Riegelmann Boardwalk
Shops along the boardwalk, with the Parachute Jump, a tall red truss structure, in the background
Shops along the boardwalk, with the Parachute Jump in the background
LocationBrooklyn, New York
Nearest cityNew York City
Coordinates40°34′24″N 73°58′44″W / 40.5733°N 73.9788°W / 40.5733; -73.9788
Area2.7 miles (4.3 km) long by 50 to 80 feet (15 to 24 m) wide
Created1923
Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Open6 a.m. to 1 a.m.
StatusOpen

The Riegelmann Boardwalk (also known as the Coney Island Boardwalk) is a 2.7-mile-long (4.3 km) boardwalk along the southern shore of the Coney Island peninsula in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, facing the Atlantic Ocean. Opened in 1923, the boardwalk runs between West 37th Street at the edge of the Sea Gate neighborhood to the west and Brighton 15th Street in Brighton Beach to the east. It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).

The Riegelmann Boardwalk is primarily made of wooden planks arranged in a chevron pattern. It ranges from 50 to 80 feet (15 to 24 m) wide and is raised slightly above sea level. The boardwalk connects several amusement areas and attractions on Coney Island, including the New York Aquarium, Luna Park, Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park, and Maimonides Park. It has become an icon of Coney Island, with numerous appearances in the visual arts, music, and film. After its completion, the boardwalk was considered the most important public works project in Brooklyn since the Brooklyn Bridge, with a comparable impact to the Catskill Watershed and Central Park.

By the mid-19th century, the Coney Island waterfront was divided among several private entities who erected barriers. Plans for a Coney Island boardwalk were first discussed in the late 1890s as a means of uniting the different sections of Coney Island, and as a revitalization project for these areas. The boardwalk, designed by Philip P. Farley, was named after Brooklyn borough president Edward J. Riegelmann, who led its construction. The Riegelmann Boardwalk's first portion opened in 1923, with further extensions in 1926 and 1941, as well as several modifications and repairs throughout the 20th century. After NYC Parks unsuccessfully attempted to repair the boardwalk with concrete in the early 21st century, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Riegelmann Boardwalk a city landmark in 2018. A renovation of the boardwalk was announced in November 2021.

Description

Dimensions and materials

Internal structure of the boardwalk, seen in a 2016 rebuild
The modified-chevron pattern of the planks

The Riegelmann Boardwalk stretches for 2.7 miles (4.3 km) from West 37th Street at the border of Coney Island and Sea Gate to Brighton 15th Street in Brighton Beach. The boardwalk is 80 feet (24 m) wide for most of its length, though portions in Brighton Beach are 50 feet (15 m) wide.[1][2][3] It is raised 13 or 14 feet (4.0 or 4.3 m) above sea level to protect against storm surges.[3][4] According to a speech given in 1923 to the Rotary Club of Brooklyn, the raised boardwalk was designed to "give ample clear space under the boardwalk" both parallel and perpendicular to the deck.[3] Staircases and ramps lead southward to the beach at intervals of 1+1⁄2 blocks or 300 feet (91 m). Ramps also connect the boardwalk to the streets to the north.[2]

The boardwalk has a steel and concrete foundation supporting wood planking for the walkway, though much of this is no longer visible due to the beach having been raised after the boardwalk was constructed.[3][4][5] The boardwalk was built using 1,700,000 cubic yards (1,300,000 m3) of sand, 120,000 short tons (110,000 long tons) of stone, 7,700 cubic yards (5,900 m3) of reinforced concrete, and 3,600,000 feet (1,100,000 m) of timber flooring.[1] To prevent violent waves from crashing against the boardwalk, sixteen rock jetties were built at intervals of 600 feet (183 m).[4] The beaches are not a natural feature; the sand that would naturally replenish Coney Island is cut off by the jetty at Breezy Point, Queens.[6][7] Following the boardwalk's construction, sand has been redeposited on the beaches via beach nourishment.[8][9]

The boardwalk is designed to handle a maximum load of 125 pounds per square foot (610 kg/m2). To accomplish this, designer Philip Farley installed a precast concrete-girder structure under the boardwalk on the advice of J.W. Hackney, who designed Atlantic City's boardwalk. Pile bents were placed every 20 feet (6 m), with each bent containing two bundles of four reinforced concrete piles. The piles rest on bases that measure 14 inches (36 cm) square and extend downward 20 feet (6 m).[3][4][5] The ends of the girder structures are cantilevered outside the piles.[4][10]

The boardwalk's planks are set in a modified chevron design, running at 45-degree angles between two longitudinal wooden axes.[2][3] The diagonal pattern was intended to "facilitate ease in walking", according to American Lumberman magazine,[4] while the 6-foot-wide (1.8 m) wooden axes were designed for chairs to be rolled down the boardwalk.[10][11] The boardwalk was first built using Douglas fir planks from Washington state.[10][12] By the early 2010s, sturdy hardwoods were added to the boardwalk,[13] as were plastic and concrete.[14][15] The boardwalk is used as a bike lane between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m. each day, except during summers, when cycling is curtailed after 10 a.m.[16]

Amenities

Original street lights, similar to those installed on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. They consist of stylized black poles with two lamps at the top. The boardwalk is on the left and the beach is on the right.
Original twin-lamp street lights

There are restrooms, benches, and drinking fountains along the boardwalk's length, both atop the deck and beneath it. Five pavilions and five pergolas were completed in 1925 by J. Sarsfield Kennedy.[lower-alpha 1] These no longer exist but were designed in the Mediterranean Revival style and contained arched doorways, along with tiled roofs supported by corner piers and Tuscan columns.[10]

There were also "comfort stations", or restrooms, beneath the boardwalk, characterized by ornamental semicircular stairs and rooftop terraces at the same height as the deck.[10][11] Most of the shade pavilions south of the boardwalk were built in the 2000s and 2010s and are elevated to comply with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) storm-surge regulations, though there are also some historic pavilions from the 20th century.[17] The newer pavilions, designed by Garrison Architects, are modular structures that are installed in pairs. The modular structures contain double-layered stainless-steel facades and are powered by photovoltaic cells.[18] There are four non-functional historic cast iron fountains as well as newer, functioning steel fountains.[17]

The boardwalk's original street furnishings included 170 street lights with twin lamps, similar to those installed on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. These street lights are placed every 80 feet (24 m), as well as at street intersections. Benches that faced the ocean were installed by the J.W. Fiske Ironworks Company, but have since been replaced.[5]

Attractions

Modern attractions on the boardwalk include Luna Park, Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park, and the New York Aquarium.[19] The boardwalk is adjacent to Maimonides Park,[19] which opened in 2001 and is the home stadium of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a Minor League Baseball team.[20] A live performance venue, the Ford Amphitheater at Coney Island, opened on the boardwalk in 2016.[21] Several amusement parks that formerly faced the boardwalk, including Steeplechase Park (1897–1964), the original Luna Park (1903–1944), and Astroland (1962–2008), no longer exist.[22]

There are several officially designated landmarks on the boardwalk.[19][22] The Childs Restaurants building, a New York City designated landmark that is now the site of the Ford Amphitheater, opened in 1923 at West 21st Street; its terracotta facade was designed to blend in with the boardwalk's appearance.[23] To the east is the Parachute Jump, a defunct parachute tower ride standing 250 feet (76 m) tall,[24][25] which is both a city landmark and a National Registered Historic Place.[25][26] The B&B Carousell, directly beside the Parachute Jump, is the last operating carousel in Coney Island and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[27] The Coney Island Cyclone, a wooden roller coaster built in 1927 at West 10th Street, is the only operating coaster on Coney Island from the 20th century, and is both a city and national landmark.[28][29] Set inland from the boardwalk is the Wonder Wheel (built 1920), an eccentric Ferris wheel which is 150 feet (46 m) tall and recognized as a city landmark.[30] Other attractions on the boardwalk include the Thunderbolt roller coaster and the Abe Stark Recreation Center, as well as small amusement rides, shops, and restaurants.[19][31]

The First Symphony of the Sea, a wall relief created by Japanese artist Toshio Sasaki, was installed along the boardwalk, outside the New York Aquarium, in 1993. It is 332 feet (101 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) tall.[32][33] The relief contains depictions of waves, fish, and zygotes of marine species in terrazzo and ceramic.[32]

Steeplechase Pier

The end of Steeplechase Pier as viewed from the ocean. This view faces the Parachute Jump
View toward the end of the pier

Steeplechase Pier, the only one remaining on Coney Island's beach, extends 1,040 feet (317 m) southward from the boardwalk's intersection with West 17th Street. It is near Steeplechase Park, of which the pier was originally part. The pier had been built by 1904, at which point it was estimated as being 2,000 feet (610 m) long.[34] A newspaper article from that year praised the view from the pier: "There is no more beautiful view around New York than the sight of the twinkling colored lights of Coney Island and its reflection in the water."[35] Steeplechase Pier was originally used by anglers and, until 1932, was used by ferry lines to Coney Island.[36]

The original Steeplechase Pier was erected by builder F. J. Kelly at an unknown date and was completed within 30 days.[37] The pier was ceded to the city in October 1921 just before the boardwalk was constructed, and was reopened in December 1922.[36] Several proposed improvements, such as a widened deck and an auditorium,[11][38] were never built. In the following years, Steeplechase Pier was damaged multiple times by hurricanes, fires, and boat accidents.[36] The most serious incident was a fire in 1957 that destroyed the pier;[39][40] a larger replacement opened the next year, with a T-shaped extension at the end.[36][41] The pier was rebuilt most recently in 2013 after it was damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012.[42][43] Two years after it reopened, the pier received a $3.4 million grant for a total reconstruction.[44][45]

History

Context

The Coney Island House, established in the early 19th century, was the first seaside resort on Coney Island.[46] Coney Island could be reached easily from Manhattan, while appearing to be relatively far away. As a result, Coney Island began attracting vacationers in the 1830s and 1840s, and numerous resorts were built.[47] New railroad lines, built after the American Civil War, served Coney Island's restaurants, hotels, bathing pavilions, theaters, the waterfront, and other attractions.[48][49] A series of fires destroyed the resorts in the 1880s and 1890s. This opened up large tracts of land for the development of theme parks; the first of these was Sea Lion Park, which opened in 1895 and closed eight years later. By the first decade of the 20th century, Coney Island contained three competing amusement parks (Luna Park, Dreamland, and Steeplechase Park), and many independent amusements.[50][51][52]

The beach remained largely inaccessible to the public, since it was the private property of beachfront lots.[53] In 1882, the first lots were acquired from the village of Gravesend at unusually low prices and subdivided to private interests.[54] Some portions of the beach contained private boardwalks, but other portions had no infrastructure, and some sections of the beach were enclosed by fences that extended into the water.[55][56] In the 1890s, a private boardwalk was built to connect the hotels and bungalows in Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach;[42][57] this walk extended for nearly 1 mile (1.6 km).[58] George C. Tilyou, who operated various amusements in Coney Island and later consolidated them into his Steeplechase Park, built boardwalks in his resorts at Coney Island[42] and Rockaway Beach.[59] Numerous privately owned piers jutted into the water at West 5th, West 8th, and West 17th Streets.[42] Public beach accessibility was considered almost nonexistent; in 1904, it was estimated that there were 1.4 square inches (9.0 cm2) of public beachfront on Coney Island for each of the 3.7 million residents of New York City.[60] In 1912, the West End Improvement League of Coney Island noted that only one street, West 23rd Street, had direct public access to the beach from Surf Avenue, the southernmost west–east artery on what was then an island.[61]

Planning and construction

The Thunderbolt roller coaster at West 15th Street, a steel coaster painted orange with white supports
The Thunderbolt at West 15th Street

Interest in creating a public boardwalk increased in the 1890s, when the formerly separate boroughs of New York City were consolidated.[42] The economist Simon Patten, a boardwalk proponent, said that the construction of a similar boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the late 19th century had helped to revitalize the formerly rundown waterfront there.[62] The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor took a similar position.[63] In 1897, the Board of Public Improvements and Brooklyn borough president Edward M. Grout proposed a boardwalk along the southern shore of Coney Island, between West 37th and West 5th Streets. The board and Grout expected that property owners would relinquish their waterfront plots to create a 100-foot-wide (30 m) space for a boardwalk.[64] A bill proposed in the New York State Legislature in 1901 would have required property owners to pay half of the boardwalk's $350,000 construction cost.[65] However, the bill was heavily opposed by organizations who cited the bill's language and the projected property losses as reasons for their disapproval.[66][67] Ultimately, only one segment was constructed near the Seaside Park resort, between West 5th Street and Ocean Parkway.[68]

Other organizations in the 1900s presented numerous proposals to build a boardwalk, though these mainly entailed building a walkway over the ocean, rather than constructing a beach or clearing the waterfront.[68][69] In 1912, the West End Improvement League published a 36-page booklet about the benefits of constructing a 60-foot-wide (18 m) boardwalk.[68][70] This plan was endorsed by the New York City Board of Estimate, which in April 1913 approved a special committee's report on the feasibility of building such a structure.[71] This time, Coney Island residents largely supported the proposed boardwalk, though there were disputes over whether to pay the $5 million cost through private capital or city funds.[72] Simultaneously, in 1912, New York State sued amusement owners for taking private ownership of Coney Island's beach.[73][74] A judge ruled the next year that all of the beachfront exposed at low tide belonged to the state.[75] An appellate court affirmed this decision in 1916, with an exception made for part of Steeplechase Park, a plot of land granted by the state prior to the creation of the park.[76] All obstructions on the beachfront were demolished in accordance with the ruling.[77][78]

The Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station, completed in 1920, allowed greater access from the rest of New York City. Overcrowding became common, with up to one million people filling the island on the hottest days.[1] In May 1921, the state legislature voted to give the city the right to acquire any uplands facing the Atlantic Ocean on Coney Island, as well as on Queens' Rockaway Peninsula west of Beach 25th Street in Far Rockaway, Queens.[79] In preparation for this action, the city held meetings on the initial boardwalk design in 1919, approved a plan in 1920, and obtained title to the land in October 1921.[79] A groundbreaking ceremony was hosted the same day.[80]

The actual beach improvement and boardwalk construction began in 1922.[8] Construction was overseen by Philip P. Farley, consulting engineer for Brooklyn from 1918 to 1951.[81] The first bents for the boardwalk structure were erected in March 1923, and the last bents were completed ten months later.[10] Initially there was some opposition to the boardwalk's construction, and business owners unsuccessfully attempted to erect fences to prevent construction progress.[82] Concurrently with the boardwalk improvements, Riegelmann petitioned the city to make improvements to the beach and surrounding streets to make the boardwalk easier to access.[83] In accordance with this, sand from the seabed was used to replenish the eroded shorelines.[84] Timber bulkheads, timber groynes, and granite jetties were installed starting in August 1922.[4][8][9] The beach could accommodate more than a half-million people when the project was finished.[85]

Opening and early operation

A comfort station on the boardwalk, which contains restrooms
A comfort station along the boardwalk

In April 1923, shortly before the boardwalk was completed, it was named after Edward J. Riegelmann, the Brooklyn borough president.[86][87] Riegelmann, one of the project's main leaders, had boasted that the boardwalk would raise real estate values on Coney Island.[88] Despite his role in the boardwalk's development, Riegelmann and his assistant commissioner of public works opposed the name, preferring that the project be known as the "Coney Island Boardwalk".[87] Riegelmann stated that, when the boardwalk was completed, "poor people will no longer have to stand with their faces pressed against wire fences looking at the ocean".[10]

The boardwalk was opened in three phases between Ocean Parkway and West 37th Street. The first section of the boardwalk, comprising the eastern section between Ocean Parkway and West 5th Street, opened in October 1922.[89] The boardwalk was extended westward to West 17th Street in December 1922.[90] The final section of the boardwalk, from West 17th to West 37th Street, was officially opened with a ceremony on May 15, 1923.[91][92] At the time of its opening, the boardwalk was said to be wider and more expensive than the comparable boardwalks at Atlantic City, the Rockaways, and Long Beach on Long Island.[93]

After the boardwalk was completed, Charles L. Craig, the New York City Comptroller, said that it could not be considered a "real boardwalk" without pergolas and restrooms.[91] Accordingly, in June 1924, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the erection of five comfort stations and five beachfront pavilions.[94] The pavilions were completed by early 1925.[10][11] The Board of Estimate, in December 1922, approved another project to widen, create, or open private streets that led to the boardwalk. The work, which began in 1923, entailed condemning 288 lots, including 175 houses and portions of Steeplechase Park.[95] Eighteen streets, each 60 feet (18 m) wide, were created between West 8th and West 35th Streets. Surf and Stillwell Avenues were widened, and the city took over several private passageways, including West 12th Street.[10][96] Sewers and sidewalks were installed. Brooklyn public officials believed these changes would revitalize Coney Island's shore and lessen congestion on Surf Avenue.[34] In total, the boardwalk and related improvement projects cost $20 million (about $342 million in 2022). Of this cost, 35 percent was paid through taxes, and the remainder was paid by the city.[97]

The Brighton Beach extension of the boardwalk, which would build out the boardwalk from Ocean Parkway eastward to Coney Island Avenue, was formally approved by the city's Board of Estimate in June 1925.[98][99] The extension was 3,000 to 4,000 feet (910 to 1,220 m) long,[38] and entailed expanding the beach and creating new paths to the boardwalk.[99] Real estate developments were proposed as a result of the extension,[100] which was completed by mid-1926.[101] The $1 million extension was to be funded via taxes levied on Coney Island property owners.[99] Although some property owners objected to the assessments,[102] they were ultimately forced to pay for the project.[103]

A similar scheme to extend the boardwalk 3,000 feet (910 m) westward, from West 37th Street to Coney Island Light, was opposed by the residents of Sea Gate, the private community through which the boardwalk would have been expanded.[104] In June 1927, borough president James J. Byrne approved the Sea Gate extension and bought land on the Sea Gate waterfront.[105][106] The following year, the bulkhead lines in Sea Gate were approved for demolition, in anticipation of the boardwalk being extended.[107][108] The boardwalk extension was slated to connect to a steamship pier operated by the Coney Island Steamship Corporation.[109][110] However, the company was permanently enjoined from selling stocks and bonds in July 1930. The corporation claimed that the Brooklyn government had allocated $3 million to extend the boardwalk in December 1929, but borough president Henry Hesterberg denied having done so.[111][112] The boardwalk was ultimately not extended past the fence on West 37th Street.[113] After a four-block section of the boardwalk was damaged in a July 1932 fire,[114][115] it was rebuilt and reopened within a month.[116]

Moses reconstruction

In 1938, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) took over responsibility for the boardwalk's maintenance.[1] Parks commissioner Robert Moses criticized the condition of the Coney Island, Rockaway, and South Beach boardwalks, saying, "These beaches and boardwalks were never properly planned, and cannot under present conditions be properly maintained and operated."[36][117] In a letter to mayor Fiorello La Guardia, Moses wrote:

The boardwalk was constructed too near the water without providing any play areas on the north side. [...] When sand was pumped in to increase the width of the beach, instead of obtaining good white material, the contractor was allowed to deposit brown sand on the beach. Streets were cut through which dead-ended at the boardwalk, and which are no good as traffic arteries and are not proper parking spaces. The zoning ordinance was adapted to the wishes of the property owners rather than to the requirements of the public welfare.[117]

The Brighton Beach extension of the Riegelmann Boardwalk, adjacent to brick apartment buildings on the right
Brighton Beach extension, looking westward

Moses unsuccessfully tried to prohibit carnival barkers from the boardwalk.[118][119] He also announced plans to expand it eastward, to the vicinity of Corbin Place in Brighton Beach, as well as to incorporate another 18 acres (7.3 ha) within Brighton Beach.[120] The expansion would add capacity for 50,000 visitors along the Coney Island Beach.[121] The project involved rebuilding an 800-foot-long (240 m) stretch of the boardwalk,[122] relocating it 300 feet (91 m) inland and straightening its route; this required the condemnation of 20 buildings and the demolition of the Municipal Baths at West 5th Street.[36][123][124] City officials announced plans in August 1938 to acquire 18 acres (7.3 ha) along the Brighton Beach shoreline.[125] That October, the city acquired 18 acres (7.3 ha) from developer Joseph P. Day for the eastward extension.[126] The expanded beach in Brighton Beach opened to the public in July 1939,[127] and officials began allowing bicyclists to use the boardwalk that year.[128]

Moses had originally planned to clear another 100 feet (30 m) inland of the boardwalk, but these plans were modified in August 1939 to preserve the amusement area there.[129][130] The Board of Estimate approved the modified plan for the boardwalk in December;[131][132] the approval had been delayed by one week after a landowner objected.[133] The following month, the board provided an $850,000 appropriation for the work,[134][135] and construction started on the boardwalk extension.[123][136] To provide easier access to the boardwalk, a new street near West 9th Street was built.[124] As part of the renovations, a two-foot (0.61 m) covering of sand, from the Rockaways and New Jersey,[137] was placed along the entire beachfront.[1] Some portions of the original boardwalk were preserved and moved using cranes.[138] In addition, workers relocated lighting and emergency phone boxes; realigned Surf Avenue; and erected a lifeguard station with restrooms.[135] The relocated boardwalk was completed by May 1940.[138][139] The same year, gray paving blocks were added at Brighton 2nd and West 2nd, 15th, 21st, 27th, and 33rd Streets, as well as at Stillwell Avenue, creating firebreaks in the boardwalk.[2]

In early 1941, workers started extending the boardwalk 1,500 feet (460 m) from Coney Island Avenue to Brighton 15th Street. The extension, 50 feet (15 m) wide, was narrower than the rest of the boardwalk.[36][137] Upon completion of the extension, the boardwalk reached its current length of 2.7 miles (4.3 km).[36] In 1955, Moses proposed extending the boardwalk east to the Manhattan Beach Boardwalk. These plans were opposed by Manhattan Beach property owners, who contended that it would bring social degradation to their community.[140][141] The Board of Estimate ultimately voted against Moses's plan.[142]

Late 20th century

Riegelmann Boardwalk, facing toward the Parachute Jump and Thunderbolt roller coaster, with shops on the right
View on the boardwalk, looking west at Luna Park

Further work was undertaken on the boardwalk in the late 20th century. This included the replacement of the original street lights with replicas in the 1960s, and the replacement of benches, drinking fountains, pavilions, and comfort stations. Concrete and brick lifeguard towers were erected in the 1970s.[143]

By the 1960s, Coney Island was in decline because of increased crime, insufficient parking facilities, bad weather, and the post-World War II automotive boom.[144] This culminated in the closure and sale of Steeplechase Park, the area's last major amusement park, in 1965.[145][146] A newspaper article noted in 1961 that between 5,000 and 10,000 people slept on the beach every night, and that the boardwalk was a common place for purse snatchings and muggings.[147] Since the boardwalk contained a wide-open space underneath, it was a frequent location for such acts as looking up women's skirts, indecent exposure, and kissing.[148] The boardwalk's maintenance was in active decline by the 1970s,[143] although repairs on two sections of boardwalk between Brighton 1st and Brighton 15th Streets were underway by 1975.[149] Local officials, such as then-assemblyman Chuck Schumer, and residents of the surrounding communities petitioned for the Board of Estimate to release $650,000 in funding for repairs to the boardwalk.[150]

By the 1980s, the boardwalk was in poor condition; several people had been injured after falling through rotted portions of the boardwalk, the restrooms and drinking fountains were not functioning, and the section between West 32nd and West 33rd Street had collapsed completely. In 1983, officials estimated that one-quarter of the planks were not in good shape.[151][152] The same year, New York City Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin rated the boardwalk's quality as "poor" due to holes and nails within the deck, vacant lots adjacent to the boardwalk, broken water fountains, and filthy restrooms.[153] In 1985, a small part of the Coney Island Beach, as well as three other city beaches and Central Park's Sheep Meadow, were designated as "quiet zones" where loud radio playing was prohibited.[154][155] Subsequent repairs to the boardwalk were completed by 1987.[156]

In the early 1990s, as part of a $27 million shoreline protection project, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) filled in the area under the boardwalk with sand.[148][152] Afterward, the space underneath became occupied by persons who were homeless, so in 1996 the city cleared out the encampment and fenced off the space under the boardwalk.[148][157] Brooklyn borough president Howard Golden said in 1997 that he considered the boardwalk's condition to be "B-plus"; according to Golden, the largest problems were that some rails and signs needed to be fixed.[158] On the other hand, residents had complained the previous year that the boardwalk had loose and cracked boards, holes in the wood, and uneven pilings. City vehicles frequently used the boardwalk despite exceeding the weight limit; furthermore, NYC Parks only had three employees to maintain the boardwalk year-round, as compared to eight in 1990. NYC Parks contended that it had spent $180,000 on a recent project to repair the boardwalk and that the Brooklyn borough president's office had budgeted $20 million since 1981 for repairs.[159]

21st century

Brighton Beach section of the boardwalk in 2008, with apartment buildings on the left
Brighton Beach section of the boardwalk in 2008

NYC Parks started re-planking the boardwalk with ipe wood in the late 1990s,[160] though this was opposed by environmental groups who objected to the wood being logged from the Amazon rainforest.[161] New comfort stations and shade pavilions were added around 2001.[143]

Initial renovations and landmark status

By 2010, the city government was renovating the boardwalk: some sections were receiving new wood planking over concrete supports, while others were being replaced entirely with concrete.[13][162] The addition of the concrete sections was controversial. Though concrete was cheaper and did not require wood sourced from the Amazon rainforest, many local residents and officials felt that wood would be more authentic. There was no logistical difficulty in securing wood because the Rockaway Boardwalk was simultaneously being rebuilt in that material.[13][163] After installing two small concrete sections of the boardwalk, NYC Parks proposed using a type of plastic that resembled wood.[164] The rebuild with concrete and plastic was approved in March 2012,[152] though wood advocates later filed a lawsuit to stop the use of concrete.[165][166] The boardwalk was slightly damaged during Hurricane Sandy that October, and the adjacent amusement parks and aquarium suffered more severe damage,[167][168] as did Steeplechase Pier.[42][43] Further comfort stations were added in 2013,[143] with four modular units being delivered to West 8th, West 2nd, Brighton 2nd, and New Brighton Streets.[43][169]

In late 2014, NYC Parks started repairing the section between Coney Island Avenue and Brighton 15th Street with concrete.[14][170] The decision to use concrete and plastic was again controversial, but according to NYC Parks, was necessary to repair decades of use and deterioration.[14][15] That December, after the repairs were announced, City Council members Mark Treyger and Chaim Deutsch suggested designating the boardwalk as a city landmark.[171] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) initially rejected the application, stating that the boardwalk had been too heavily altered.[14] NYC Parks completed the repairs in May 2016.[172][173] Despite the rejection of landmark status, Treyger continued to advocate for the Riegelmann Boardwalk's preservation. In March 2018, the LPC voted to "calendar" a public hearing to determine whether the boardwalk should be designated.[174] The commission designated the boardwalk as the city's eleventh scenic landmark two months later, on May 15, 2018.[175][176][177] The same month, two comfort stations opened at Brighton 15th Street.[178] The city government announced in November 2019 that it would spend $3.2 million to place anti-terrorism bollards at entrances to the boardwalk, as part of a larger initiative to improve safety in public areas following a deadly 2017 truck attack in Manhattan.[179][180]

Capital renovation project

In November 2021, NYC Parks announced it would renovate the entirety of the Riegelmann Boardwalk for $114.5 million. The renovation would be conducted in several phases, although only one phase was funded. The boardwalk would remain open during the project.[181][182] The plans include replacing the hardwood planks with recycled plastic, renovating furniture, and constructing concrete piers to replace deteriorated wooden supports.[183][184] The plan had to be approved by mayor-elect Eric Adams, who, as borough president, had opposed the previous proposal to replace the wooden deck with plastic and concrete.[183] In mid-2022, city councilman Ari Kagan expressed concerns that the city government did not include any additional funding for the boardwalk's renovation in its 2022 budget. The $114.5 million grant was only sufficient to fund repairs to a 3-mile (4.8 km) section of the boardwalk.[185]

An investigation by news organization The City found that, from 2012 to 2022, the city government had spent several hundred thousand dollars to settle lawsuits by visitors who had been injured on the boardwalk.[185] WCBS-TV also found that, between 2017 and 2022, thirty-one people claimed to have sustained injuries while on the boardwalk.[186] Although NYC Parks had replaced over a thousand planks in mid-2022,[187] WCBS-TV reported in October 2022 that the renovation project had not started.[186] At the time, USACE was considering raising the boardwalk to 18 feet (5.5 m). If this plan were implemented, the boardwalk-raising project would not be completed until 2030.[186] Alec Brook-Krasny, who was reelected[lower-alpha 2] to the New York State Assembly in 2022, proposed funding repairs to the boardwalk if a planned casino on Coney Island were approved.[188]

By early 2023, NYC Parks was planning to rebuild the section from West 24th to West 27th Street for $11.5 million. Although that section was originally supposed to have been rebuilt by February 2022, work had not even started.[189] Designs for the renovation were supposed to have been completed by April 2023 but were delayed because the city needed to add wheelchair ramps.[190]

Cultural significance

The boardwalk outside the New York Aquarium, with a mural on the aquarium wall
The boardwalk outside the New York Aquarium

The boardwalk opened up the beach to the millions who visited Coney Island in its heyday, and it became known as the area's "Main Street", supplanting Surf Avenue in that role.[22] A 1923 guidebook described the area as "the oldest, most densely crowded and most democratic" of all the amusement areas around New York City.[191] The boardwalk increased international visitation to Coney Island. One French observer wrote of the boardwalk, shortly after its opening, "Families which cannot go to the rich watering places come in hordes on Sunday to enjoy the municipal beach. It is like the Promenade des Anglais at Nice turned over to the proletariat."[192] A writer for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle cited the boardwalk's completion as "a contributing factor in the modernizing of the Coney Island section", saying that its construction had led to the development of apartment buildings on the Coney Island peninsula.[113]

The boardwalk is the setting for two large annual events. The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest takes place every July 4 outside the original Nathan's Famous location at Surf and Stillwell Avenues near the boardwalk. Nathan's had been one of several hot dog vendors that formerly lined Coney Island.[31] The Coney Island Mermaid Parade has taken place along the boardwalk since 1983.[1] The parade typically occurs every June, and involves floats and costumes and a King Neptune and Queen Mermaid that are crowned at the end of each parade.[31]

As an icon of Coney Island, the Riegelmann Boardwalk has been depicted in the visual arts, music, and film. Several artworks have shown the boardwalk as a focal point, including Harry Roseland's 1930s depictions of the boardwalk and beach, as well as the 1938 lithograph The People Play-Summer by Benton Murdoch Spruance.[22] Films have used the boardwalk as a setting or as a plot narrative, such as Sinners' Holiday (1930), Little Fugitive (1953), Annie Hall (1977), The Warriors (1979), and Requiem for a Dream (2000).[31][193] The boardwalk has appeared in TV shows, including children's shows such as Dora the Explorer and sitcoms such as Seinfeld. It is also a setting in music videos, such as those by Salt-N-Pepa (1993) and Beyoncé (2013), and albums such as Coney Island Baby (1975).[31]

Accolades

Ruby's and Nathan's, two longtime restaurants on the boardwalk. Ruby's is on the left while Nathan's is on the right.
Ruby's and Nathan's, two longtime restaurants on the boardwalk

At the time of its construction, the boardwalk was considered the most important public works project in Brooklyn since the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been completed in 1883.[194] One newspaper described the project thus: "New York scientists and engineers have succeeded where King Canute failed to halt the onward march of the tides."[84] The boardwalk immediately became one of Coney Island's biggest draws after its opening.[78] A columnist for the Brooklyn Times-Union wrote in 1932 that, so powerful was the boardwalk's effect, "the boardwalk and Coney Island are now synonymous".[97]

In 1994, the American Shore & Beach Preservation Association recognized the boardwalk as an "infrastructure accomplishment" comparable to the Catskill Watershed and Central Park. In giving the award, the ASBPA stated that the boardwalk had served people who would otherwise "not have access to exclusive Long Island beaches".[8][81] The city's Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the boardwalk as one of the city's scenic landmarks in 2018,[175] having previously rejected it for landmark status.[14]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The pavilions were constructed at West 8th, West 15th, West 21st, West 27th, and West 33rd Streets. The pergolas were constructed between the following streets: West 12th Street/Jones Walk, West 23rd/24th Streets, West 29th/30th Streets, and West 35th/36th Streets.[10]
  2. ↑ Brook-Krasny had previously represented Coney Island in the Assembly until 2015.[188]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Coney Island Beach and Boardwalk". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jones, T.I. (April 7, 1923). "The Industrial Development of Brooklyn During 1922: An Address Before the Rotary Club of Brooklyn". Brooklyn Life. p. 31. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Coney Island to Have 80-Foot Boardwalk". American Lumberman (pt. 1): 47. June 17, 1922. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Postal & Baldwin 2018, pp. 6, 14.
  6. ↑ "U.S. Geological Survey, Geology of National Parks, 3D and Photographic Tours, 72. Coney Island". United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Chapter 17, Southern Brooklyn" (PDF). A Stronger, More Resilient New York. City of New York. 2013. p. 337. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Dornhelm, Richard B. (September 25, 2003). "The Coney Island Public Beach and Boardwalk Improvement of 1923". Urban Beaches. American Society of Civil Engineers: 52–63. doi:10.1061/40682(2003)6. ISBN 978-0784406823.
  9. 1 2 "Shifting Sands". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 16, 1935. p. 15. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 14.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Seven Years of Progress: Important Public Improvements and Achievements by the Municipal and Borough Governments of the City of New York, 1918–1925. Government of New York City. 1925. p. 157. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  12. ↑ Lumber World Review. Lumber Review Company. 1921. p. 9. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 Berger, Joseph (July 1, 2011). "Fighting Over Rain Forest Ipe in Coney Island Boardwalk". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Hansen, Matt (April 27, 2015). "Concrete? Coney Island fans say only wood will do for their beloved boardwalk". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015.
  15. 1 2 "Residents Fight To Keep Coney Island's Boardwalk Wooden". NPR. April 28, 2015. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019.
  16. ↑ "NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Transportation. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2019.
  17. 1 2 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 7.
  18. ↑ Banker, Mary; Burney, David J.; Merkel, Jayne (2014). We Build the City : NYC's Design + Construction Excellence Program. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-941806-16-6. OCLC 841912195.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Coney Island" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  20. ↑ Vecsey, George (June 26, 2001). "Sports of The Times; Summer Rite Returns To Borough of Churches". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019.
  21. ↑ Ramos, Andrew (June 29, 2016). "Massive entertainment amphitheater opens on iconic Coney Island Boardwalk". WPIX. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 18.
  23. ↑ Kurshan, Virginia. "(Former) Childs Restaurant Building (Designation Report)" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009.
  24. ↑ "The Parachute Jump" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 23, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2019.
  25. 1 2 "Steeplechase Park Highlights: Parachute Jump". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 26, 1939. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019.
  26. ↑ Croghan, Lore (May 11, 2016). "Coney Island landmarks, present and (we hope) future". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Historic Structures Report: B&B Carousell" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2017.
  28. ↑ "The Cyclone" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 12, 1988. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2016.
  29. ↑ King, Kristen (August 4, 1995). "Cyclone Honors to Roll". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009.
  30. ↑ "The Wonder Wheel" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 23, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2019.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 19.
  32. 1 2 "History of the New York Aquarium". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020.
  33. ↑ Hevesi, Dennis (March 31, 2007). "Toshio Sasaki, 60, a Sculptor of Major Projects in New York, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018.
  34. 1 2 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 16.
  35. ↑ "The Great Steeplechase by the Sea". The Evening World. June 6, 1904. p. 4. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 17.
  37. ↑ "F. J. Kelly, Dies: Building Executive". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 21, 1940. p. 13. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  38. 1 2 "Old Coney Island Undergoing Transformations in New Structures". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 15, 1925. p. 72. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "Fire Ruins the Steeplechase Pier; Building Floats in Flames to Sea". The New York Times. April 23, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019.
  40. ↑ "Dual Probe Launched into Coney Pier Blaze". New York Daily News. April 23, 1957. p. 430. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "Steeplechase Pier Reopens". The New York Times. September 13, 1958. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 9.
  43. 1 2 3 Dailey, Jessica (July 17, 2013). "Mapping the Post-Sandy Improvements to NYC Beaches". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019.
  44. ↑ Spivak, Anna (May 5, 2015). "Coney Island's Steeplechase Pier receives $3.4 million in FEMA funding". The Brooklyn Home Reporter. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  45. ↑ "$3M in Sandy funding approved for Coney Island's Steeplechase Pier". Brooklyn Eagle. April 28, 2015. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Yellowed Pages of Coney Island Register Reveal Visits of Many Great and Near-Great of Day". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 5, 1939. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  47. ↑ Berman, John S.; Museum of the City of New York (2003). Coney Island. Portraits of America. Barnes and Noble Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7607-3887-0. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016.
  48. ↑ Snyder-Grenier, Ellen Marie; Brooklyn Historical Society (1996). Brooklyn! : an illustrated history. Temple University Press. p. 182. ISBN 1566394082. OCLC 34282893.
  49. ↑ Cudahy, Brian J. (2009). How We Got to Coney Island: The Development of Mass Transportation in Brooklyn and Kings County. Fordham University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8232-2211-7. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  50. ↑ DeSena, Judith N.; Shortell, Timothy (2012). The World in Brooklyn: Gentrification, Immigration, and Ethnic Politics in a Global City. Lexington Books. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-7391-6670-3. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016.
  51. ↑ Parascandola, John, ed. (2014). A Coney Island Reader: Through Dizzy Gates of Illusion. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-231-53819-0. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  52. ↑ Denson 2002, p. 50.
  53. ↑ Devine 1904, pp. 801, 804.
  54. ↑ "Coney Island Leases; Valuable Lots on the Sea-Shore Secured for a Mere Song". The New York Times. October 3, 1882. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  55. ↑ "The Coney Island That Was". The New York Sun. August 18, 1907. p. 21. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  56. ↑ Devine 1904, p. 805.
  57. ↑ Denson 2002, p. 41.
  58. ↑ "Surf Bathing Now in Full Swing; No Decrease in the Popularity of New York's Summer Sport, Though Fashions Have Changed". The New York Times. July 14, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019.
  59. ↑ "A Rockaway Boardwalk". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 20, 1900. p. 37. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  60. ↑ Devine 1904, pp. 801, 805.
  61. ↑ Durst, Seymour B. (1912). Neglected Coney Island. West End Improvement League of Coney Island. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  62. ↑ "He Likes the New Coney Island". New-York Tribune. June 12, 1904. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  63. ↑ Devine 1904, p. 580.
  64. ↑ "Move for a Boardwalk". New-York Tribune. September 15, 1900. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  65. ↑ "New Coney Island Boardwalk; Bill for $350,000 Structure – Property Owners to Pay Half for Land". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  66. ↑ "Coney Island Boardwalk; Much Opposition to the Bill for a Public Recreation Ground". The New York Times. February 27, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  67. ↑ "Coney Island Board Walk Bill Opposed at Albany". New-York Tribune. February 27, 1901. p. 8 – via newspapers.com.
  68. 1 2 3 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 11.
  69. ↑ See, for instance:
  70. ↑ Proceedings of the Board of Aldermen. New York City Council. 1911. p. 92. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  71. ↑ "Coney Boardwalk Now Assured". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 3, 1913. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  72. ↑ "All Coney Island Comes to Fight for Boardwalk". New-York Tribune. May 2, 1913. p. 16. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  73. ↑ "State Claims Coney Island; Contends in Suit Against Tilyou That Beach Belongs to People". The New York Times. December 21, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019.
  74. ↑ "State Sues To Win Back Coney Island For People". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 24, 1912. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  75. ↑ "Holds Tidal Lands Belong To State; Beach at Low Tide Must Not Be Obstructed, Justice Benedict's Decision". The New York Times. September 28, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019.
  76. ↑ "Court Frees Coney beach; Appeals Tribunal Holds Occupants Have No Right to the Land". The New York Times. July 13, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019.
  77. ↑ "Wreck Buildings at Coney Island". Brooklyn Standard-Union. October 14, 1916. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  78. 1 2 Immerso 2002, p. 125.
  79. 1 2 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 12.
  80. ↑ "Celebrate Start Of Coney Boardwalk; Board of Trade Gives Dinner to Board of Estimate – First Stake Driven by Riegelmann". The New York Times. October 2, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  81. 1 2 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 13.
  82. ↑ "How Riegelmann Stuck to the Job". Brooklyn Times-Union. May 15, 1923. p. 12. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  83. ↑ "To Start Building New Coney Streets During Next Month". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 30, 1923. p. 7. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  84. 1 2 "Pushing the Ocean Back to Make a New Coney Island Boardwalk" (PDF). The Evening Telegram. September 8, 1922. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
  85. ↑ Hazelton, Henry Isham (1925). The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, Counties of Nassau and Suffolk, Long Island, New York, 1609–1924. The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, Counties of Nassau and Suffolk, Long Island, New York, 1609–1924. Vol. 2. Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 1082. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  86. ↑ "Propose Hylan and Craig As New Names for Streets". The New York Times. April 14, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018.
  87. 1 2 "Coney Island Boardwalk Is Named After Riegelmann". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 18, 1923. p. 21. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  88. ↑ "Oh, Mr. Riegelmann, Are You Going To Head That Big Baby Parade". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 6, 1922. p. 64. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  89. ↑ "First Section of Boardwalk at Coney Is Opened to Public". The New York Times. October 29, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018.
  90. ↑ "Coney Boardwalk Opened to the Public; Fifty Thousand Persons Promenade Near Extension to Steeplechase Park". The New York Times. December 25, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018.
  91. 1 2 "Crowds at Coney To Open Boardwalk; Mayor and Other City Officials Review Big Parade and Witness Flag Raising". The New York Times. May 16, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019.
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  93. ↑ "How Coney's Boardwalk Compares With Others". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 13, 1923. p. 20. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
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  95. ↑ "Awards $6,139,968 For Land Taken in Coney Street Plan". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 11, 1924. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  96. ↑ "Razing Buildings To Clear The Way For Coney Streets". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 10, 1924. p. 64. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  97. 1 2 "Around the Town with Joe Early". Brooklyn Times Union. April 18, 1932. p. 46. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  98. ↑ "Work Starts Soon on Coney Island Extension". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 14, 1925. p. 13. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  99. 1 2 3 "Coney Taxpayers in For a $350,000 Levy". The Standard Union. June 14, 1925. p. 28. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
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  102. ↑ "Coney Taxpayers Protest; 200 Object to Assessments in Payment for Boardwalk". The New York Times. September 21, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  103. ↑ "Rules Coney Must Pay For Its Boardwalk; Chairman of Assessors Refuses to Make City Pay Part of Tax – Tilt Over 'Petting Parties.'". The New York Times. July 1, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  104. ↑ "Sea Gate To Fight City Plan at Coney; Residential District Opposes Project to Build Boardwalk into Private Community". The New York Times. June 9, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
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  106. ↑ "Byrne Wins Victory On Sea Gate Plans; Estimate Board Votes to Add to Coney Boardwalk Despite Opposition of Residents". The New York Times. June 10, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  107. ↑ "Sea Gate Defeated in Harbor Line Case; War Department Approves City Request for Discontinuance of Old Limits There". The New York Times. September 12, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
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  113. 1 2 Kirk, Vincent R. (May 10, 1931). "Home Developments Have Transformed Coney Island Area". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. pp. 49, 50 – via newspapers.com.
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  116. ↑ "Coney Island Walk Reopened by City; Hesterberg Aides and Business Men Join in Exercises, Parade and Addresses". The New York Times. August 19, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020.
  117. 1 2 Moses, Robert (1937). Improvement of Coney Island, Rockaway and South Beaches. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 5.
  118. ↑ "Moses Can Ask, Not Tell, Coney To Curb Noise: Court Rules Commissioner Exceeds Power in Cases Against Barkers, but Says They'd Better Co-operate". New York Herald Tribune. August 30, 1938. p. 11A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1254436983.
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  121. ↑ Sprague, Marshall (August 14, 1938). "Plan To Improve 'The Island'; Scheme of Commissioner Moses Would Increase Waterfront by One-third, Making Room for 50,000 More Coney Bathers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018.
  122. ↑ O'Connell, Tom (July 15, 1950). "Send 'Em Away with a Smile, Is Philosophy of Jim Onorato". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020.
  123. 1 2 "Coney Island Work Begun; Removal of Lamps First Step in Moving Back Boardwalk". The New York Times. January 17, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  124. 1 2 "Streamlining Can't Hide Fact It's Still Coney Island". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 31, 1940. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
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  128. ↑ Stessin, Lawrence (October 1, 1939). "City Aiding the Cyclist; It Opens Up More Riding Paths While Worrying About Casualties". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  129. ↑ "Coney Island Plan Revised By Moses; He Offers Alternate Schemes to Mayor, Both Retaining Present Atmosphere". The New York Times. August 21, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
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  134. ↑ "Coney Island 'Streamlining' Starts Monday". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 12, 1940. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  135. 1 2 "Work on Big Coney Improvement Starts". New York Daily News. January 21, 1940. p. 464. Retrieved August 24, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
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  137. 1 2 "Coney Island To Get White Beach Sand; Whole Front to Be Covered – Boardwalk Will Be Extended". The New York Times. February 21, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  138. 1 2 "Now Boardwalk Opens At Coney Island Today: Coney Island Boardwalk Opens to Public Today". New York Herald Tribune. May 26, 1940. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243037801.
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  140. ↑ Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 25.
  141. ↑ "Manhattan Beach Residents Fight Moses Over Acquisition of Its Esplanade Walk Area". Coney Island Times. September 10, 1955. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  142. ↑ "Coney Extension Denied To Moses; Estimate Board Rejects His Plan to Join Boardwalk With Manhattan Beach". The New York Times. September 23, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
  143. 1 2 3 4 Postal & Baldwin 2018, p. 20.
  144. ↑ "Coney Island Slump Grows Worse; Decline in Business Since the War Years Has Been Steady". The New York Times. July 2, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018.
  145. ↑ "Steeplechase Park Planned as the Site Of Housing Project". The New York Times. July 1, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018.
  146. ↑ "Steeplechase Sold; Loses Race to the Sands of Time". New York Daily News. July 2, 1965. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
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