spider (Araneae: Ctenidae) in an Atlantic forest remnant". Herpetology Notes. 13: 421–424 – via Biotaxa.
  4. ↑ Okamoto; et al. (2009). "Ctenus medius and Phoneutria nigriventer spiders venoms share noxious proinflammatory activities". J. Med. Entomol. 46 (1): 58–66. doi:10.1603/033.046.0108. PMID 19198518. S2CID 33154932.
  5. ↑ "Family: Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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