A conjugal visit is a scheduled period in which an inmate of a prison or jail is permitted to spend several hours or days in private with a visitor. The visitor is usually their legal spouse. The generally recognized basis for permitting such visits in modern times is to preserve family bonds and increase the chances of success for a prisoner's eventual return to ordinary life after release from prison. They also provide an incentive for inmates to comply with the various day-to-day rules and regulations of the prison.

Conjugal visits usually take place in designated rooms or a structure provided for that purpose, such as a trailer or a small cabin. Supplies such as soap, condoms, lubricant, bed linens, and towels may be provided.

Country

Australia

In Australia, conjugal visits are permitted in the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria.[1][2][3] Other jurisdictions, including Western Australia[4] and Queensland,[5] do not permit conjugal visits.

Brazil

In Brazil, male prisoners are eligible to be granted conjugal visits for both heterosexual and homosexual relationships, while women's conjugal visits are tightly regulated, if granted at all.[6]

Canada

In Canada, all inmates in federal correctional facilities, with the exception of those on disciplinary restrictions or at risk for family violence, are permitted "private family visits" of up to 72 hours' duration once every two months. Eligible visitors, who may not themselves be prison inmates, are: spouse, or common-law partner of at least six months; children; parents; foster parents; siblings; grandparents; and "persons with whom, in the opinion of the institutional head, the inmate has a close familial bond". Food is provided by the institution but paid for by the inmates and visitors, who are also responsible for cleaning the unit after the visit. Prison staff have regular contact with the inmate and visitors during a visit.[7]

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, a prison warden has the authority to allow an inmate "a visit without visual and auditory supervision of the employees of the Prison Service".[8] Inmate's medical check and mental health check is required before such visit is permitted.[9]

Denmark

In Denmark, conjugal visits are permissible. The State Prison of East Jutland has apartments for couples, where inmates who have been sentenced to more than eight years in prison can have visitation for 47 hours per visit.

France

In France, inmates are permitted conjugal visits. Visits last up to 72 hours and take place in mini-apartments consisting of two small rooms, a kitchen and a dining area.[6]

Germany

Germany allows prisoners and their spouses or partners to apply for conjugal visits. Those who are approved are allowed unsupervised visits so that prisoners can preserve intimate bonds with their partners. However, prisoners are searched before being allowed a visit. In 2010, an inmate murdered his girlfriend and attempted suicide during a visit, leading to additional criticism of the lax security in German prisons.[10]

Hong Kong

Hong Kong does not permit conjugal visits.[11]

India

In 2015, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the right of married convicts and jail inmates to have conjugal visits or artificial insemination for pregnancy was a fundamental right.[12][13]

Ireland

Ireland does not allow conjugal visits. Marie and Noel Murray, an anarchist married couple imprisoned for a 1976 murder, lost a 1991 appeal for conjugal rights.[14] The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitutional right to beget children within marriage was suspended while a spouse was lawfully imprisoned.[15]

Israel

The Israel Prison Service (IPS) allows standard conjugal visits to inmates who are married or are in a common-law relationship or if their partner has been visiting them frequently for at least two years, and have a record of good behavior. Inmates who receive prison furloughs are not eligible for conjugal visits. Conjugal visits can be withheld on security grounds or as a means of punishment for misbehavior. IPS guidelines were clarified in July 2013 to allow conjugal visits of same-sex partners. Israel only extends this right to citizens of the state, while Palestinians imprisoned in Israeli jails are denied conjugal visits.[16][17][18]

Japan

In Japan, conjugal visits are not allowed.[19]

Mexico

Conjugal visits are a universal practice in Mexico, independent of a prisoner's marital status; in some correctional facilities entire families are allowed to live in prisons with their imprisoned relative for extended periods.[20] Specifically in Mexico City, in July 2007, the prison system in that city has begun to allow gay prisoners to have conjugal visits from their partners, on the basis of a 2003 law which bans discrimination based on sexual orientation.[21]

Netherlands

The Netherlands allows for one unsupervised visit (Bezoek zonder Toezicht) per month, provided the imprisonment period is at least six months and there is a close and durable relation between the partners. This does not apply to maximum security penitentiaries.[22]

New Zealand

New Zealand does not permit conjugal visits.[23]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, conjugal visits prior to 2009 were permitted only under special circumstances.[24] In August 2009, Federal Shariat Court ruled that married prisoners should be allowed conjugal visits at the designated facilities within the jail complex and alternatively, they should be granted a short parole to visit their spouses.[25] Following the ruling, the Province of Sindh was the first to adopt legislation providing conjugal visits for married prisoners within Jail premises.[26] Human Rights Book 2010 reports that Conjugal visits are now available for Prisoners in all Provinces and Federal territories if they are male and married.[27] Since homosexuality is considered a criminal offense in Pakistan and same-sex marriage is not recognized by law, this privilege applies only to heterosexual couples.

Russia

In the Russian penal system, since a campaign of prison reform that began in 2001, well-behaved prisoners are granted an eighteen-day holiday furlough from incarceration to see loved ones. Prisoners also get extended on-site family visits, approximately once per month.[28]

Spain

In Spain, prisoners are allowed conjugal visits every four to eight weeks. They are held in private rooms and can last up to three hours. Couples are provided with condoms, shower facilities, and clean towels.[6]

Turkey

Since April 2013, the Turkish General Directorate of Prisons and Detention offers conjugal visits as a reward to well-behaved prisoners.[29]

United Kingdom

The English, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish prison systems do not allow conjugal visits. However, home visits, with a greater emphasis on building other links with the outside world to which the prisoner will be returned, are allowed. These home visits are usually only granted to prisoners who have a few weeks to a few months remaining of a long sentence. Furthermore, home visits are more likely to be granted if the prisoner is deemed to have a low risk of absconding (i.e. prisoners being held in open prisons have a better chance of being granted home visits than prisoners being held in closed conditions).

United States

The first state to implement conjugal visits was Mississippi in the Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman). It was enacted to convince black male prisoners to work harder in their manual labor.[30] This was done unofficially at first, but had become official policy at Parchman Penitentiary by the 1950s.[30]

In Lyons v. Gilligan (1974), the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio held that prisoners have no federal constitutional right to conjugal visits with their spouses during sentences.[31]

As of 2008, conjugal visitation programs are now known as the extended-family visits or family-reunion visits because mothers, fathers, and other family members may attend these visits. The focus is on family ties and rehabilitation.[32]

Federal prisons

The United States Federal Bureau of Prisons does not allow conjugal visits for prisoners in federal custody.[33]

State prisons

For prisoners in state custody, the availability of conjugal visits is governed by the law of the particular state. The four states that currently allow conjugal visits are California, Connecticut, New York, and Washington.[34]

Where conjugal visits are allowed, inmates must meet certain requirements to qualify for this privilege: The visitor may be required to undergo a background check, and the inmate must also be free of any sexually transmitted diseases. As a matter of procedure, both visitor and inmate are searched before and after the visit, to ensure that the visitor has not attempted to smuggle any items into or out of the facility.

Jorja Leap, a professor of social welfare at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at the University of California, Los Angeles stated that criminologists believe allowing conjugal visits would build family ties and reduce recidivism.[35] Over the last 40 years, most new prisons included special buildings specifically designed for conjugal visits.[32]

By the early 1990s, 17 states had conjugal programs. According to Leap, conjugal visits declined after an increase in attitudes that prison should be a place for punishment and that conjugal visits were not appropriate for people being punished, and also because academic literature in the 1980s and 1990s argued that it was not possible to rehabilitate some criminals.[35] Many states that once allowed conjugal visits have since eliminated the programs. In April 2011, New York adopted legislation to allow family visits for married partners.[36] In January 2014, the head of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, Chris Epps, terminated the state conjugal program.[35] New Mexico announced it was also ending its program in May 2014.[37]

In June 2007, the California Department of Corrections announced it would allow same-sex conjugal visits. The policy was enacted to comply with a 2005 state law requiring state agencies to give the same rights to domestic partners that heterosexual couples receive. The new rules allow for visits only by registered married same sex couples or domestic partners who are not themselves incarcerated. Further, the same-sex marriage or domestic partnership must have been established before the prisoner was incarcerated.[38]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Conjugal visits support inmates' relationships: Hargreaves". 8 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014.
  2. ↑ "ACT prisons allow conjugal visits". The New Zealand Herald. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  3. ↑ "ACT to allow prison conjugal visits". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 8 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.
  4. ↑ Visiting – Frequently asked questions (FAQs), Government of Western Australia Department of Corrective Services, 18 October 2013, archived from the original on 15 March 2014
  5. ↑ Murray, David (15 January 2012). "Children conceived in Queensland jails". The Courier-Mail. News Ltd.
  6. 1 2 3 "Sex on sentence". BBC News.
  7. ↑ "Private Family Visiting". Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  8. ↑ "Zákon č. 169/1999 Sb., Zákon o výkonu trestu odnětí svobody a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů" (in Czech).
  9. ↑ "Pravidla přijímání návštěv" (in Czech).
  10. ↑ "Outrage over Lax Security: Prisoner Murders Girlfriend During Conjugal Visit". Der Spiegel. 13 April 2010.
  11. ↑ "HK Prison Rules (See 48.)".
  12. ↑ "High Court allows jail inmates to have sex with their partners". The Times of India.
  13. ↑ Staff Reporter (24 November 2019). "Conjugal visits for jail inmates not practical, say authorities". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  14. ↑ "Programme 2: Garda Michael Reynolds". Garda ar Lár. RTÉ. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  15. ↑ "Constitutional right to beget children within marriage is suspended while one spouse is lawfully imprisoned". The Irish Times. 27 May 1991. p. 21. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  16. ↑ "ISRAELI HIGH COURT UPHOLDS PROHIBITION ON FAMILY VISITS FOR GAZANS HELD IN ISRAELI PRISONS: ADDAMEER CONTENDS PRACTICE VIOLATES INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW". 9 March 2023.
  17. ↑ "Gay Israeli Prisoners Win Right to Conjugal Visits". 3 July 2013.
  18. ↑ Ben-Zur, Raanan (11 October 2012). "Conjugal visits for gay prisoners? Not in Israel". Ynet.
  19. ↑ "Prison reforms seen as too little, and way too late". The Japan Times. 26 June 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  20. ↑ Olivero, J. Michael (1998). "The crisis in Mexican prisons: The impact of the United States". In Nigel South; Robert P. Weiss (eds.). Comparing Prison Systems. Taylor and Francis. p. 104. ISBN 9781134388943.
  21. ↑ "Mexico allows gay conjugal visits". BBC News. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  22. ↑ "Bezoek gedetineerden".
  23. ↑ "Corrections Department NZ - Visits". 6 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Blood, Peter R. (December 1996). Pakistan: A country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 311. ISBN 9780788136313. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  25. ↑ "Prisoner Rights: FSC rules Conjugal Visits a right of married prisoners". Dawn. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  26. ↑ Masroor, Aroosa (8 May 2010). "Prisoners granted conjugal rights". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  27. ↑ Parekh, Pravin H. (2010). Human Rights Book 2010. India: Universal Law Publishing Co. p. 138. ISBN 9789350350140. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  28. ↑ Whittell, Giles (2 June 2006). "After the Gulag conjugal visits computers and a hint of violence". The Times. London. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  29. ↑ "RIGHTS - Example 'conjugal visit' rooms introduced in eastern province". April 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  30. 1 2 Mayyasi, Alex (21 September 2015). "The Dark Origins of Conjugal Visits". Priceonomics. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  31. ↑ Lyons v. Gilligan, 382 F. Supp. 198 (N.D. Ohio 1974).
  32. 1 2 Rodgers, Patrick (September 2009). "Conjugal Visits: Preserving family bonds behind bars". LegalZoom. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  33. ↑ "Conjugal Visits: General Information". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  34. ↑ Johnson-Roehr, S. N. (13 February 2023). "Controversy and Conjugal Visits". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  35. 1 2 3 Sanburn, Josh (13 January 2014). "Mississippi Ending Conjugal Visits for Prisoners". Time. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  36. ↑ "Conjugal visits allowed for inmates and partners in same-sex marriages, civil unions". Daily News. New York.
  37. ↑ "Conjugal Visits: Rules and History". Dopplr. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016.
  38. ↑ "Calif. gay inmates get conjugal visits". NBC News. Associated Press. 2 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2009.

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