Crème brûlée
Alternative namesBurned cream, Burnt cream, Trinity cream, Cambridge burnt cream
CourseDessert
Place of originFrance
Region or stateFrance, England, Spain, Netherlands, Portugal
Serving temperatureRoom temperature
Main ingredientsCream, sugar, egg or egg yolks, vanilla

Crème brûlée or crème brulée (/ˌkrɛm bruːˈleɪ/; French pronunciation: [kʁɛm bʁy.le]), also known as burnt cream or Trinity cream,[1] and virtually identical to crema catalana,[2] is a dessert consisting of a rich custard base topped with a layer of hardened caramelized sugar. It is normally served slightly chilled; the heat from the caramelizing process tends to warm the top of the custard, while leaving the center cool. The custard base is traditionally flavored with vanilla in French cuisine, but can have other flavorings. It is sometimes garnished with fruit.

History

The earliest known recipe of a dessert called crème brûlée appears in François Massialot's 1691 cookbook Cuisinier royal et bourgeois.[3][4] The question of its origin has inspired debate within the modern gastronomical community.[5]

The recipe is then based on egg yolks and milk, with a pinch of flour. Once cooked, François Massialot specifies "that it must be sweetened on top, in addition to the sugar that is put in it: we take the shovel from the fire, very red at the same time we burn the cream, so that it takes a beautiful color of gold".

Some authors mention Bartolomeo Stefani's Latte alla Spagnuola (1662) as describing crema catalana,[5] but it calls for browning the top of the custard before serving with sugar on top.[6]

It seems, however, that Massialot took up and perfected two recipes described by François Pierre de La Varenne 40 years earlier in Le cuisinier françois, published in 1651.[7] Both creams, respectively called Oeufs au lait (eggs with milk) and Oeufs à la crème (eggs in cream) were made by cooking a mixture of beaten eggs, milk or cream, a little butter (in the recipe with milk), salt and sugar. Once curdled, they were "colored with the palette of the fire", and sugar was sprinkled at the time of serving.

Burning the surface of a plate with a red-hot iron to give it colour appears in other recipes in the same book, such as oeufs au miroir de crème (eggs in cream mirror), ramequin de fromage (cheese toast) and ramequin d'oignon (onion toast) so this custom was not limited to creams.

The name "burnt cream" was later used to refer to the dish in the 1702 English translation of Massialot's Cuisinier royal et bourgeois.[8] In 1740, he referred to a similar recipe as crême à l'Angloise, or 'English cream', which further cast doubt on its origins. The dessert was introduced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1879 as "Trinity Cream" or "Cambridge burnt cream", with the college arms "impressed on top of the cream with a branding iron".[1] No dessert by the name crème brûlée appeared again in French cookbooks until the 1980s.[3]

Crème brûlée was generally uncommon in both French and English cookbooks of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[3] It became extremely popular in the 1980s, "a symbol of that decade's self-indulgence and the darling of the restaurant boom",[2][9] probably popularised by Sirio Maccioni at his New York restaurant Le Cirque. He claimed to have made it "the most famous and by far the most popular dessert in restaurants from Paris to Peoria".[3][10]

Technique

Crème brûlée is usually served in individual ramekins. Discs of caramel may be prepared separately and put on top just before serving, or the caramel may be formed directly on top of the custard immediately before serving. To do this, sugar is sprinkled onto the custard, then caramelized under a red-hot salamander (a cast-iron disk with a long wooden handle) or with a butane torch.[11]

There are two methods for making the custard. The more common creates a "hot" custard by whisking egg yolks in a double boiler with sugar and incorporating the cream, adding vanilla once the custard is removed from the heat.[12] Alternatively, the egg yolk/sugar mixture can be tempered with hot cream, then adding vanilla at the end. In the "cold" method, the egg yolks and sugar are whisked together until the mixture reaches the ribbon stage. Then, cold heavy cream is whisked into the yolk mixture, followed by the vanilla. It is then poured into ramekins and baked in a bain-marie.[13]

The sugar being caramelized with a blowtorch

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 Davidson, Alan (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 Andrews, Colman (3 December 2005). Catalan Cuisine, Revised Edition: Vivid Flavors From Spain's Mediterranean Coast. Harvard Common Press. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-1-55832-329-2. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Goldstein, Darra, ed. (2015). The Oxford companion to sugar and sweets. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-931361-7. OCLC 905969818. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ↑ Grigson, Jane (1 January 1985). Jane Grigson's British Cookery. Atheneum. ISBN 9780689115240. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  5. 1 2 Sabban, Françoise; Serventi, Silvano (1998). La gastronomie au Grand Siècle : 100 recettes de France et d'Italie. Oxford University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-2234050426.
  6. ↑ Stefani, Bartolomeo (1622). L'Arte di ben cucinare. pp. 97–98. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  7. ↑ texte, La Varenne (1618-1678) Auteur du (1651). Le cuisinier françois , enseignant la manière de bien apprester et assaisonner toutes sortes de viandes... légumes,... par le sieur de La Varenne,...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ McGee, Harold (20 March 2007). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Simon and Schuster. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4165-5637-4. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  9. ↑ Sax, Richard (9 November 2010). Classic Home Desserts: A Treasury of Heirloom and Contemporary Recipes. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-0-547-50480-3. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  10. ↑ Maccioni, Sirio; Elliot, Peter (2004). Sirio : the story of my life and Le Cirque. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-20456-0. OCLC 54677462. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  11. ↑ Cloake, Felicity (19 September 2012). "How to cook perfect creme brulee". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  12. ↑ "Vanilla-bean creme brulee". www.taste.com.au. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  13. ↑ Delp, Valorie. "Creme Brulee History and Recipe". LoveToKnow. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

General and cited references

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