The voluntary sector, independent sector, or civic sector is the realm of social activity undertaken by organizations that are non-governmental nonprofit organizations.[1] This sector is also called the third sector, community sector, and nonprofit sector,[2] in contrast to the public sector and the private sector. Civic sector or social sector are other terms for the sector, emphasizing its relationship to civil society. Richard Cornuelle coined the term "independent sector" and was one of the first scholars to point out the vast impact and unique mechanisms of this sector.[3] Given the diversity of organizations that comprise the sector, Peter Frumkin prefers "non-profit and voluntary sector".[4]

Significance to society and the economy

The presence of a large non-profit sector is sometimes seen as an indicator of a healthy economy in local and national financial measurements.[5] With a growing number of non-profit organizations focused on social services, the environment, education, and other unmet needs throughout society, the nonprofit sector is increasingly central to the health and well-being of society.[6] Peter Drucker suggests that the nonprofit sector provides an excellent outlet for a variety of society's labor and skills.[7] In 1976, Daniel Bell predicted that the third sector would become the predominant sector in society, as the knowledge class overcame the effects of the private sector.[8]

[9] The first two decades of the 20th century were characterized by a public zeal for social reform and social justice known as the Progressive Era. The newly founded National Association of Societies for Organizing Charity had immediate influence during that era. Its extensive field work helped organize new societies and strengthen others. Smaller cities became well-organized, with the South and Northwest particular areas of focus. To permit membership of Canadian societies, the association changed its name in 1912 to the American Association of Societies for Organizing Charity. In 1917, it became the American Association for Organizing Charity. These agencies increasingly were providing direct service to individuals and families. Pauperism, child welfare, juvenile justice, sanitation, tuberculosis, and other health issues were emergent problems for new and existing agencies. The American Red Cross fueled a nationwide fervor for social service. Founded in the United States in 1881, it was reorganized in 1905 to focus on military personnel. With this pivotal decision, the business of organizing charities quickly evolved into the business of social work.

According to a recent study by Johns Hopkins University, the Netherlands has the largest third sector of 20 countries across Europe.[10] Ireland's non-profit fundraised income formed 0.33% of Irish GDP, less than the UK and US, in 2016.[11] In Sweden, the nonprofit sector is attributed with fostering a nationwide social change towards progressive economic, social and cultural policies,[12] while in Italy the third sector is increasingly viewed as a primary employment source for the entire country.[13]

In the United States, approximately 10% of GDP is attributable to the third sector. Donating to private religious organizations remains the most popular American cause, and all religious organizations are entirely privately funded because the government is limited from establishing or prohibiting a religion under the First Amendment.[14]

Sub-sectors

Although the voluntary, community, and not-for-personal-profit sectors are frequently taken to compose the "Third Sector" each of these sectors or sub-sectors have quite different characteristics. The community sector is assumed to comprise volunteers (unpaid) while the voluntary sector is considered to employ staff working for a social or community purpose.[15] In addition however, the not-for-personal-profit sector is also considered to include social firms (such as cooperatives and mutuals) and more recently governmental institutions (such as Housing Associations) that have been spun off from government, although still operating fundamentally as public service delivery organizations. These other types of institutions may be considered to be quasi-private or quasi-public sectors rather than stemming from direct community benefit motivations.

Concerns

There have been long-ranging arguments regarding the financial accountability of the nonprofit sector throughout Western society.[16] There is also ongoing concern whether the nonprofit sector will unequally draw retiring workers from the private sector as the currently large baby boomers age.[17] Development of the third sector, it is argued, is linked to the restructuring of the welfare state and further globalization of that process through neo-liberal strategies of the Washington consensus.[18]

In a 2013 New York Times op-ed and radio podcast, The Charitable-Industrial Complex, Peter Buffett uses the terms "philanthropic colonialism" and "conscience laundering", and describes his insights into "searching for answers with their right hand to problems that others in the room have created with their left" rather than systemic change.[19][20]

Country-specific

France

Discourse on the "third sector" began in the 1970s in France as a result of the crisis in the welfare state. Many associations rely at least partly on government subsidies or other payments, it has been criticized at times by association heads (among some), as a way to control charities, some charities do refuse all government payments, while others try to rely partly on gov's aid.[21]

India

In India, this sector is commonly called the "joint sector", and includes the industries run in partnership by the state and Private Sector. In a wider sense the initial investment is made by the state and later the handling is done by the private sector. But here the private sector is responsible to the state when it comes to handling.

Israel

In Israel, this sector is commonly called the "Third Sector", (Hebrew: המגזר השלישי) and generally refers to non-profit organizations (NPOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with the line between the two quite fine. These organizations generally fill a gap in the existing government or municipal service provision. Examples include United Hatzalah for emergency medical first response, Yad Sarah for free loan of medical equipment, Yad Eliezer for poverty relief efforts, Akim for assistance for the mentally handicapped, and SHALVA for children with special needs.

United Kingdom

The Cabinet Office of the British government until 2010 had an Office of the Third Sector that defined the "third sector" as "the place between State and (the) private sector."[22] The Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition Government renamed the department the Office for Civil Society. The term third sector has now been replaced in Government usage by the term Civil Society, or for a while under the Cameron government, the term Big Society, which was devised by political advisers and which featured prominently in the Conservative Party's 2010 election campaign.

United States

The U.S. nonprofit sector consisted of approximately 1.56 million organizations registered with the Internal Revenue Service in 2015. These reporting nonprofits identified $2.54 trillion in revenues and $5.79 trillion in assets in 2015. Over $400 billion in revenue comes through private support and fundraising.[23] The U.S. nonprofit sector contributed an estimated $985.4 billion to the U.S. economy in 2015, composing 5.4 percent of the country's gross domestic product and employed 11 percent of the U.S. workforce in 2015.[24] Each year, seven out of ten Americans donate to at least one charitable cause. Contributions are from two to 20 times higher in the U.S. than in other countries of comparable wealth and modernity.[25]

See also

Examples:

References

  1. ↑ Potůček, Martin (1999) Not Only the Market: The Role of the Market, Government, and the Civic Sector. Central European University Press. p. 34.
  2. ↑ See for example: Evers, Adalbert; Laville, Jean-Louis, eds. (2004). The Third Sector in Europe. Globalization and welfare. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781843769774. Retrieved 2014-08-05. "The Role of the Voluntary and Community Sector in Service Delivery – A Cross Cutting Review" (PDF). Leslie Huckfield Research. HM Treasury. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2019.
  3. ↑ Lohmann, Roger A. (January 2013). "(Re)Considering the Independent Sector". ResearchGate.
  4. ↑ Frumkin, Peter (2005). On Being Nonprofit: A Conceptual and Policy Primer (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01835-8.
  5. ↑ Verdier, D. (2002) Moving Money: Banking and Finance in the Industrialized World. Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
  6. ↑ "Laban: Volunteering Canterbury - 2007 Awards". Scoop News. June 20, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  7. ↑ Drucker, Peter (2007-06-26). "Drucker Wisdom: Leadership And The CEO". Branding Strategy Insider. Archived from the original on Jul 3, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  8. ↑ Bell, D. (1976) The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: a venture in social forecasting. Basic Books. p. 147.
  9. ↑ "Chapter 3: Progressive Era Promotes Growth (1900-1920)". Alliance for Strong Families and Communities. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 June 2017.
  10. ↑ Evers, A. and Laville, J. (2004) The Third Sector in Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 150.
  11. ↑ "Growth in Giving Accelerates for the Irish Not-for-Profit Sector in 2018 – Giving Ireland 2020 Report Launched". 2into3. 2020. PDF report
  12. ↑ Muffels, J. (2001) Solidarity in Health and Social Care in Europe. Springer. p. 90.
  13. ↑ Antonelli, G. and De Liso, N. (2004) European Economic Integration and Italian Labour Policies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 228.
  14. ↑ Christopher Eaton Gunn Third-sector Development: Making Up for the Market (Cornell University Press, 2004) 0801488818, 9780801488818 Partially Accessible Copy on Google Books (accessed July 6, 2009 on Google Book Search)
  15. ↑ Volresource
  16. ↑ Gettler, L. "Non-profits can be more accountable", The Age. May 31, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  17. ↑ The Conference Board (May 31, 2007). "Non-Profit Firms Face Many Challenges and Some Opportunities With Advent of Retirement of Baby-Boom Generation". Earth Times. PRNewswire. Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  18. ↑ Pawel Zaleski Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector, [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006
  19. ↑ Buffett, Peter (2013-07-26). "The Charitable-Industrial Complex". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  20. ↑ Matt Miller (Director) (2013-11-06). "The Charitable Industrial Complex – Peter Buffett". This...Is Interesting. KCRW 89.9 FM. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  21. ↑ Zaleski, Pawel (2008). "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality". Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte. Felix Meiner Verlag. 50: 260–266. JSTOR 24360940.
  22. ↑ UK definition of third sector
  23. ↑ McKeever, Brian. "The Nonprofit Sector in Brief". National Center for Charitable Statistics. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  24. ↑ McKeever, Brian. "The Nonprofit Sector in Brief". National Center for Charitable Statistics. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  25. ↑ "How Philanthropy Fuels American Success | Excellence in Philanthropy | The Philanthropy Roundtable". www.philanthropyroundtable.org. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
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