Cotabato
North Cotabato
Province
Province of Cotabato
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawiاوتار كوتوات
(from top: left to right) Mount Apo Rainforest, Paniki Falls in Kidapawan, Lake Venado Campsite, Lake Venado, Provincial road in Carmen and Kidapawan City Hall.
Flag of Cotabato
Flag
Official seal of Cotabato
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 7°12′N 124°51′E / 7.2°N 124.85°E / 7.2; 124.85
CountryPhilippines
RegionSoccsksargen*
Foundation
Capital
and largest city		Kidapawan
Government
 • GovernorEmmylou Taliño-Mendoza (NP)
 • Vice GovernorEfren F. Piñol (PDP–Laban)
 • LegislatureCotabato Provincial Board
Area
[1]
 • Total9,008.90 km2 (3,478.36 sq mi)
 • Rank6th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Apo)
2,954 m (9,692 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Total1,275,185
 • Rank22nd out of 81
 • Density140/km2 (370/sq mi)
  • Rank57th out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities
1
 • Municipalities
17
 • Barangays543
 • DistrictsLegislative districts of Cotabato
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
9400–9417
IDD : area code +63 (0)64
ISO 3166 codePH-NCO
Spoken languages
Income classification1st class
Websitecotabatoprov.gov.ph
* excluding 63 barangays under BARMM

Cotabato or North Cotabato (Hiligaynon: Aminhan Cotabato; Maguindanaon: Utara Kutawatu, Jawi: اوتار كوتوات; Cebuano: Amihanang Cotabato; Filipino: Hilagang Cotabato), officially the Province of Cotabato, is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao. Its capital is the city of Kidapawan. Some of its barangays are under the jurisdiction of the nearby Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.

Name

The name Kuta Watu in Maguindanaon (or Kota Batu in Malay) means "Stone Fortress".

7th-century urn made of limestone, from Cotabato

History

Maguindanao Sultanate

According to Maguindanao royal records, Islam was introduced to the Maguindanaos in the late 15th century by Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan, a Johorean Malay Muslim noble and missionary of Arab descent. Sharif Kabungsuan invaded Malabang in 1475, facing armed resistance from the principality, nevertheless successfully vanquishing and subjugating it to his Islamic rule through the employment of Samal forces.[3]

Cotabato became the capital of the Maguindanao Sultanate. The city became the seat of power of Sultan Muhammad Kudarat in 1619.

Spanish invasion

Christianity was introduced in 1596, but the Spaniards were unable to penetrate into the region until the second half of the 19th century. The district of Cotabato was formed in 1860,[4] covering the areas of what is now Cotabato, Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat provinces with its capital at Tamontaka. Fort Pikit was established by the Spaniards in 1893 as they continued their conquest of the remnants of Maguindanao Sultanate, which would soon be the site of one of the province's oldest towns, Pikit.

American rule

The coming of the Americans ushered in the creation of the Moro Province on July 15, 1903, through Act No. 787 of the Philippine Commission. Cotabato, covering what are now the provinces of Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato and Sarangani, became a district of the huge Moro province. During the American period, large companies were established in Cotabato to exploit the vast timber resources of the region. By the 1930s, settlers from Luzon and Visayas established homesteads in Cotabato.

Japanese invasion

In December 1941, Japanese planes bombed and invaded Cotabato. In 1942, Cotabato was occupied by the Japanese Imperial forces. A military headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army existed in Cotabato from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the Philippine Constabulary 10th Constabulary Regiment was stationed in Cotobato from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946. Moro guerrilla fighters operating in the province of Cotabato helped local forces of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the Philippine Constabulary 10th Constabulary Regiment fight against the Imperial Japanese Army until 1944. The Moro guerrillas fought the Japanese troops until liberation. In 1945, Cotabato was recaptured from the Japanese Imperial forces by the combined Filipino and American troops together with the recognized Moro guerrilla units. The guerrillas used the traditional Moro Kampilan, Barong and Kris swords as their weapons.

Third Philippine Republic to the present day

The pace of settlement in the region accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s. The former province of Cotabato was once the largest in the Philippines. In 1966, South Cotabato was created as a separate province.[5]

Mindanao, including Cotabato, was relatively peaceful in the 1950s and the mid-1960s. While there were some ethnic tensions, there was essentially no presence of secessionist groups in Mindanao yet.[6]

Martial law during the Marcos administration

The relative peace of the postwar era began to change in the last years of President Ferdinand Marcos' first term, when news about the Jabidah massacre ignited a furor in the Moro community, and ethnic tensions encouraged with the formation of secessionist movements.[7] None of these groups had enough followers to form a viable opposition until Marcos declared Martial Law,[8] but when political parties were dissolved upon the proclamation of Martial Law in September 1972, it became easy for the armed secessionist group known as the Moro National Liberation Front to consolidate power, and the decades-long Moro conflict began in earnest.[9]

One major event of Martial law which took place in Cotabato was the Manili massacre, which saw the mass murder of 70[10] to 79[11] Moros, including women and children, committed in a mosque in Manili, Carmen, North Cotabato, Philippines on June 19, 1971.[12] The Muslim residents of the town had gathered in their mosque to participate in a supposed peace talk with Christian groups when a group of armed men suspected to be part of the Ilaga militant group[10] opened fire on them.[12]

On November 22, 1973, through Presidential Decree No. 341, what remained of the old Cotabato was further divided into the provinces of North Cotabato, Maguindanao, and Sultan Kudarat.[13] North Cotabato was later renamed Cotabato through Batas Pambansa Blg. 660 approved on March 7, 1984.[14]

Fifth Philippine Republic

In 1992, the province of Sarangani was formed out of South Cotabato.[15]

Cotabato now comprises the capital city of Kidapawan and 17 municipalities.

By the aftermath of the plebiscite to form the autonomous administrative region of Bangsamoro in February 2019, 63 barangays from Cotabato's western municipalities, all of which inhabited mostly by Muslim natives, opted to join the newly formed region.[16] This will result in the reduction of the number of barangays the province currently administers after the national midterm elections on May 13, 2019.[17]

Geography

Cotabato covers a total area of 9,008.90 square kilometres (3,478.36 sq mi)[18] occupying the northeastern tip of Region XII and is centrally located in Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Bukidnon, on the east by Davao City and Davao del Norte, on the west by Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur, on the south by Sultan Kudarat, and on the southeast by Davao del Sur.

Cotabato is strategically linked to the major "Arterial Road System" that traverses and connects the province to Davao City - Soccsksargen - Cotabato Corridor. The Cotabato via Kabacan - Maramag - Kibawe, Bukidnon Sayre Highway meanwhile serves as its link to the Cagayan de Oro-Iligan City Corridor.

Cotabato stretches from the east at Mount Apo, which separates it from Davao, to the Piapayungan Range on its boundary with Lanao in the west.[19] Between these highlands is the basin of the Pulangi River or Rio Grande de Mindanao,[19] the second longest in the Philippines at 373 kilometres (232 mi), which rises in Bukidnon and flows south to Maguindanao and Illana Bay. The province's fertile plains are traversed by tributaries of this great river.

Typhoons do not pass through Cotabato and rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year.[19]

Climate data for Cotabato
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.5
(86.9)		 31.0
(87.8)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.8
(91.0)		 32.2
(90.0)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.3
(88.3)		 31.5
(88.7)		 31.8
(89.2)		 32.3
(90.1)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.3
(88.3)		 31.7
(89.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7)		 23.9
(75.0)		 24.1
(75.4)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.6
(76.3)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.5
(76.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.3
(75.8)
Average rainy days 15 11 13 11 15 17 15 14 13 15 15 13 167
Source: Storm247 [20]

Administrative divisions

Cotabato comprises 17 municipalities and one city.[18]

Political map of Cotabato
  •  †  Provincial capital and component city
  •   Municipality
City or municipality District[18] Population (2020)[21] Area (km2) No. of Barangay(s) Coordinates[A]
Alamada 1st 68,659 787.50 17 7°23′24″N 124°32′59″E / 7.3900°N 124.5498°E / 7.3900; 124.5498 (Alamada)
Aleosan[lower-alpha 1] 1st 41,944 225.44 17 7°09′08″N 124°34′53″E / 7.1523°N 124.5813°E / 7.1523; 124.5813 (Aleosan)
Antipas 2nd 26,817 552.50 13 7°14′42″N 125°03′14″E / 7.2450°N 125.0539°E / 7.2450; 125.0539 (Antipas)
Arakan 2nd 50,558 693.22 28 7°21′05″N 125°07′34″E / 7.3514°N 125.1262°E / 7.3514; 125.1262 (Arakan)
Banisilan 3rd 46,995 577.22 20 7°30′21″N 124°41′41″E / 7.5058°N 124.6947°E / 7.5058; 124.6947 (Banisilan)
Carmen[lower-alpha 1] 3rd 79,140 1,110.43 21 7°12′16″N 124°47′43″E / 7.2045°N 124.7953°E / 7.2045; 124.7953 (Carmen)
Kabacan[lower-alpha 1] 3rd 77,164 330.92 17 7°07′00″N 124°49′00″E / 7.1166°N 124.8166°E / 7.1166; 124.8166 (Kabacan)
Kidapawan City † 2nd 160,791 358.47 40 7°00′30″N 125°05′30″E / 7.0083°N 125.0916°E / 7.0083; 125.0916 (Kidapawan)
Libungan 1st 56,269 172.50 20 7°14′25″N 124°31′11″E / 7.2403°N 124.5198°E / 7.2403; 124.5198 (Libungan)
M'lang 3rd 98,195 312.13 37 6°56′47″N 124°52′42″E / 6.9463°N 124.8783°E / 6.9463; 124.8783 (M'lang)
Magpet 2nd 53,800 755.36 32 7°06′08″N 125°07′28″E / 7.1023°N 125.1245°E / 7.1023; 125.1245 (Magpet)
Makilala 2nd 87,927 343.57 38 6°57′41″N 125°05′09″E / 6.9613°N 125.0858°E / 6.9613; 125.0858 (Makilala)
Matalam 3rd 81,355 476.00 34 6°57′41″N 125°05′09″E / 6.9613°N 125.0858°E / 6.9613; 125.0858 (Makilala)
Midsayap[lower-alpha 1] 1st 117,365 186.47 44 7°11′21″N 124°32′06″E / 7.1891°N 124.5349°E / 7.1891; 124.5349 (Midsayap)
Pigcawayan[lower-alpha 1] 1st 52,744 289.98 28 7°16′45″N 124°25′27″E / 7.2791°N 124.4242°E / 7.2791; 124.4242 (Pigcawayan)
Pikit[lower-alpha 1] 1st 67,024 277.27 20 7°03′13″N 124°40′20″E / 7.0537°N 124.6722°E / 7.0537; 124.6722 (Pikit)
President Roxas 2nd 52,512 618.25 25 7°09′15″N 125°03′19″E / 7.1543°N 125.0554°E / 7.1543; 125.0554 (President Roxas)
Tulunan 3rd 60,978 343.08 29 6°49′50″N 124°52′22″E / 6.8305°N 124.8728°E / 6.8305; 124.8728 (Tulunan)
Total 1,275,185 9,008.90 480
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Figures for the municipalities of Aleosan, Carmen, Kabacan, Midsayap, Pigkawayan and Pikit have been reduced due to the creation of the Bangsamoro Special Geographic Area - Interim Province out of the several barangays from the said municipalities and the subsequent transfer and turnover to the Bangsamoro region in 2019. Consequently, the official land area, population count and number of barangays for these municipalities have also been reduced, as duly declared official by the Philippine Statistics Authority Board Resolution No. 13 Series of 2021.[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
  3. "Third Quarter 2021 PSGC Updates: Inclusion of BARMM and Correction of Names of the 37 Barangays". Retrieved March 22, 2022.

Reduction due to the establishment of the Bangsamoro

During the 2001 Referendum for inclusion to the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, 2 out of 28 barangays of Carmen, Cotabato chose to be part of ARMM, but were excluded because they are not connected to the main region of ARMM. During 2010-2016 Administration, the Bangsamoro ideal sprouted and a newly proposed region was in the making. According to the agreements signed by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Administration of Noynoy Aquino, Carmen will be included in Bangsamoro because of the two out of twenty-eight barangays that voted in favor of joining the Muslim region back in 2001. Unfortunately, Bangsamoro was not implemented before the term of Aquino ended. Despite this, the current administration aims to establish a Federal Government, where Bangamoro will be realized into a State of the Philippines wherein Carmen will be included in Bangsamoro.

Plans to establish a new municipality in the south of Carmen so that the indigenous and Christian central and northern part of Carmen will be retained in North Cotabato has yet to be confirmed. The idea arose because once the entire municipality of Carmen is included in Bangsamoro, the province of North Cotabato will be cut into half, leaving three towns (Banisilan, Alamada, and Libungan) at its west without connection to the center of North Cotabato, isolating these towns in the process.

The issue was partially resolved when the second part of the plebiscite was conducted on February 6, 2019, when 63 barangay from the towns of Pigkawayan, Libungan, Midsayap, Aleosan, Carmen, Banisilan and Pikit opted to join the new administrative autonomous region of Bangsamoro after the results of the region's formation plebiscite were confirmed three days later on February 9.[16] These barangays are to join either the adjacent province of Maguindanao as parts of the said province's nearby and respective municipalities or to cluster on their own as new municipalities within the said province after the national midterm elections on May 13, 2019.[17] The size and population of Cotabato province had officially diminished on November 20, 2019, as the barangays which voted to join the Bangsamoro made their exit from the province and their respective mother municipalities and were officially turned over to the Bangsamoro government as an interim province within the autonomous region divided into several clusters.[22][23]

Demographics

Population census of Cotabato
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 3,988—    
1918 16,165+9.78%
1939 50,012+5.53%
1948 87,236+6.38%
1960 279,478+10.19%
1970 468,354+5.29%
1975 472,302+0.17%
1980 564,599+3.63%
1990 763,995+3.07%
1995 862,666+2.30%
2000 958,643+2.29%
2007 1,121,974+2.19%
2010 1,226,508+3.29%
2015 1,379,747+2.27%
2020 1,275,185−1.54%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[24][25][26][27]
2020 Census count was revised as per PSA Board Resolution
No. 13 Series of 2021 adopted on November 9, 2021.[21][22]
Spoken languages in Cotabato
Languages percentage
Hiligaynon
 
 46%
Maguindanao
 
 38%
Cebuano
 
 8%
Ilocano
 
 4%

Based on the 2020 census, Cotabato has an overall population of 1,275,185.[2] The average population growth rate was 2.27% in the period 2010–2015, which is higher than the national average of 1.72%. The province had a density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile.

Cotabato is an ethnolinguistically diverse province. The first Visayan settlers reached the town of Pikit in 1913, and since then, Christian migrants have moved and lived in Cotabato, cohabitating the province with the local indigenous groups. 71% of Cotabato's population descended from settlers who migrated from the Visayas and Luzon, while the remaining 18% belong to the communities of Magindanaons, Iranuns, Ilianens, Dulangan Manobo, Obo, Tagabawa, and Tboli. The major languages spoken are Hiligaynon (46%), Maguindanao (38%), Cebuano (8%), and Ilocano (4%).[19]

Religion

Cotabato's population is majority Christian. According to the 2010 census,[28] 51.2% of the population are Roman Catholic.[29] Muslims form 26% of the population.[30] The other significant minorities are Evangelical Christians at 8.4% of the population and Iglesia Ni Cristo which forms 1.9% of the Province population.[31] In 2015 the Philippine Statistics Authority recorded Islam followed by 39.28% of the population.[32]

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Cotabato
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[33][34]
[35][36][37][38][39]

Cotabato is considered a major food basket in Mindanao. It is a top producer of cereals, tropical fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, coconut, coffee, freshwater fish and livestock.

It is also one of the country's leading producers of raw and semi-processed rubber and industrial trees,[40] with markets in Asia and Europe.

Among its major natural assets are Mt. Apo, the country's highest peak at 9,692 feet (2,954 m) above sea level, the Pulangi River which is a major contributor to Mindanao's irrigation system and hydro-electric energy, and the vast Liguasan Marsh which not only supplies a bounty of freshwater fish and organic fertilizer but considered as a possible source as well of natural gas.

Power utility in the province comes from two energy sources - the NAPOCOR Agus Grid in Iligan transmitted through its Tacurong Substations and the Mindanao 1 Geothermal Power Plant at the foot of Mt. Apo in Ilomavis, Kidapawan City which produces 97 megawatts of electricity. Power distribution is handled by Cotabato Electric Cooperative, Inc. (COTELCO).

The province has a 4,131.32-kilometre (2,567.08 mi) road network connecting the major centers to each other and the outlying barangays, and communication linkage through NDD-IDD, fax, cellular phone and the internet is available.

Government

President Benigno Aquino III signed the law dividing to new 3 legislative district of Cotabato on September 14, 2012. The representative shall continue to serve until next national election.[41]

Elected provincial officials

  • House of Representatives
  1. 1st District — Rep. Joselito S. Sacdalan
  2. 2nd District — Rep. Rudy Caodagan
  3. 3rd District — Rep. Maria Alana Samantha Talino Santos
  • Governor: Emmylou "Lala" Talino-Mendoza
  • Vice Governor: Efren Pinol

References

  1. ↑ "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  2. 1 2 Census of Population (2020). "Region XII (Soccsksargen)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  3. ↑ Halili, Christine N. (2004). "The Natural Setting and its People". Philippine History (First ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. 52–53. ISBN 971-23-3934-3. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  4. ↑ "Our Province". Province of Cotabato (government website). Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Republic Act No. 4849 - An Act Creating the Province of South Cotabato". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. July 18, 1966. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  6. ↑ Miclat, Gus (2002). "Our lives were never the same again". In Arguillas, Carolyn O. (ed.). Turning rage into courage: Mindanao under martial law. MindaNews Publications, Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center. OCLC 644320116.
  7. ↑ George, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: the rise of Islam in Philippine politics. Kuala Lumpur. ISBN 0-19-580429-5. OCLC 6569089.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ↑ George, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–134.
  9. ↑ Yegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 267–268.
  10. 1 2 Mariveles, Julius D. "Mindanao: A memory of massacres". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  11. ↑ Arguillas, Carolyn O. (January 28, 2010). "De Lima: "Oooops, sorry, it's Ampatuan Massacre not Maguindanao Massacre". MindaNews. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  12. 1 2 Larousse, William (2001). A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines 1965–2000. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 136. ISBN 88-7652-879-2.
  13. ↑ "Presidential Decree No. 341: Creating the Provinces of North Cotabato, Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat". Philippine Laws, Statutes & Codes. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. November 22, 1973. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Batas Pambansa Blg. 660 - An Act Changing the Name of the Province of North Cotabato to Cotabato". Philippine Laws, Statutes & Codes. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. November 22, 1973. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Republic Act No. 7228 - An Act Creating the Province of Sarangani". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. March 16, 1992. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  16. 1 2 "63 North Cotabato villages complete new Bangsamoro region". CNN Philippines. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  17. 1 2 Carolyn O. Arguillas (February 8, 2019). "Pikit's fate: 20 barangays remain with North Cotabato, 22 joining BARMM". MindaNews. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  18. 1 2 3 "Province: Cotabato". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Lancion, Jr., Conrado M.; cartography by de Guzman, Rey (1995). "The Provinces; Cotabato". Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines: Tahanan Books. p. 64. ISBN 971-630-037-9. Retrieved April 29, 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ "Weather forecast for North Cotabato, Philippines". Storm247.com. Bergen, NO: StormGeo AS. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  21. 1 2 Total Population, Household Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size by Region, Province, and City/Municipality: Philippines, 2020. PSA. March 23, 2022.
  22. 1 2 "PSA Board Resolution No. 13, Series of 2021: Approving and Adopting the Third Quarter 2021 Philippine Standard Geographic Code Updates to Include the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Barmm) and Correct the Names of 37 Barangays" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  23. ↑ Macabalang, Ali (November 13, 2019). "BARMM to assume official supervision over 63 NorCot villages on Nov. 20". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  24. ↑ Census of Population (2015). "Region XII (Soccsksargen)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  25. ↑ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region XII (Soccsksargen)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  26. ↑ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region XII (Soccsksargen)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ "Province of North Cotabato". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  28. ↑ https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NORTH%20COTABATO_FINAL%20PDF.pdf
  29. ↑ Bueza, Michael (January 18, 2015). "MAP: Catholicism in the Philippines". Rappler.
  30. ↑ Bueza, Michael (July 17, 2015). "MAP: Islam in the Philippines". Rappler.
  31. ↑ Bueza, Michael (July 26, 2014). "MAP: Iglesia ni Cristo in the Philippines". Rappler.
  32. ↑ Philippine Statistics Authority (July 26, 2017). "Muslim Population in Mindanao (based on POPCEN 2015". Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  33. ↑ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  35. ↑ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. February 8, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
  40. ↑ Cabrera, Ferdinandh B. (August 22, 2013). "NorthCot pushes rubber industry dev't". MindaNews. Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center (MNICC). Retrieved April 29, 2016. North Cotabato is the country's second largest rubber producer, next to Zamboanga Sibugay, with a rubber plantation area of at least 55,000 hectares.
  41. ↑ Burgonio, TJ (September 15, 2012). "Aquino signs law reapportioning Cotabato into 3 districts". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
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