Common law offences are crimes under English criminal law, the related criminal law of some Commonwealth countries, and under some U.S. state laws. They are offences under the common law, developed entirely by the law courts, having no specific basis in statute.

Australia

Under the criminal law of Australia the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Commonwealth) abolished all common law offences at the federal level.[1] The Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia have also abolished common law offences, but they still apply in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. Although some common law offences still exist in New South Wales, many common law offences – for example nightwalking, riot, rout, affray, keeping of bawdy houses, champerty and maintenance, eavesdropping and being a common scold – have been abolished in that State.

Canada

In Canada the consolidation of criminal law in the Criminal Code, enacted in 1953, involved the abolition of all common law offences except contempt of court (preserved by section 9 of the Code) and contempt of Parliament (preserved by section 18 of the Constitution Act, 1867).

England and Wales

In England and Wales, the Law Commission's programme of codification of the criminal law included the aim of abolishing all the remaining common law offences and replacing them, where appropriate, with offences precisely defined by statute.[2][3] Common law offences were seen as unacceptably vague and open to development by the courts in ways that might offend the principle of certainty. However, neither the Law Commission nor the UK Parliament have completed the necessary revisions of the law, so some common law offences still exist. In England and Wales, unless a specific maximum sentence has been codified, common law offences are punishable by unlimited fines and unlimited imprisonment.[4]

Common law offences that have been abolished or redefined as statutory offences are listed at History of English criminal law § Common law offences.

List of offences under the common law of England

This list includes offences that have been abolished or codified in one or more or all jurisdictions.

A

B

C

D

E

F

H

  • Harbouring a fugitive or felon

I

K

L

M

N

  • Nightwalking (so as to cause alarm)

O

P

R

S

T

U

W

High crimes and misdemeanours

New Zealand

In New Zealand the ability to be proceeded against at common law for being a party to a criminal offence was abolished by section six of the Criminal Code Act 1893.[5] Section five of the Crimes Act, 1908 (which replaced the 1893 enactment),[6] and section 9 of the Crimes Act 1961 (which replaced the 1908 enactment) affirmed the abolition of criminal proceedings at common law, with the exception of contempt of court and of offences tried by courts martial.[7]

United States

The notion that common law offences could be enforced in federal courts was found to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Hudson and Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812). A woman, Anne Royall, was nonetheless found guilty of being a common scold in Washington, D.C. in 1829; a newspaper paid her fine. Some have argued that common law offences are inconsistent with the prohibition of ex post facto laws.[8]

At the state level, the situation varies. Some states, such as New Jersey, have abolished common law crimes (see State v. Palendrano), while others have chosen to continue to recognize them. In some states, the elements of many crimes are defined mostly or entirely by common law, i.e., by prior judicial decisions. For instance, Michigan's penal code does not define the crime of murder: while the penalties for murder are laid out in statute, the actual elements of murder, and their meaning, is entirely set out in case law.[9][10][11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ History of Australian Criminal Law, Parliament of Australia Library Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ "Legislating the Criminal Code". Law Commission.
  3. ↑ "Criminal Law: A Criminal Code". Law Commission.
  4. ↑ Rozenberg, Joshua (14 March 2021). "More than a nuisance". A Lawyer Writes.
  5. ↑ White, Stephen. "The making of the New Zealand Criminal Code Act of 1893: A sketch [1986]" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 353. Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  6. ↑ "Crimes Act, 1908 No. 42, s. 5" (PDF). The University of Auckland, Early New Zealand Statutes. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  7. ↑ "Crimes Act 1961 No 43 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 9 Offences not to be punishable except under New Zealand Acts – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
  8. ↑ Anthony J. Fejfar (2009), "Common Law Crimes Are Unconstitutional as Ex Post Facto Laws"
  9. ↑ People v. Aaron, 409 Mich. 672, 713 (Michigan Supreme Court 1980) ("In Michigan, murder is not statutorily defined.").
  10. ↑ Mich. Comp. Laws No. § 750.316 of 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Mich. Comp. Laws No. § 750.317 of 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
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