Convoy HG 76
Part of Second World War

Map of the Bay of Biscay and the South-western Approaches
Date19–23 December 1941
Location
Bay of Biscay, South-west Approaches
45°30′N 04°20′W / 45.500°N 4.333°W / 45.500; -4.333
Result British victory
Belligerents
Germany United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Karl Dönitz Sir Raymond Fitzmaurice
Frederic John Walker
Strength
Wolfpack Seeräuber
10 U-boats		 HG 76
32 merchant ships
24 escorts
Casualties and losses
5 U-boats destroyed 2 merchant ships sunk
2 escorts sunk

HG 76 (19 to 23 December 1941) was an Allied convoy of the HG (Homeward from Gibraltar) series, during the Second World War. It was notable for the destruction of five German U-boats (the true total was not known to the British until after the war).

Two Focke-Wulf Condor long-range reconnaissance aircraft were shot down by Martlet fighters. The fighter cover was provided by the escort carrier HMS Audacity, which was sunk during the voyage along with a destroyer and two merchant ships. Despite the loss of the escort carrier, it was regarded as the first big convoy victory for the Allies in the Battle of the Atlantic.

Background

The attack on HG 76 was the last in a series of U-boat pack attacks on Gibraltar convoys which had started in the summer of 1941. Before this the U-boat Arm (U-bootwaffe, UBW) had only enough boats operational to form one patrol line at a time and their focus was on the North Atlantic convoy route. Gibraltar convoys had suffered only occasional adventitious attacks by individual U-boats that had met them while crossing their route. By the summer 1941 U-boat Command (BdU) had sufficient boats to form several patrol lines but this coincided with Hitler ordering U-boats into the Mediterranean to support Axis forces operating in North Africa and attack the Gibraltar traffic. This phase of the campaign had commenced with a pack attack on OG 69.

For the Allies the introduction of stable escort groups had created the conditions the development of convoy protection tactics, giving a measure of success in countering the wolf pack threat. It was recognized that air cover was needed to counter shadowing aircraft and to seek out approaching U-boats and for reinforcement to convoys under attack to provide sufficient ships to hunt U-boats to destruction rather than simply driving them off, as so often happened. The first requirement was met with the commissioning of HMS Audacity, the first in a series of merchant aircraft carriers, the second by reinforcing the escorts and by the formation of an ASW Strike Force at Gibraltar, which would sweep ahead of a homeward bound convoy, to attack and destroy patrolling U-boats. The new measures had been introduced by the time HG 76 sailed.

Prelude

HMS Audacity

Audacity participated in the escort of convoy OG 76 of twenty merchant ships, which sailed from Liverpool for Gibraltar on 31 October. The escort carrier embarked 802 Naval Air Squadron (802 NAS) of the Fleet Air Arm with eight Martlets and ten pilots.[1] The fighters were usually split into standing patrols of two aircraft, which flew over the convoy for about two hours, searching for U-boats and Condors, the danger mainly coming from deck landings.[1] The weather was atrocious and at times pitched the flight deck 65 ft (20 m) and rolled it through 16 ° as spray swept over the deck. Two Martlets took off on patrol and one managed a safe landing but the other touched down when the stern was rising and was thrown overboard, the pilot being rescued just before the Martlet sank.[2]

On 8 November, Kampfgeschwader 40 (KG 40) sent six Focke-Wulf Condor aircraft to locate convoy SL 91, bound for Liverpool from Freetown, Sierra Leone. Near noon, the radar on Audacity detected two of the Condors and a Martlet patrol was sent to intercept. One Condor escaped into a cloud but two Martlets caught the second, which shot down one Martlet before being shot down by the other Martlet. About three hours later, another Condor was shot down by a Martlet making a head-on attack and a fourth Condor escaped. KG 40 had lost a third of its operational aircraft and failed to direct any U-boats onto either convoy, OG 76 making a safe arrival at Gibraltar late on 11 November. The presence of Audacity was now known to KG 40 and to BdU.[2]

HG 76

HMS Audacity, after conversion to an escort carrier

HG 76 comprised 32 ships homeward bound from Gibraltar, many in ballast or carrying trade goods. The Convoy Commodore was Vice-Admiral R. Fitzmaurice in the steamship Spero. The convoy had a strong escort, consisting of 36th Escort Group (Commander F. J. "Johnnie" Walker), usually composed of two Bittern-class sloops (HMS Stork and Deptford) and seven corvettes (Convolvulus, Gardenia, Marigold, Pentstemon, Rhodedendron, Samphire and Vetch).[3] Walker, a skilled anti-submarine warfare expert, had taken command of EG 36 in October and brought the group down to Gibraltar in November with OG 76. He had exercised the group there in anti-submarine patrols that had resulted in the destruction of U-433 by Marigold.[4] This force was augmented by the new escort carrier Audacity and her three escorting destroyers, Blankney, Stanley and Exmoor, plus the sloops Fowey, Black Swan and the corvettes Carnation and La Malouine, also at Gibraltar. This made a total escort of 17 warships.[5] A group of destroyers from Force H in Gibraltar, comprising HMS Croome, Gurkha, Foxhound and Nestor sailed as an independent U-boat hunting force.[6]

Seeräuber

Since August 1940, Dönitz had ended the practice of U-boats freelancing and sending only one report per day. U-boat commanders were ordered to signal whenever they found a convoy and shadow it rather than attack. The commander was to send short homing signals every thirty minutes, to guide other U-boats to the convoy. When the pack had assembled, Dönitz gave the order to attack, usually at night, so that the U-boats could fire their torpedoes on the surface. For the tactic to work, U-boats had to signal their positions to Dönitz at Kerneval (across the river from the submarine base at Lorient in Brittany).[7][lower-alpha 1] Closer to land, when Condors on tracking patrol (Fühlungshalter) sighted a convoy, the wireless operator reported its position and course to the BdU and relays of Condors remained over the convoy.[9] When the position of a convoy was established, the information was passed to the senior officer of a group of U-boats organised for pack attacks, who ordered the boat nearest to the convoy to shadow it and guide the rest by wireless. When the pack had rendezvoused near the convoy, surface attacks would be made on successive nights, the U-boats withdrawing during the day.[10]

In mid December U boat Command was informed that a convoy was assembling at Gibraltar. German agents stationed in the Spanish city of Algeciras, in neutral Spain, were able to overlook the harbour and report any and all activity there, without hindrance from the Axis-friendly Spanish authorities. BdU began to assemble a patrol line, code-named Seeräuber (Pirate), preparatory to launching a pack attack. Seeräuber was an ad hoc group, as the previous Gruppe Steuben, had disbanded following a fruitless pursuit of southbound OS 12. Gruppe Seeräuber comprised seven U-boats; U-67 was already in position after a failed attack on OG 77; U-434 and U-574 from Gruppe Steuben had refuelled from a clandestine depot ship in Vigo harbour, U-127 and U-131 had arrived from Germany and U-107 and U-108 from bases in France. Five of the seven were Type IX boats, which Dönitz considered unsuitable for pack attacks and five of the seven crews were inexperienced, being on their first patrols.[11] The pack had orders to sink Audacity at all costs and was reinforced later by three more boats; U-108 sank a Portuguese freighter sailing independently on 14 December.[3][6]

Battle

14–15 December

Topographic map showing Cape St Vincent (Cabo de São Vicente) at the south-west extremity

HG 76 sailed from Gibraltar on 14 December 1941, in company with a small convoy bound for Cape Town, and was reported almost immediately by German agents across the bay in neutral Spain, who reported the composition, escort strength and departure time of the convoy; BdU was confused by an agent report that the convoy had returned to port. The first sightings of HG 76 were made by U-74 and U-77, both en route to the Mediterranean and about to transit the Straits.[12] U-77 sank one ship from the Cape Town convoy, but U-74 was unable to attack HG 76; Fairey Swordfish aircraft of RAF Gibraltar Command were escorting the convoy and on three occasions during the night of 14/15 December, drove off the U-boats.[13][14] The Seerauber boats formed a patrol line south of Cape St Vincent but HG 76 passed through the line without detection. At 8:15 a.m. Lockheed Hudson and Consolidated Catalina aircraft took over from the Swordfish and for the next two days co-operated with the 802 NAS Martlets on Audacity, forcing U-boats to submerge.[14] U-127 was detected on a routine anti-submarine sweep by a Short Sunderland from Gibraltar late in the day; next morning it was detected on Asdic by HMAS Nestor and sunk at 11:00 a.m.[15]

16–18 December

At noon on 16 December, HG 76 was sighted and its position reported by a Focke-Wulf Condor of I/KG 40 patrolling from Bordeaux, which guided U-108 to the convoy to begin reporting its position to other U-boats. During the night of 16/17 December, the wolf pack closed in and U-574 was ordered to the area; by morning on 17 December, the convoy had passed beyond the range of Gibraltar-based aircraft and four U-boats made contact, U-67 and U-108 being forced away from the convoy. Just after 9:00 a.m. a Martlet from Audacity sighted a surfaced U-boat about 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km) from the convoy and circled over the area for the escort ships to gain a good radar fix; a corvette made an Asdic attack to no apparent effect. At 12:47 p.m. on 17 December, Stanley sighted U-131 on the surface and Walker ordered a Martlet to attack while Stork, with Pentstemon and the three destroyers, made their best speed to the location.[5] The Martlet pilot dived towards the U-boat and both opened fire at the same time, the Martlet being shot down and the pilot killed. The British ships opened fire at extreme range, U-131 was driven to the surface and sunk.[16][lower-alpha 2] Observers saw the crew of U-131 abandon the vessel before it sank at 1:30 p.m. Survivors said that they had been shadowing the convoy (claiming to have spent the previous night inside the convoy, homing other U-boats) and had been the U-boat attacked earlier.[16]

Location of Madeira

On the night of 17/18 December, the U-boats attacked again but failed to torpedo any ships; U-107 was forced under water by Pentstemon and after a failed torpedo attack, U-67 was forced to retire by Convolvulus.[6] At 9:06 a.m. on 18 December, Stanley gained an Asdic contact 6 nmi (7 mi; 11 km) and several ships dropped fifty depth charges.[17] After thirty minutes U-434 surfaced and the crew abandoned ship just before it rolled over and sank north of Madeira, 42 members of the crew being rescued and taken prisoner.[17] Before noon, the radar on Audacity indicated two aircraft and Martlets were scrambled to intercept but the guns on both aircraft jammed and the Condors escaped. The rest of the day was quiet but the Admiralty signalled that three more U-boats were en route.[17] In the early hours of 18/19 December, Stanley sighted U-574 astern at 4:00 a.m., sent a sighting report, was hit by a torpedo and blew up. Stork following behind, swung behind the stern of Stanley, gained an Asdic contact and dropped a pattern of depth charges, then turned after 0.5 nmi (1 mi; 1 km) to attack again.[18]

A U-boat shot to the surface 200 yd (183 m) ahead and a chase began; Walker tried to ram the U-boat but found that it could turn inside the turning circle of Stork nearly as fast. The ship fired on the U-boat, illuminated it with snowflakes and managed to ram it just forward of the conning tower, scraping over the hull of the submarine. As the U-boat emerged from under the stern, depth charges set for shallow were dropped, blowing up the U-boat. The bows of Stork were crushed and bent sideways and the Asdic dome under the hull was smashed. Soon after, U-108 torpedoed Ruckinge, which was abandoned and sunk later by Samphire. Focke-Wulf Condors arrived, one was shot down in another head-on attack and a second aircraft was damaged. When more Condors reached the convoy in the afternoon, a Martlet pilot made such a determined head-on attack that he collided with the Condor, destroying it and coming back with its aerial round his tail-wheel; the night of 18/19 December was quiet.[18]

19–21 December

FAA Grumman Martlet (Ray Wagner Collection Photo (15468750313)

At 7:30 a.m., a Condor appeared to shadow the convoy and a Martlet chased it away before returning for lack of fuel. In the afternoon a Martlet spotted two U-boats and the convoy made an emergency turn. The U-boats were forced to submerge and Martlets patrolled overhead keeping them down for as long as their fuel lasted. It was so dark that the aircraft were guided to the flight deck with hand torches and again the night was quiet.[18] U-107 maintained contact and the wolf pack was joined by U-71, U-567 (commanded by leading ace Engelbert Endrass), and U-751 from Bordeaux and the three original wolf pack boats U-67, U-107 and U-108 re-joined Seeräuber by 21 December.[6] On 21 December 802 NAS could only keep three Martlets operational, take-off and landing was dangerous in the heavy swell and the pilots were very tired. After the last patrol, the commander of Audacity ordered the ship out of the convoy 10 nmi (12 mi; 19 km) to the starboard as usual but no escorts could be spared.[19] At 8:33 p.m. during the night of 21/22 December, a ship at the rear of the convoy was torpedoed by U-751 and nearby ships fired snowflakes, illuminating the area to both sides. U-567 saw the silhouette of Audacity at close range and at 8:37 p.m. torpedoed Audacity, which began to sink at the stern. Two more torpedoes from U-751 hit the carrier, a big explosion blew off the front end and the ship began to sink at the head.[20] Audacity sank head first at 10:10 p.m., 500 nmi (575 mi; 926 km) west of Cape Finisterre.[21]

22–23 December

Audacity is located in North Atlantic
Audacity
Audacity
Position of Audacity when sunk

At 12:40 a.m. on the night of 21/22 December, U-567 was sunk by depth charges from Deptford, two hours after gaining an Asdic contact; Deptford then collided with Stork, damaging them both. U-67 fired torpedoes at a CAM ship but missed.[22][6] During 22 December, U-71 and U-751 remained in contact, to be joined by U-125 (en route to America), while HG 76 was reinforced by the destroyers HMS Vanquisher and Witch. At 10:54 a.m. a Consolidated Liberator of 120 Squadron, 19 Group Coastal Command based at RAF Nutts Corner in Ireland 750 nmi (863 mi; 1,389 km) away, arrived over the convoy and saw off a Focke-Wulf Condor. After two hours the Liberator attacked a U-boat and at 4:20 p.m. was relieved by a second Liberator, which forced another three U-boats to submerge. The Liberator turned for home with minimal fuel but next day the convoy came into range of continuous air support.[14] On 23 December, Dönitz, shaken by the loss of five U-boats and the lack of success against the convoy, called off the attack and U-67, U-107, U-108 and U-751 returned to bases in France.[23]

Aftermath

Despite the loss of Audacity and the three other ships, the safe arrival of 30 ships and the destruction of three U-boats (U-127 was not included and U-567 not confirmed until after the war) was judged to be an outstanding victory.[21] It also confirmed Walker as the Royal Navy's foremost expert in anti-submarine warfare. The loss of five of the nine U-boats and Endrass, one of the most experienced U-boat commanders, was considered a grievous blow by Dönitz; his loss was concealed from the U-boat men for several weeks.[24][23][25]

Order of battle

Allied forces

HG 76 comprised 32 merchant and 17 warships

Merchant ships

A total of 32 merchant vessels joined the convoy. (Data from Arnold Hague Convoy Database, unless specified.)[26]

Name Flag Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Adjutant (1922)  United Kingdom 1,931
Algerian (1924)  United Kingdom 2,315
Alresford (1922)  United Kingdom 2,472
Annavore (1921)  Norway 3,324 Sunk by U-567[27]
Baron Newlands (1928)  United Kingdom 3,386
Benwood (1910)  Norway 3,931
Blairatholl (1925)  United Kingdom 3,319
Cisneros (1926)  United Kingdom 1,886
Clan Macinnes (1920)  United Kingdom 4,672
Cressado (1913)  United Kingdom 1,228 Rear-Admiral Sir O H Dawson KBE
Disa (1918)  Sweden 2,002
Empire Darwin (1941)  United Kingdom 6,765 CAM ship
Fagersten (1921)  Norway 2,342
Finland (1939)  United Kingdom 1,375
Fylingdale (1924)  United Kingdom 3,918
Lago (1929)  Norway 2,552
Lisbeth (1922)  Norway 2,732
Meta (1930)  United Kingdom 1,575
Ocean Coast (1935)  United Kingdom 1,173
Ogmore Castle (1919)  United Kingdom 2,481
Ottinge (1940)  United Kingdom 2,870
Ousel (1922)  United Kingdom 1,533
Portsea (1938)  United Kingdom 1,583
Ruckinge (1939)  United Kingdom 2,869 Sunk by U-108[28]
San Gorg (1919)  United Kingdom 615
Sheaf Crown (1929)  United Kingdom 4,868
Shuna (1937)  United Kingdom 1,575
Spero (1922)  United Kingdom 1,589 Vice-Admiral Sir R Fitzmaurice KBE DSO (Commodore)
Switzerland (1922)  United Kingdom 1,291
Thyra (1925)  Sweden 1,796
Tintern Abbey (1939)  United Kingdom 2,471
Vanellus (1921)  United Kingdom 1,886

Convoy escorts

A series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its journey.[26]

Name Flag Type Joined Left
HMS Audacity (D10)[6]  Royal Navy Escort carrier 14 Dec 1941 Sunk by U-751[29] on 21 Dec 1941
HMS Black Swan (L57)  Royal Navy Black Swan-class sloop 14 Dec 1941 16 Dec 1941
HMS Blankney (L30)[6]  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer 14 Dec 1941 18 Dec 1941
HMS Campion (K108)  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 15 Dec 1941 16 Dec 1941
HMS Carnation (K00)  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 15 Dec 1941
HMS Coltsfoot (K140)  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 16 Dec 1941 16 Dec 1941
HMS Convolvulus (K45)[6]  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 30 Dec 1941
HMS Deptford (U53)[6]  Royal Navy Grimsby-class sloop 14 Dec 1941 Collided with HMS Stork on 22 Dec 1941
HMS Exmoor (L08)[6]  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer 14 Dec 1941 18 Dec 1941
HMS Fowey (L15)  Royal Navy Shoreham-class sloop 14 Dec 1941 16 Dec 1941
HMS Gardenia (K99)[6]  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 19 Dec 1941
HMS Hesperus (H57)  Royal Navy H-class destroyer 16 Dec 1941 16 Dec 1941
HMS Jonquil (K68)  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 30 Dec 1941
HMS La Malouine (K46)  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 16 Dec 1941
HMS Marigold (K87)[6]  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 03 Dec 1941
HMS Pentstemon (K61)[6]  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 30 Dec 1941
HMS Samphire (K128)[6]  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 30 Dec 1941
HMS Stanley (I73)[6]  Royal Navy Town-class destroyer 14 Dec 1941 Sunk by U-574 on 19 Dec 1941[6]
HMS Stork (L81)[6]  Royal Navy Bittern-class sloop 14 Dec 1941 Collided with HMS Deptford on 22 Dec 1941
HMS Vanoc (H33)  Royal Navy V-class destroyer 23 Dec 1941 29 Dec 1941
HMS Vanquisher (D54)[6]  Royal Navy V-class destroyer 23 Dec 1941 29 Dec 1941
HMS Vetch (K132)[6]  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 14 Dec 1941 30 Dec 1941
HMS Volunteer (D71)  Royal Navy Modified W-class destroyer 25 Dec 1941 29 Dec 1941
HMS Witch (D89)[6]  Royal Navy Modified W-class destroyer 23 Dec 1941 29 Dec 1941

Axis forces

Gruppe Seerauber was assembled on 14 December 1941, comprising seven U-boats. It was reinforced on 21 December by a further three. Four U-boats were destroyed attacking the convoy and another by the Gibraltar Strike Force.

Group Seerauber
Number Type Navy Contact Notes
U-67IXCKriegsmarine14 December 1941 
U-71VIICKriegsmarine21 December 1941reinforcement
U-107IXBKriegsmarine14 December 1941 
U-108IXBKriegsmarine14 December 1941sank Ruckinge
U-127IXCKriegsmarine14 December 1941destroyed 15 December by Nestor, and Strike Group
U-131IXCKriegsmarine14 December 1941destroyed 17 December 1941 by Stork, Penstemon and Martlet
U-434VIICKriegsmarine14 December 1941destroyed 18 December by Stanley
U-567VIICKriegsmarineDecember 1941reinforcement; sank Annavore
destroyed 21/22 December 1941 by Deptford
U-574VIICKriegsmarine14 December 1941sank Stanley
destroyed 19 December 1941 by Stork
U-751VIICKriegsmarineDecember 1941reinforcement; sank Audacity

Notes

  1. ↑ If the British could break into naval Enigma, the position reports would be read.[8]
  2. ↑ In 1992, Rohwer and Hümmelchen wrote that the U-boat was scuttled.[6]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Forczyk 2010, p. 38.
  2. 1 2 Terraine 1999, pp. 395–396.
  3. 1 2 Terraine 1999, p. 396.
  4. ↑ Wemyss 2003, pp. 19–21.
  5. 1 2 Kaplan 2014, p. 120.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 108.
  7. ↑ Sebag-Montefiore 2001, pp. 106–108.
  8. ↑ Sebag-Montefiore 2001, p. 108.
  9. ↑ Air Ministry 2001, p. 107.
  10. ↑ Roskill 1957, pp. 354–355.
  11. ↑ Blair 2000, p. 409.
  12. ↑ Blair 2000, p. 410.
  13. ↑ Terraine 1999, p. 725.
  14. 1 2 3 Richards 1974, p. 351.
  15. ↑ Roskill 1957, p. 478.
  16. 1 2 Terraine 1999, pp. 396–397.
  17. 1 2 3 Kaplan 2014, p. 121.
  18. 1 2 3 Terraine 1999, p. 398.
  19. ↑ Kaplan 2014, p. 133.
  20. ↑ Terraine 1999, pp. 398–399.
  21. 1 2 Roskill 1957, p. 479.
  22. ↑ Kaplan 2014, p. 122.
  23. 1 2 Terraine 1999, p. 399.
  24. ↑ Kaplan 2014, p. 123.
  25. ↑ Blair 2000, p. 417.
  26. 1 2 Hague.
  27. ↑ "Annavore - Norwegian Steam Merchant". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  28. ↑ "Ruckinge - British Steam Merchant". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  29. ↑ "HMS Audacity (D10)". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 8 February 2016.

References

  • Blair, Clay (2000) [1996]. Hitler's U-boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942. Vol. I. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35260-9.
  • Forczyk, R. (2010). Fw 200 Condor vs Atlantic Convoy: 1941–43. Duel. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-917-1.
  • Hague, A. "Convoy HG.76". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  • Kaplan, P. (2014) [2013]. Grey Wolves: The U-boat War 1939–1945 (Skyhorse Publishing ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-62873-727-1.
  • Richards, D. (1974) [1953]. Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-771592-9. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  • Rohwer, J.; Hümmelchen, G. (1992) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945 (2nd rev. exp. ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X. LCCN 92-80063.
  • Roskill, S. W. (1957) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Defensive. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  • Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2001) [2000]. Enigma: The Battle For The Code (Phoenix (Orion) ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-7538-1130-6.
  • Terraine, John (1999) [1989]. Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945 (Wordsworth Editions ed.). London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-1-84022-201-2.
  • The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10). Public Record Office War Histories No. 248 (repr. HMSO ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. ISBN 978-1-903365-30-4.
  • Wemyss, D. E. G. (2003) [1955]. Relentless Pursuit. London: Cerberus. ISBN 1-84145-023-5.

Further reading

  • Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945: Its Organization, Defence and Operation. St. Catharines, Ont: Vanwell. ISBN 978-1-86176-147-7.
  • Kemp, Paul (1997). U-boats Destroyed: German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-85409-515-2.
  • Van der Vat, Dan (1988). The Atlantic Campaign: World War II's Great Struggle at Sea. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-340-37751-2.
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