Coati
White-nosed coati (Nasua narica)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Procyonidae
Subfamily: Procyoninae
Tribe: Procyonini
Subtribe: Nasuina
Genera
Range map

Coatis (from Tupí),[1] also known as coatimundis (/koʊˌɑːtɪˈmʌndi/),[2][3] are members of the family Procyonidae in the genera Nasua and Nasuella (comprising the subtribe Nasuina). They are diurnal mammals native to South America, Central America, Mexico, and the southwestern United States. The name "coatimundi" comes from the Tupian languages of Brazil, where it means "lone coati".[4][5] Locally in Belize, the coati is known as "quash".[6]

Physical characteristics

Adult coatis measure 33 to 69 cm (13 to 27 in) from head to the base of the tail, which can be as long as their bodies. Coatis are about 30 cm (12 in) tall at the shoulder and weigh between 2 and 8 kg (4.4 and 17.6 lb), about the size of a large house cat. Males can become almost twice as large as females and have large, sharp canine teeth. The measurements above relate to the white-nosed and South America coatis. The two species of mountain coati are smaller.[7]

All coatis share a slender head with an elongated, flexible, slightly upturned nose, small ears, dark feet, and a long non-prehensile tail used for balance and signaling.

Ring-tailed coatis have either a light brown or black coat, with a lighter underpart and a white-ringed tail in most cases. Coatis have a long brown tail with rings on it which are anywhere from starkly defined like a raccoon's to very faint. Like raccoons and unlike ring-tailed cats and cacomistles, the rings go completely around the tail. Coatis often hold the tail erect; it is used as such to keep troops of coatis together in tall vegetation. The tip of the tail can be moved slightly on its own, as is the case with cats, but it is not prehensile as is that of the kinkajou, another procyonid.

Coatis have bear- and raccoon-like paws and walk plantigrade like raccoons and bears (on the soles of the feet, as do humans). Coatis have nonretractable claws. Coatis also are able to rotate their ankles beyond 180°, in common with raccoons and other procyonids (and others in the order Carnivora and rare cases among other mammals); they are therefore able to descend trees head first. (Other animals living in forests have acquired some or all of these properties through convergent evolution, including members of the mongoose, civet, weasel, cat, and bear families.)

The coati snout is long and somewhat pig-like – part of the reason for its nickname 'the hog-nosed raccoon'. It is also extremely flexible and can rotate up to 60° in any direction. They use their noses to push objects and rub parts of their body. The facial markings include white markings around the eyes and on the ears and snout.

Coatis have strong limbs to climb and dig and have a reputation for intelligence, like their fellow procyonid, the raccoon. Unlike nocturnal raccoons, however, most coatis are diurnal, although some may exhibit cathemeral behavior.[8] They prefer to sleep or rest in elevated places and niches, like the rainforest canopy, in crudely built sleeping nests.

Habitat and range

Overall, coatis are widespread, occupying habitats ranging from hot and arid areas to humid Amazonian rainforests or even cold Andean mountain slopes, including grasslands and bushy areas. Their geographical range extends from the southwestern U.S. (southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) through northern Uruguay.[9] Around 10 coatis are thought to have formed a breeding population in Cumbria, UK.[10]

Taxonomy

Coatis  

Nasua narica

Nasuella meridensis

Nasuella olivacea

Nasua nasua

The following species are recognised:[7][11][12]

The Cozumel Island coati was formerly recognised as a species, but the vast majority of recent authorities treat it as a subspecies, N. narica nelsoni, of the white-nosed coati.[2][11][13][14][15]

Genetic evidence (cytochrome b sequences) has suggested that the genus Nasuella should be merged into Nasua, as the latter is otherwise paraphyletic.[7] Other genetic studies have shown that the closest relatives of the coatis are the olingos (genus Bassaricyon);[16][17][18] the two lineages are thought to have diverged about 10.2 million years ago.[18]

Lifespan

Coatis can live up to seven years in the wild. In captivity, their average lifespan is about 14 years, and some coatis can live into their late teens.[19]

Feeding habits

Coatis are omnivores; their diet consists mainly of ground litter, invertebrates, such as tarantula, and fruit (Alves-Costa et al., 2004, 2007; Hirsch 2007). They also eat small vertebrate prey, such as lizards, rodents, small birds, birds' eggs, and crocodile eggs. The snout, with an acute sense of smell, assists the paws in a hog-like manner to unearth invertebrates.

Behaviour

Coati showing its canines

Little is known about the behaviour of the mountain coatis,[7] and the following is almost entirely about the coatis of the genus Nasua. Unlike most members of the raccoon family (Procyonidae), coatis are primarily diurnal. Nasua coati females and young males up to two years of age are gregarious and travel through their territories in noisy, loosely organised bands made up of four to 25 individuals, foraging with their offspring on the ground or in the forest canopy. Males over two years become solitary due to behavioural disposition and collective aggression from the females and will join the female groups only during the breeding season.

When provoked, or for defence, coatis can be fierce fighters; their strong jaws, sharp canine teeth, and fast scratching paws, along with a tough hide sturdily attached to the underlying muscles, make it very difficult for potential predators (e.g., dogs or jaguars) to seize the smaller mammal.

Coatis communicate their intentions or moods with chirping, snorting, or grunting sounds. Different chirping sounds are used to express joy during social grooming, appeasement after fights, or to convey irritation or anger. Snorting while digging, along with an erect tail, states territorial or food claims during foraging. Coatis additionally use special postures or moves to convey simple messages; for example, hiding the nose between the front paws as a sign for submission; lowering the head, baring teeth, and jumping at an enemy signal an aggressive disposition. Individuals recognise other coatis by their looks, voices, and smells, the individual smell is intensified by special musk-glands on their necks and bellies.

Coatis from Panama are known to rub their own fur and that of other troop members with resin from Trattinnickia aspera (Burseraceae) trees, but its purpose is unclear. Some proposed possibilities are it serves as an insect repellent, a fungicide, or as a form of scent-marking.[20]

Reproduction

Coati breeding season mainly corresponds with the start of the rainy season to coincide with maximum availability of food, especially fruits: between January and March in some areas, and between October and February in others. Female and young coatis commonly live in bands of 5 to 40 and travel together. The males are solitary and join the bands only during the short mating season. For this period, an adult male is accepted into the band of females and juveniles near the beginning of the breeding season, leading to a polygynous mating system.

The pregnant females separate from the group, build a nest on a tree or in a rocky niche and, after a gestation period of about 11 weeks, give birth to litters of three to seven kits. About six weeks after birth, the females and their young will rejoin the band. Females become sexually mature at two years of age, while males will acquire sexual maturity at three years of age.

Natural predators

Coati predators include jaguarundis, anacondas, pumas,[21] maned wolves, boa constrictors, foxes, dogs, tayras, ocelots, and jaguars. Large raptors, such as ornate hawk-eagles, black-and-chestnut eagles, and harpy eagles, also are known to hunt them.[22] White-headed capuchin monkeys hunt their pups.[23]

Status

In Central and South America, coatis are threatened by environmental destruction and unregulated hunting. A lack of scientifically sound population studies could be leading to an underestimation of the coati population and other ecological problems affecting the species.

In captivity

Coatis are one of five groups of procyonids commonly kept as pets in various parts of North, Central and South America, the others being the raccoons (common and crab-eating), the kinkajou, the ring-tailed cat and cacomistle. However, while both the white-nosed and South America coatis are common in captivity, mountain coatis are extremely rare in captivity.[24][25]

Coatis are small creatures that can be wild, somewhat difficult to control or train in some cases, and generally behave in a manner radically different from that of a pet dog.[26] Optimally, they should have a spacious outdoor enclosure and a coati-proofed room in the house and/or other climate-controlled place, as well. They can be given the run of the house but need careful watching, more careful in some cases than others.

It is possible to litter or toilet train coatis;[27] if one cannot be trained as such, it is still possible to lessen problems in that they tend to designate a latrine area, which can have a litter pan placed in it as is done with many ferrets, pet skunks, rabbits, and rodents.[27] Coatis generally need both dog and cat vaccines for distemper and many other diseases and a killed rabies vaccine. They can be spayed or neutered for the same reason as cats and dogs and other pets.

References

  1. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord (February 1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals". Journal of Mammalogy. 22 (1): 12. doi:10.2307/1374677.
  2. 1 2 Cuarón, A.D.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F.; Pino, J.; González-Maya, J.F. (2016). "Nasua narica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41683A45216060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41683A45216060.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ↑ Braddy, Sarah. Nasua nasua South American coati. Animal Diversity Web at University of Michigan. "Coatis are also referred to in some texts as coatimundis. The name coati or coatimundi is Tupian Indian in origin."
  4. ↑ "Coatimundi". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 November 2021. History and Etymology for coatimundi Portuguese quatimundé, from Tupi kwatimúnde, older male coati not with a band, from kwáti coati + múnde snare, trap
  5. ↑ "Coati". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  6. ↑ "Coatimundi - The Belize Zoo". www.belizezoo.org. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Helgen, K. M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L. E.; Tsuchiya-Jerep, M. T. N.; Pinto, C. M.; Koepfli, K. P.; Eizirik, E.; Maldonado, J. E. (August 2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)". Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  8. ↑ Dutra, J.; Pereira, Ramos; M.J.; Horn, P.; et al. (2023). "Sympatric procyonids in the Atlantic Forest: revealing differences in detection, occupancy, and activity of the coati and the crab-eating raccoon in a gradient of anthropogenic alteration". Mammalian Biology. 103: 289–301. doi:10.1007/s42991-023-00349-4.
  9. ↑ Beisiegel, B. M. (2001). "Notes on the coati, Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in an Atlantic Forest area". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 61 (4): 689–692. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842001000400020. ISSN 1519-6984. PMID 12071327.
  10. ↑ "Exotic animals 'found wild in UK'". BBC News. 21 June 2010.
  11. 1 2 Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Genus Nasua". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 625–626. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  12. ↑ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Genus Nasuella". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 626. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  13. ↑ Kays, R. (2009). White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica), pp. 527–528 in: Wilson, D. E., and R. A. Mittermeier, eds. (2009). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 1, Carnivores. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1
  14. ↑ Decker, D. M. (1991). "Systematics of the Coatis, Genus Nasua (Mammalia, Procyonidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 104: 370–386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  15. ↑ Reid, F. A. (1997). Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0195064011
  16. ↑ K.-P. Koepfli; M. E. Gompper; E. Eizirik; C.-C. Ho; L. Linden; J. E. Maldonado; R. K. Wayne (2007). "Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 1076–1095. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.2618. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003. PMID 17174109.
  17. ↑ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (4 February 2010). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.
  18. 1 2 Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (15 August 2013). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.324.5827. PMC 3760134. PMID 24003317.
  19. ↑ "White-nosed coati". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  20. ↑ Wainwright, M. (2002). The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals. Miami, FL: Zona Tropical. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-9705678-1-9.
  21. ↑ "White Nose Coati". Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  22. ↑ Southern Coatimundi. itech.pjc.edu
  23. ↑ Perry S.; Rose L. (1994). "Begging and transfer of coati meat by white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus" (PDF). Primates. 35 (4): 409–415. doi:10.1007/bf02381950. hdl:2027.42/41610. S2CID 146496.
  24. ↑ ISIS (2011). Nasua. Version 12 January 2011.
  25. ↑ WildlifeExtra (August, 2010). First ever Mountain coati in captivity in Colombia. Archived 2016-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Coat Mundi (kow'aatee'múndee). However if they are trained properly, they could be really docile. blackpineanimalpark.com
  27. 1 2 Quick Reference Guide to 21 Exotic Species. Exotic DVM, Vol. 8 #6 2006
  • The dictionary definition of coati at Wiktionary
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