CRS highlighted in red
Diagram of CRS

Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS, or Cosmic Ray System)[1] is an instrument aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft of the NASA Voyager program, and it is an experiment to detect cosmic rays.[2][3] The CRS includes a High-Energy Telescope System (HETS), Low-Energy Telescope System (LETS), and The Electron Telescope (TET).[4] It is designed to detect energetic particles and some of the requirements were for the instrument to be reliable and to have enough charge resolution.[5] It can also detect the energetic particles like protons from the Galaxy or Earth's Sun.[1]

As of 2019, CRS is one of the active remaining instruments on both Voyager spacecraft, and it is described by as being able to detect electrons from 3–110 MeV and cosmic ray nuclei 1–500 MeV/n.[6] All three systems used solid-state detectors.[7] CRS is one of the five fields and particle experiments on each spacecraft, and one of the goals is to gain a deeper understanding of the solar wind.[8] Other objects of study including electrons and nuclei from planetary magnetospheres and from outside the solar system.[9]

In the summer of 2019, the heater for the CRS on Voyager 2 was turned off to save power, however, although it cooled off it was still returning data at a new lower temperature outside its original operating range.[10] The amount of power on the Voyager spacecraft has been slowly decreasing, so various items of equipment are turned off to save power.[10]

Overview

The CRS is detecting extremely small particles as might be detected in a bubble chamber or cloud chamber, which can show the tracks certain particles make as they travel because they trigger little bubbles despite being of atomic size.

Areas of original study for this investigation:[11]

  • origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays,
  • nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic-ray sources
  • behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium
  • trapped planetary energetic particle environment.

High-Energy Telescope System:[4]

Low-Energy Telescope System:[4]

  • 0.15 and 30 MeV/nucleon for atomic numbers from 1 to 30.
  • Measures anisotropies of electrons and nuclei.

Electron Telescope (TET):

  • The TET measures the energy spectrum of electrons from 3 to 110 MeV.[4]

The TET consists of eight solid state detectors with different thicknesses of tungsten between each detector.[12] The detectors and tungsten layers are stacked one on top of each other.[13] The tungsten layers range from 0.56 mm to 2.34 mm thick and function as absorbers. Each TET solid state detector has an area of 4.5 cm2 and is 3 mm thick.[13]

The principal investigator is Prof. Edward C. Stone, Jr.[14]

The CRS was tested to operate down to a temperature of minus 49 degrees F (minus 59 degrees C) during its development in the 1970s.[10]

Operating Temperature

During its development the CRS was rated to operate down to a temperature of minus 49 degrees F (minus 45 degrees C).[10] Up until 2019 the instrument was operated on both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, however in the summer of 2019 there was need to save some power on Voyager 2.[10] The heater for the CRS was turned off at this time, which caused a lowering of the CRS temperature to below its lowest rated operating temperature.[10] The device cooled down to minus 74 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 59 degrees Celsius) but it still continued to operate at this temperature.[10]

Results

This shows cosmic ray hits as recorded by Voyager 1 from 2011–2012, a time when it is thought to have finally exited the Heliosphere
A view of the outer Solar System[10] as discovered by Voyager as of June 2013
Voyager 2 is reported as leaving the heliosphere on November 5, 2018.[15]

In 1977 the spectra of Helium (He), Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Neon during the solar minimum was measured using the CRS instrument on the Voyagers that year.[16] The solar minimum of 1977 occurred towards the end of year, and it was possible to observe both interplanetary, galactic, and anomalous energy spectra.[16]

In the early 1980s, the CRS detected charged particles around Saturn.[17] It detected a 0.43 million volt flux of protons as it traveled through Saturn's magnetosphere.[17] In the 1980s the CRS data from both Voyagers was used to determine the abundances of energetic particles from the Sun and additional information.[18] Another area studied in the 1980s using CRS data was variation in Galactic cosmic rays in the outer Heliosphere[19]

CRS helped predict that Voyager 1 and 2 would cross the Solar System's termination shock in 2003.[20] This helped support the later conclusion that Voyager 1 crossed the termination shock in December 2004 and that Voyager 2 crossed it in August 2007.[21]

In 2011, CRS data along with the Voyager Magnetometer discovered an area where the solar wind was not going in either direction.[22] The area was identified as a sort of charged particle doldrums, where the particles from the Solar System are pushed back by cosmic forces.[22] At a distance of 17 light-hours Voyager 1 was commanded to rotate several times (in the other direction then its spinning), to make detection in other directions.[21]

It was determined that in 2012 Voyager 1 entered interstellar space, that is it entered the interstellar medium between the stars.[23] One of the reasons this was recognized was a significant increase in galactic cosmic rays.[24]

In 2013 CRS data lead some to propose that Voyager 1 had entered a "transition zone" as it leaves the Heliosphere.[25] There was some changes in the amounts and type of detections that triggered deeper analysis.[26] The results from the magnetometer muddied the waters of interpretation.[27]

First I don't think any of us on the CRS [Cosmic Ray Subsystem, an instrument on Voyager] team will ever forget watching on the computer monitors, even on an hourly basis, in one case, as some particle intensities dropped precipitously, and others increased simultaneously on several occasions in July and August, 2012.

— [28]

Other scientists proposed that this indicated a departure from the Solar System in the sense that it had left the Sun's heliosphere.[26] The issue was the interpretation of the drop in cosmic rays, which happened at 123 AU from the Sun for Voyager 2 that year.[26] The many revelations and restructured understandings as the Voyagers head out, as influenced by data from the CRS and other active instruments, was called by Nature publication as the "long goodbye".[21]

The CRS on Voyager 2, helped identify that spacecraft's departure from the Sun's heliosphere in 2018.[10]

CRS location

Labeled diagram, with CRS on the boom on the right, but to the left of the cameras. This does not show the magnetometer boom or the plasma experiment antennas.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem. "OBJECTIVES". voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  2. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details for Voyager 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  3. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details for Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  5. ↑ Stone, E. C.; Vogt, R. E.; McDonald, F. B.; Teegarden, B. J.; Trainor, J. H.; Jokipii, J. R.; Webber, W. R. (1977). "1977SSRv...21..355S Page 355". Space Science Reviews. 21 (3): 355. Bibcode:1977SSRv...21..355S. doi:10.1007/BF00211546. S2CID 121390660.
  6. ↑ JPL.NASA.GOV. "Voyager - The Interstellar Mission". voyager.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  7. ↑ Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem. "INSTRUMENTS". voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  8. ↑ Evans, Ben; Harland, David M. (2008). NASA's Voyager Missions: Exploring the Outer Solar System and Beyond. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-85233-745-2.
  9. ↑ Doody, Dave (2010). Deep Space Craft: An Overview of Interplanetary Flight. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 218. ISBN 978-3-540-89510-7.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "A New Plan for Keeping NASA's Oldest Explorers Going". NASA/JPL. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
  11. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  12. ↑ Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem. "INSTRUMENTS". voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  13. 1 2 Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem. "Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem". voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  14. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  15. ↑ Brown, Dwayne; Fox, Karen; Cofield, Calia; Potter, Sean (December 10, 2018). "Release 18-115 - NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space". NASA. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  16. 1 2 C., Cummings, A.; C., Stone, E.; R., Webber, W. (15 December 1984). "Evidence that the anomalous cosmic-ray component is singly ionized". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 287: L99–L103. Bibcode:1984ApJ...287L..99C. doi:10.1086/184407. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. 1 2 Böhme, S.; Fricke, W.; Hefele, H.; Heinrich, I.; Hofmann, W.; Krahn, D.; Matas, V. R.; Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G. (2013). Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts: Literature 1982. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 343. ISBN 978-3-662-12334-8.
  18. ↑ Böhme, S.; Esser, U.; Fricke, W.; Hefele, H.; Heinrich, I.; Hofmann, W.; Krahn, D.; Matas, V. R.; Schmadel, L. D. (2013). Literature 1985. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 380. ISBN 978-3-662-11178-9.
  19. ↑ McDonald, F. B.; Lal, N. (1987). "Variations of Galactic Cosmic Rays with Heliolatitude in the Outer Heliosphere". International Cosmic Ray Conference. 3: 393. Bibcode:1987ICRC....3..393M.
  20. ↑ "cosmic-ray subsystem". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 Cowen, Ron (5 September 2012). "Voyager's long goodbye". Nature. 489 (7414): 20–21. Bibcode:2012Natur.489...20C. doi:10.1038/489020a. PMID 22962703.
  22. 1 2 Diaz, Jesus (5 December 2011). "Voyager Discovers Cosmic Purgatory".
  23. ↑ "How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?". NASA/JPL.
  24. ↑ "How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?". NASA/JPL. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  25. ↑ Cowen, Ron (2013). "So, has Voyager 1 left the Solar System? Scientists face off". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12662. S2CID 124689125.
  26. 1 2 3 Cowen, Ron (2013). "So, has Voyager 1 left the Solar System? Scientists face off". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12662. S2CID 124689125.
  27. ↑ Oakes, Kelly. "Voyager is in a new region of space, and now that place has a name". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  28. ↑ Oakes, Kelly. "Voyager is in a new region of space, and now that place has a name".
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